1 principles of information systems ninth edition chapter 6 telecommunications and networks
TRANSCRIPT
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1
Principles of Information Systems Ninth Edition
Chapter 6
Telecommunications and Networks
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 2
Principles and Learning Objectives
• A telecommunications system and network have many fundamental components– Identify and describe the fundamental components
of a telecommunications system– Identify two broad categories of telecommunications
media and their associated characteristics– Identify several telecommunications hardware
devices and discuss their functions
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 3
Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
• Telecommunications, networks, and their associated applications are essential to organizational success– Describe the benefits associated with the use of a
network– Name three distributed processing alternatives and
discuss their basic features– List and describe several telecommunications
applications that organizations benefit from today
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 4
An Overview Of Telecommunications
• Telecommunications– Electronic transmission of signals for
communications
• Telecommunications medium – Any material substance that carries an electronic
signal to support communications between a sending and receiving device
• Telecommunications protocol – Defines set of rules that governs the exchange of
information over a communications medium
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 5
An Overview Of Telecommunications (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 6
An Overview Of Telecommunications (continued)
• Synchronous communications– Receiver gets message instantaneously
• Asynchronous communications– Receiver gets message after some delay
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 7
Basic Telecommunications Channel Characteristics
• Simplex channel– Transmits data in only one direction
• Half-duplex channel– Transmits data in either direction, but not
simultaneously
• Full-duplex channel– Permits data transmission in both directions at the
same time
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 8
Basic Telecommunications Channel Characteristics (continued)
• Channel bandwidth– Rate at which data is exchanged
• Telecommunications media– Categories: guided transmission media and wireless
• Guided transmission media types– Available in many types
• Twisted-pair wire– Classified by category: Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5E,
and 6
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 9
Basic Telecommunications Channel Characteristics (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 10
Basic Telecommunications Channel Characteristics (continued)
• Coaxial cable– Offers cleaner and crisper data transmission (less
noise) than twisted-pair wire
• Fiber-optic cable– Transmits signals with light beams
• Broadband over power lines– Potential problem: transmitting data over unshielded
power lines can interfere with both amateur (ham) radio broadcasts and police and fire radios
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 11
Basic Telecommunications Channel Characteristics (continued)
• Wireless communications options– Wireless transmission involves the broadcast of
communications in one of three frequency ranges• Radio, microwave, or infrared frequencies
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 12
Basic Telecommunications Channel Characteristics (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 13
Short Range Wireless Options
• Near Field Communication (NFC)– Short-range wireless connectivity technology
designed for cell phones and credit cards
• Bluetooth– Wireless communications specification that
describes how cell phones, computers, personal digital assistants, etc., can be interconnected
• Ultra wideband (UWB)– Transmits large amounts of digital data over short
distances of up to 30 feet
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 14
Short Range Wireless Options (continued)
• Infrared transmission– Sends signals at a frequency of 300 GHz and above
• Zigbee– Form of wireless communications frequently used in
security systems and heating and cooling control systems
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 15
Medium Range Wireless Options
• Wi-Fi – Wireless telecommunications technology brand
owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance
• Wireless access point– Consists of a transmitter with an antenna, receives
the signal, and decodes it
• Wi-Fi access points – Have maximum range of about 300 feet outdoors
and 100 feet within a dry-walled building
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 16
Medium Range Wireless Options (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 17
Wide Area Wireless Network Options
• Microwave transmission– High-frequency (300 MHz–300 GHz) signal sent
through the air– Common forms of satellite communications
• Geostationary satellite
• Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite
• Very small aperture terminal (VSAT)
• Wireless mesh – Uses multiple Wi-Fi access points to link a series of
interconnected local area networks
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 18
Wide Area Wireless Network Options (continued)
• 3G wireless communications– Useful for business travelers, people on the go, and
people who need to get or stay connected
• 4G wireless communications– Will provide increased data transmission rates in the
20–40 Mbps range
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)– Set of IEEE 802.16 wireless metropolitan area
network standards
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 19
Future Wireless Communications Developments
• Digital signal – Represents bits
• Analog signal– Variable signal, continuous in both time and
amplitude so that any small fluctuations in the signal are meaningful
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 20
Networks and Distributed Processing
• Computer network – Consists of communications media, devices, and
software needed to connect two or more computer systems or devices
– Can transmit and receive information to improve organizational effectiveness and efficiency
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 21
Network Types
• Personal area networks– Supports interconnection of information technology
within a range of about 33 feet
• Local area networks– Connects computer systems and devices within a
small area (e.g., office or home)
• Metropolitan area networks– Connects users and their devices in a geographical
area that spans a campus or city
• Wide area networks– Ties together large geographic regions
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 22
Network Types (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 23
Network Types (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 24
Basic Processing Alternatives
• Centralized processing– All processing occurs in a single location or facility
• Decentralized processing– Processing devices are placed at various remote
locations
• Distributed processing– Processing devices are placed at remote locations
but are connected to each other via a network
• File server systems– Users can share data through file server computing
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 25
Basic Processing Alternatives (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 26
Client/Server Systems
• Client/server architecture– Multiple computer platforms are dedicated to special
functions
• Client– Any computer that sends messages requesting
services from the servers on the network
• Database server – Sends only the data that satisfies a specific query,
not the entire file
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 27
Client/Server Systems (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 28
Client/Server Systems (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 29
Telecommunications Hardware
• Modems– Modulation/demodulation devices
• Multiplexers– Combines data from multiple data sources into a
single output signal that carries multiple channels
• Front-end processors– Special-purpose computers that manage
communications to and from a computer system
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Telecommunications Hardware (continued)
• Private branch exchange (PBX)– Telephone switching exchange that serves a single
organization
• Switches, bridges, routers, and gateways– Switch: Uses the physical device address in each
incoming message on the network– Bridge: Connects one LAN to another LAN that uses
the same telecommunications protocol– Router: Forwards data packets across two or more
distinct networks toward their destinations– Gateway: Serves as an entrance to another network
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 31
Telecommunications Software
• Network operating system (NOS) – Systems software that controls the computer
systems and devices on a network
• Network management software– Protects software from being copied, modified, or
downloaded illegally– Performs error control to locate telecommunications
errors and potential network problems
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 32
Securing Data Transmission
• Encryption – Converting an original message into a form that can
only be understood by the intended receiver
• Key – Variable value that is applied (using an algorithm) to
a set of unencrypted text to produce encrypted text or to decrypt encrypted text
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 33
Securing Data Transmission (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 34
Securing Data Transmission (continued)
• Securing wireless networks– Wired equivalent privacy (WEP)
• Used encryption based on 64-bit key, which has been upgraded to a 128-bit key
– Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)• Security protocol that offers significantly improved
protection over WEP
– War driving• Involves hackers driving around with a laptop and
antenna trying to detect insecure wireless access points
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 35
Other Encryption Methods
• Data Encryption Standard (DES) – Early data encryption standard developed in the
1970s that uses a 56-bit private key algorithm
• Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) – Extremely strong data encryption standard based on
a key size of 128 bits, 192 bits, or 256 bits
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 36
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Private network that uses a public network (usually the Internet) to connect multiple remote locations
• Supports secure, encrypted connections between a company’s private network and remote users
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 37
Telecommunications Services and Network Applications
• Cellular phone services– Operate using radio waves to provide two-way
communications– Picocell
• Miniature cellular base station designed to serve a very small area such as part of a floor inside a building
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 38
Cellular Phone Services
• Digital subscriber line (DSL) Service– Telecommunications service that delivers high-
speed Internet access
• Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Services– Enables voice conversations to be converted into
packets of data that can be sent over a data network
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 39
Cellular Phone Services (continued)
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Cellular Phone Services (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 41
Linking Personal Computers to Mainframes and Networks
• Basic way that telecommunications connect users to information systems– Connecting personal computers to mainframe
computers so that data can be downloaded or uploaded
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 42
Voice Mail
• Users can send, receive, and store verbal messages for and from other people around the world
• Reverse 911 service– Delivers emergency notifications to users in a
selected geographical area
• Voice-to-text services– Convert speech to text so that you can manage
voice mails more effectively
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 43
Home and Small Business Networks
• DSL modem – Enables each computer in the network to access the
Internet
• Firewall– Filters the information coming from the Internet into
your network
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 44
Electronic Document Distribution
• Lets you send and receive documents in a digital form without printing them
• Much faster to distribute electronic documents via networks than to mail printed forms
• Viewing documents on screen instead of printing – Saves paper and document storage space
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 45
Call Centers
• Physical location where an organization handles customer and other telephone calls
• Used by: – Customer service organizations– Telemarketing companies– Computer product help desks– Charitable and political campaign organizations
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 46
Telecommuting and Virtual Workers and Workgroups
• Telecommuters– Need to be strongly self-motivated, organized,
focused on their tasks with minimal supervision
• Jobs unsuitable for telecommuting– Those that require frequent face-to-face interaction,
need much supervision, and have many short-term deadlines
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 47
Videoconferencing
• Enables people to hold a conference by combining voice, video, and audio transmission
• Reduces travel expenses and time
• Increases managerial effectiveness through: – Faster response to problems, access to more
people, and less duplication of effort
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 48
Electronic Data Interchange
• Idea behind EDI– Connecting corporate computers among
organizations
• EDI – Can link the computers of customers,
manufacturers, and suppliers– Eliminates the need for paper documents and
substantially cuts down on costly errors
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Electronic Data Interchange (continued)
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 50
Public Network Services
• Give personal computer users access to vast databases, the Internet, and other services– Usually an initial fee plus usage fees– Fees are based on services used; can range from
under $15 to over $500 per month
• Providers of public network services include Microsoft, America Online, and Prodigy
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 51
Electronic Funds Transfer
• Transfers money from one bank account directly to another without the use of paper money
• Used for both credit and debit transfers
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 52
Distance Learning
• Use of telecommunications to extend the classroom– Instructors create course home pages on the
Internet– Students access the course syllabus and instructor
notes on the Web page– Student e-mail mailing lists allow students and the
instructor to e-mail one another– Chat groups allow students to form “virtual teams”
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 53
Shared Workspace
• Common work area where:– Colleagues can share documents, issues, models,
schedules, spreadsheets, and all forms of information
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 54
Unified Communications
• Provides a simple and consistent user experience across all types of communications
• Global Positioning System applications– Global navigation satellite system employing over
two dozen satellites in orbit at roughly 12,500 miles above the Earth
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 55
Specialized Systems and Services
• Specialized services– Include professional legal, patent, and technical
information
• Nike+iPod Sports Kit– Example of a specialized communications service
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 56
Summary
• Telecommunications and networks – Creating profound changes in business because
they remove the barriers of time and distance
• Communications – Can be classified as synchronous or asynchronous
• Telecommunications media can physically connect data communications devices– Guided transmission media and wireless media
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Principles of Information Systems, Ninth Edition 57
Summary (continued)
• Wireless communications solutions for very short distances include: – Near field communications, Bluetooth, ultra
wideband, infrared transmission, and Zigbee
• Transborder data flow– Electronic flow of data across international and
global boundaries
• Client/server system – Network that connects a user’s computer (a client) to
one or more host computers (servers)