1 prof. nizamettin aydin [email protected] [email protected] naydin biosignals and systems
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN
http://www.yildiz.edu.tr/~naydin
Biosignals and Systems
![Page 2: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Physiological and anatomical background
2
![Page 3: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Importance of human anatomy and physiology for BME
• BME is an interdisciplinary field based in both– engineering and
– life sciences
• Important that biomedical engineers– have knowledge about both areas
– are able to communicate in both areas
• Basic components of the body must be understood and how they function to– understand l imitations of engineering with respect to
human body
– exchange ideas with medical professionals
– develop new ideas3
![Page 4: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Anatomy– internal and external structures of the body and
their physical relationships
• Physiology– functions of those structures
• Medical terminology
4
![Page 5: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Anatomical positions
• superior - inferior– superior vena cava is in the chest, inferior vena cava is in the abdomen
• distal – proximal– upper arm is proximal to the elbow, lower arm is distal to the elbow
• medial – lateral– nose is medial to the eyes; ears are lateral to the eyes
• central – peripheral– central nervous system is located along the main axis of the body;
– peripheral nervous system is outside the central nervous system
• anterior (ventral) - posterior (dorsal)– trachea is anterior to the esophagus, while esophagus is posterior to the
trachea
5
![Page 6: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Anatomical positions
• superficial – deep– Superficial blood vessels are closer to the skin than those that lie deep
in the abdominal cavity.
• afferent – efferent– la neuron is afferent leading to the spinal cord but motoneuron is
efferent because it leads to the muscle
• descending – ascending– ascending and descending aorta
• internal – external– intra- and extra cellular space is divided by cell membrane
• dexter – sinister– heart is usually located on the left side of the thorax
• ipsilateral – contralateral– rm and leg can be ipsilateral (on the same side) but legs and
contralateral (on opposite side) 6
![Page 7: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
![Page 8: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• plane projections– frontal (coronal)
• front and back parts
– sagittal• left and right parts
– transverse (horizontal)• superior and inferior
8
![Page 9: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Body regions
• Axial– head, neck, chest,
abdomen, pelvis
• appendicular (=limbs)– upper and lower
extremities
9
![Page 10: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• head– cephalic = head– cranial = skull– frontal = forehead– occipital = back of the head– temporal = on the temple– parietal = on the crown– oral = mouth– nasal = nose
10
![Page 11: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Thorax– Pectoral = chest– Mammary = breast– Axillary = armpit– Vertebral = backbone– Costal = ribs
11
• Abdomen– Celiac = abdomen– Pelvic = lower portion of
abdomen– Gluteal = buttock– Inguinal = groin– Groin = depressed region of
abdomen near thigh– Lumbar = lower back– Sacral = where vertebrae
terminate
![Page 12: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Body cavities
• hold the internal organs
• dorsal cavity– cranial (brain)
– spinal (spinal cord)
• ventral cavity– thoracic:
• lung, heart, trachea, esophagus
– Abdomic• stomach, intestines, liver, spleen,
pancreas, kidneys, gall bladder
– Pelvic• urinary bladder, rectum
12
![Page 13: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Body organizations
• Atom– submicroscopic
• Molecule– formed by a group of atoms
• Cellular or Organelle– tiny membranous structures that perform cell functions
• Tissue– composed of similar types of cells and performs a specific function
• Organ– composed of several types of tissues and performs a particular function
• Organ system– group of related organs working together
• Organism– a living thing 13
![Page 14: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
![Page 15: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cellular organization
• Cells• smallest anatomical and physiological unit in the
human body• composed of
– organic compounds• carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
• work as energy packet, storehouses of energy and hereditary information, structural materials, metabolic workers
– water (60 % of the weight)
– most common elements: O, C, H, N, Ca, F, K, Na, Cl, Mg
15
![Page 16: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cells, compounds
• carbohydrates– Function:
• structural material,
• transport,
• energy storage
– Types:• Monosaccharides (glugose)
• Oligosaccharides (lactose, maltose)
• Polysaccharides (glycogen)
16
![Page 17: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• lipids– Greasy or oily compounds that dissolve in each
other but not in water– Function:
• structural materials in cells
• main reservoirs of stored energy
17
![Page 18: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• proteins– Most diverse form of biological molecules, built from a
small number (20) of essential amino acids
– Enzymes (specialized proteins):• Make metabolic reactions proceed at a faster rate
• Enable cells to produce the organic compounds of life
– Structural elements in a body• Act as transport channels across cell membranes
• Function as signals for changing activities
• Provide chemical weapons against disease-carrying bacteria
18
![Page 19: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
• Nucleotides: small organic compounds that contain– a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
– a phosphate group, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) =ENERGY of the cells
– Nitrogen-containing base
• Nucleic acids– DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
• Helical molecule that contains chains of paired nucleotides that run in opposite directions
– RNA, ribonucleic acid
– Contain• Pyrimidine bases: thymine (T) or cytosine (C)
• Purine bases: adenine (A) or guanine (G)
19
![Page 20: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cellular organization
• Cells– Cells are surrounded by plasma membrane that
separates (not isolate) cell´s interior from its environment
• Plasma membrane– Gives mechanical strength– Provides structure– Helps with movement– Controls the cell´s volume– Controls cell´s activities by regulating the movement
of chemicals in and out of the cell20
![Page 21: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Plasma membrane is composed of:– Two layers of phospholipids (fat) interspersed with
protein and cholesterol
• Proteins are:– binding sites for hormones,– recognition markers for identifying cells– adhesive mechanisms for binding adjacent cells to
each other– channels for transporting materials across plasma
membrane
21
![Page 22: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
![Page 23: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Plasma membrane
• Permeability, P [m/s] P=D/h– D = diffusion coefficient– h = thickness of the membrane
• Some molecules can easily cross the plasma membrane:– gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide– small uncharged polar molecules: urea, water
• Other substances must move through the protein channels– large molecules and ions
23
![Page 24: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Plasma membrane
• Permeability– transport mechanisms:
• passive transport– movement of dissolved matter toward thermodynamical
equilibrium (along the electrochemical gradient)
• direct diffusion through the lipid
• electro diffusion through the protein channels
• facilitated diffusion through channels (carrier mediated)
• active transport– consumes energy
– as a result of the active transport, an equilibrium is achieved that differs from the thermo-dynamical equilibrium
– can occur against the electrochemical gradient
24
![Page 25: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Plasma membrane
• Permeability– Osmosis
• Process by which substances move across a selectively permeable membrane (=plasma membrane)
– Diffusion:• Movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an
area of low concentration ( diffusion equilibrium)⇒– C = concentration
– D = diff. coefficient
– f = friction
– Active transport• Requires energy (ATP) to move ions across the membrane usually from
low to high concentration area
• Na-K pump
• Generate ion gradients across the membrane– For transport processes and to generate electric signals
25
JD=D(C/x), D=kT/f
![Page 26: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Plasma membrane
• Role to regulate cell volume– By controlling the internal osmolarity of the cell
– Osmolarity = concentration of dissolved substances• 1 Osm =1 mol of dissolved particles in liter of a solution
• high osmolarity = low water concentration
26
![Page 27: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Tissues
• Tissues:– Groups of cells and surrounding substances that
function together to perform one or more specialized activities
• Tissue types:– Epithelial– Connective– Muscle– Nervous
27
![Page 28: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Epithelial tissue
– absorption (small intestine),
– secretion (glands),– transport (kidney
tubulus)– excretion (sweat glands),– protection (skin),– sensory reception (taste
buds)
28
![Page 29: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Connective tissue
• Most abundant and widely distributed• Loose (woven fibers around and between tissues)• Irregularly dense (protective capsules around organs)• Regularly dense (ligament and tendons)• Specialized connective tissues
– Blood
– Bone
– cartilage
29
![Page 30: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
![Page 31: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Muscle tissue
• Provide movement for the body
• Specialized cells that can shorten in response to stimulation and then return to their un-contracted state
• Types:– Skeletal (attached to bones)– Smooth (in the walls of vessels)– Cardiac (only in the heart)
31
![Page 32: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
![Page 33: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Nervous tissue
• Consists– neurons that conduct electrical impulses– Glial cells that protect, support and nourish neurons
33
![Page 34: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Major organ systems
• Organs:– Combinations of tissues that perform complex
tasks
• Organ systems– Organs that function together– 11 organ systems
• Integumentary, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, reproductive, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, muscular
34
![Page 35: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
![Page 36: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Integumentary
• Functions– provides body covering,– protection,– synthesis of vitamin D,– site of cutaneous receptors– and sweat glands
• comprises of– Skin– Hair– Nails– various glands
36
![Page 37: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Endocrine
• Functions– secretes hormones that regulate many chemical actions
within cells (growth, reproduction, metabolism)
• comprises of– ductless glands
– Thyroid
– Pancreas
– Adrenals
– ovary, testes
– thymus, thyroid
– Pituitary
– pineal37
![Page 38: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Digestive
• Functions– ingest food and water
– breaks food down into small molecules which can be absorbed and used by cells
– removes solid wastes
• comprises of– oral cavity
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Liver
– Intestines
– other structures
38
![Page 39: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Urinary
• Functions– maintains the fluid volume of the
body
– eliminates metabolic wastes
– helps regulate blood pressure
– regulates acid-base and water-salt balances
• comprises of– Kidneys
– ureters
– urinary bladder
– urethra
39
![Page 40: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Reproductive
• Functions– produces eggs or sperm– provides a mechanism for the production and
nourishment
• comprises of– ovaries – testes – reproductive cells– accessory glands and ducts– mammary gland
40
![Page 41: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Circulatory
• Functions– serves as distribution system of various substances
and solutions for the body• nutrients, hormones, oxygen
– removes waste products• carbon dioxide
– provides mechanism for regulating temperature and removing the heat generated by the metabolic activities of the body´s internal organs
41
![Page 42: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Circulatory
• comprises of– heart– blood– blood vessels
• divided to– arteries/veins– systemic/pulmonary
42
![Page 43: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Circulatory
arteries capillaries veins
43
![Page 44: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Circulatory
• heart– two sides
• lungs→left→body
• body→right→lungs
– Chambers• vein→
– atrium→
– ventricle→
– artery
44
![Page 45: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Circulatory
• blood– volume 5 liters
• 75% in systemic
• 20% in pulmonary
• 5 % in capillaries
– cardiac output 5-20 l/min• stroke volume 80 ml
• heart beat 60-200 bpm
45
![Page 46: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
cardiac cycle
46
![Page 47: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
cardiac cycle
47
![Page 48: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• cardiac cycle– Systole– Diastole– pressure– volume– flow
48
![Page 49: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
cardiac cycle
• Electrical activation
• conduction system
49
![Page 50: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
cardiac cycle
• activation sequence
• ECG
50
![Page 51: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Circulatory
• role of BME– electric activity
• electrophysiology, electrocardiology• cardiac pacemaker, defibrillator
– pumping function• assisting devices, artificial valves
– Hemodynamics• pressure, flow: measurement, modelling
– coronary arteries, ischemia• imaging: angiography• by-pass, stents
51
![Page 52: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Lymphatic/Immunity
• Functions– returns excess fluid and protein to the
blood
– part of immune system: helps defend the body against infection and tissue damage
• comprises of– Glands
– lymph nodes
– Lymph
– lymphatic vessels
– spleen
– bone marrow 52
![Page 53: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Respiratory
• functions– delivers oxygen to the blood from the air
– carries carbon dioxide away
• comprises of– airways
– upper airways• nasal cavity• Mouth• pharynx, larynx
– lower airways• trachea • bronchi
– lungs• alveoli
53
![Page 54: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Respiratory
• physical properties– compliance
• expansion
– elasticity• return to original
sizes after distended
– surface tension• resist distension
– flow resistance
54
![Page 55: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Respiratory
• breathing (ventilation)– mechanical process composed of:
• inspiration (active)– inspiratory muscles contract ⇒– thoracic cavity enlarges ⇒– alveoli enlarge ⇒– alveolar gas espands ⇒– pressure within lungs drops below atm. pressure ⇒– air flows in (Boyle´s law)
• expiration (passive)– inspiratory muscles relax ⇒– thoracic cavity returns to its original volume
– normal frequency: 15-20 breaths per minute
55
![Page 56: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Respiratory
• lung mechanism– study of mechanical
properties of the lung and chest wall
– lung volumes– lung capacities– spirometer
• volume changes
• flow rate
• pressures
56
![Page 57: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Respiratory
• gas exchange– between blood and alveoli– direction and rate of movement of gas depends on
• partial pressure gradient diffusion⇒• surface are of alveoli:
– about 3.5×108 alveoli =60-70 m2 for gas exchange
• thickness of membrane that the gas must pass trough
• diffusion constant ( solubility and molecular weight of ∝gas (Fick´s law)
57
![Page 58: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Respiratory
58
![Page 59: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Nervous
• Functions– regulates most of the body activities detecting and
responding to internal and external stimuli– higher (intelligent) function
• comprises of– central nervous system
• brain, spinal cord
– peripheral nervous system• somatosensory and motor nerves
– somatic and autonomic sensory system– sensory organs
59
![Page 60: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Nervous
60
![Page 61: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Nervous
61
![Page 62: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Nervous
62
![Page 63: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Nervous
• role of BME– electroencephahography
, EEG
– imaging
– neuroprostheses
– neurostimulators
63
![Page 64: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Skeletal
• functions– provides protection and
support
– provides as sites for muscle attachments
– production of blood cells, calcium and phosphorus storage
• comprises of– bones
– cartilage
64
![Page 65: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Muscular
• functions– moves the body
ant its internal parts
– maintains posture– produces heat
• comprises of– skeletal muscles– 600-700 muscles– smooth muscles– heart muscle
65
![Page 66: 1 Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr naydin@ieee.org naydin Biosignals and Systems](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081504/56649f455503460f94c66b39/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Muscular
• role of BME– functional
nerve stimulator
– muscle stimulators
– force and gait analysis
66