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Project Appraisal

Module 5 Session 6

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Summary

This session will introduce dimensions of project appraisal, including: issues of social acceptability/desirability,

environmental friendliness, technical feasibility/ appropriateness, gender sensitiveness, economic soundness and ability to be sustainable and most importantly

financial viability.

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Project Appraisal

Project appraisal is the process of assessing and questioning proposals before resources are committed.

It is a means by which partnerships can choose the best projects to help them achieve what they want for their community.

…But appraisal has been a source of confusion and difficulty for projects in the past.

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Project Appraisal (cont.)

Audits of operation of Single Project Budget schemes highlighted concerns about design and operation of appraisal systems, including; Mechanistic, inflexible systems A lack of independence and objectivity A lack of clear definition of the stages of appraisal

and of responsibility for these stages A lack of documentary evidence after carrying out

the appraisal

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Project Appraisal (cont.)

Audits/inspections specifically found problems like; Individual appraisals which do not cover the

necessary information or provide only a superficial analysis of the project

Particular problems in dealing with risks, options and value for money

Appraisals which are considered too onerous/burdensome for smaller projects

Rushed appraisals

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What can a Project Appraisal deliver?

Be consistent and objective in choosing projects Make sure their program benefits all sections of

the community Provide documentation to meet financial and

audit requirements Appraisal justifies spending money on a project. Appraisal is an important decision making tool. Appraisal lays the foundations for delivery.

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Good appraisal systems should ensure that:

Project application, appraisal and approval functions are separate

All the necessary information is gathered for appraisal      

Race/tribal equality and other equality issues are given proper consideration

Those involved in appraisal have appropriate technical expertise

There are realistic allowances for time involved.

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Good appraisal systems should ensure that:

Decisions are within a implementers’ powers. There are appropriate arrangements for very

small projects. There are appropriate arrangements for

dealing with novel, contentious or particularly risky projects.

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Key issues in appraising projects

Need, targeting and objectives

Applicants should provide detailed description of project, identifying local needs/ objectives it aims to meet.

Context and connections

Are there links between the project and other local programmes and projects.

Consultation

Local consultation determines priorities and secure community consent and ownership.

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Key issues in appraising projects

Options

This is concerned with establishing whether there are different ways of achieving objectives

Inputs

Important to ensure all the necessary people and resources are in place to deliver project.

Value for money

This is one of the key criteria against which projects are appraised .

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Key issues in appraising projects

Implementation

Appraisal scrutinises the practical plans for implementation, asking whether staffing, timetable and implementers are okay.

Risk and uncertainty

There should also be contingency plans in place to minimize the estimated risks.

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Key issues in appraising projects

Forward strategies

Appraisal should also consider mainstream links and implications in case the project funds are over

Sustainability

Appraisal should include an assessment of a project’s environmental, social and economic impact, its positive and negative effects.

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Checklist for project appraisal

Questions worth asking:

Are appraisals systematic and disciplined with a clear sequence of activities and operating rules?

Is there an independent assessment of the project?

Does the appraisal process culminate in clear recommendations that inform approval (or rejection) of the project?

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Checklist (cont.) Is the approval stage clearly separate? Is the appraisal process well documented

with key documents signed, showing ownership and agreement, and allowing the appraisal documentation to act as basis

for future management, monitoring and evaluation? Does appraisal system comply with relevant

government guidance? Are right people involved and, if necessary, how can

you widen involvement?

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Feasibility Study A feasibility study may be undertaken during

appraisal to establish the technical, economic and financial viability, environmental compliance and social acceptability of a project.

Aim of a feasibility study: Development objectives Policy framework and detailed project objectives Technical soundness of the project Administrative feasibility of the project

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Feasibility Study - Aims (cont.)

The economic and financial viability of the project proposal

The status of demand for the project beneficiaries

Considerations of customs and traditions of project benefactors and issues of compatibility

Other important policy and cross cutting issues (gender, environment, HIV/AIDS)

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Transformation Production Possibility Curve

Litres of Milk vs Tons of Matooke

: helps determine opportunity cost i.e. it guides on which project is more beneficial

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Project Appraisal (cont.) Hard questions are asked and the answers

determine whether project proposal is adopted or rejected.

The questions raised rotate around: appropriateness of project objectives, size, scope, implementation methods, modalities, time scale, and the project technical, financial, economic,

institutional, environmental, social and distributional justification of the project.

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Practical From the content just described about

appraisal, appraise your identified projects in terms of the following: Technical analysis Economic Analysis Financial Analysis Environmental Analysis, and Social Analysis