1. please get out your notes. 2. please read the excerpt below and answer the prompt that follows....
TRANSCRIPT
GOOD MORNING!1. Please get out your notes.2. Please read the excerpt below and answer
the prompt that follows.
Roman Patronage Roman society also involved a system of patronage.
Members of the upper classes – the patroni – offered protection to freedmen or plebeians, who became their "cliens." Patronage might consist of money, food, or legal help. Traditionally, any freed slaves became the cliens of their former owner.
~http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/order.html
How is this system of Roman patronage reflected in the feudal society of Medieval Europe?
TODAY’S AGENDALecture on Medieval Europe
HMWK: Read and take notes over the SPODEK article “Trade and Social Change in Europe”
APQ Spodek on 11/17 (B-day) & 11/18 (A-day)
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT“MANORIAL SYSTEM” The economic arrangement between the
land owner (land lord) and their peasant laborers
MANORPopulation: majority were serfs (legally bound
to the land, but not slaves)Paid rent with a large percentage of their
goods or services to the landlordCompensated with protectioncastle, church, village (mill, blacksmith, bake
house, etc.) and surrounding farmland
A Medieval Manor
ROMANESQUE ART AND ARCHITECTURE
Buildings based on Roman arch
Architecture appears “heavy”
Church interiors were dark
http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&l=en&id_site=84&gallery=1&&maxrows=56
Technological & Agricultural Development• Stirrups (military use by Arabs)• Mold Board (attached to a plow)• 3-field system
The Vikings
Who were they?•Scandinavian•Farmers, seafarers, warriors, traders•Polytheistic
Reasons for raids:•Overpopulation•Wealth•Trade
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lc225HP2psw
Where did they settle?• British Isles•Normandy•Iceland•Vinland
OLD ENGLISH
Spoken/written c. 5-12th centuries12-15th centuries- Middle English16th century- present- Modern English
1066: THE BATTLE OF HASTINGSKey figures: William, Duke of Normandy Harold, Duke of Wessex Edward the Confessor, King of
England
Harold Hardrada Tostig Odo, Bishop of Bayeux
Outcomes:• End of Anglo-Saxon traditions•Introduction of feudalism•Blending of French and English languages (leads to development of modern English)•Doomsday book
The Battle:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLy1LskT6Y8
The Records:The Bayeux TapestryAnglo-Saxon Chronicle
Medieval Europe1000-1450
Early Middle Ages c. 500-1000
Low literacy Settlement of Germanic
tribesPastoral nomads and
subsistence farmersLed by tribal chieftains
High Middle Ages c. 1000-1450
Signs of recovery & organizations
Growth of towns & cities Trade w/eastern
hemisphere reestablished Class system gets more
complex (Merchant class)
THE MEDIEVAL CHURCHFilled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.•United Christian church in East and West Europe until 1054…Great Schism (East/West Schism)•Papal authority over-rides secular authority• Excommunication
•Missionaries/Monasticism – Monks & friars who travel spreading Christian religion and encouraging converts•Literacy – The Church clerics•Tithe- 1/10 tax on assests
Roman Catholic ChurchJurisdiction: Western EuropeHeadquarters: RomeLeader: Pope
Hierarchy within the clergy:PopeCardinalsBishopsPriests/Monks
MEDIEVAL MONASTICISM
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
• inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
• libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
• St. Patrick, St. Boniface (missionaries)
• St. Benedict (529) Benedictine Rule of
poverty, chastity, and obedience.
MONASTERIESSelf- sufficient
Typically under jurisdiction of a Bishop or Cardinal
Leaders are Abbots andAbbesses (leaders of convents; typically answer to Abbots)
Residents are Monks or Nuns
Monastic Orders:•Benedictine•Franciscan•Dominican
GOTHIC CATHEDRALS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwKg4ESvYG4
“Lighter” Architecture made possible by:Pointed ArchesRibbed VaultsRose windowsStained glassFlying ButtressesPointed Spires
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Early Middle Ages- rely on Christianity
and combine with Plato High Middle Ages- rediscover Aristotle
Augustine of Hippo- • early rhetorician and later Bishop of
Hippo (N. Africa)• Works on evil and human free will
Boethius- • Important for bringing anc. Greek
philosophy to M.A.Anselm-• Provides argumentative theology• Less about study of scriptures and
more about doctrinePeter Abelard• Increases the use of argument and
reasoning in theologyField becomes more rigorous and preciseTheology and Philosophy are more distinguishable
Scholasticism: philosophical and theological approach of the M.A. based on the use of reason/logic to solve theological problems. Based in schools and universities.
Thomas Aquinas-• Most famous of
Medieval philosophers
• maintained that reason, unaided by faith, can give us knowledge of God’s existence and an understanding of morality as it is grounded in natural law
Medieval Universities
The Crusades
POPE URBAN (R.C.C.) &EMPEROR ALEXIUS (E. ORTHODOX)
Battle of Manzikert - Seljuk Turks (Muslims) took over Anatolia and were threatening Constantinople.
Emperor Alexius writes to ask Pope Urban II for help
1. Opportunity to expand the influence of the Roman church to the eastern Mediterranean. 2. Wants an uninterrupted route for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. 3. European knights were constantly fighting amongst each other and also attacking priests, nuns, and church property. He promised them forgiveness of their sins (rape, murder, stealing)
It was a win/win situation for the Church
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKhEw7nD9C4
Pope Urban II Preaching a Crusade, 1096
Emperor Alexius I
For further info on the Crusades, I recommend the following documentaryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQ0FFiUcBzw
Eastern Mediterranean in 11c-12c
Setting out on Crusade
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES Rise of nation-states Revival of trade Contribute to end of feudalism and
manorialism
MEDIEVAL TRADE
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices
GuildsTowns
BLACK DEATH- 1347- 1351 The Bubonic plague reached Europe in the mid 14th Century and was responsible for the deaths of over one-third of the population
Was called the Black Death by Europeans because of the physical effects it had on the body
Spread to Europe by the Mongols
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQ&index=14&list=PLE2204FE3E14F153E
THE BLACK DEATH
Social upheaval ensued and many blamed Jews for the calamity accusing them of contaminating water wells and spreading the disease.
The huge population loss accelerated the end of serfdom, as a smaller population meant less competition for jobs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grbSQ6O6kbs
THE GREAT SCHISM (1378 – 1417) 1305 Frenchman
elected Pope. The papacy was
moved to Avignon, France
Gives the French king considerable influence over the Pope
1378 Italian elected Pope. Papacy moves back to
Rome French elect own Pope
1409 a third Pope was elected.
Eventually a new Church Council deposes all three Popes
Effects Highlights corruption Church’s influence and
prestige weakened
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ya_BL8nqkUk
THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR 1337-1453
Notably the French were outnumbered by the English in most of the battles and the English won most of the battles yet the French ultimately won the war. • Battle of Agincourt= notable English victory• Historians credit Joan of Arc with rallying the French, leading men in key battles.
The periodic conflicts between England and France from1337-1453, which resulted in England’s final withdrawal from French territory.
http://europeanhistory.about.com/video/Overview-of-the-Hundred-Years-War.htm
EFFECTS OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
Centralized power in France Government tax system
Increased nationalism Changes to military practices
Standing armies New weapons (longbow, canons/gunpowder)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0fu4k2cbB4