1 renaissance politics and economics. 2 after the middle ages, many europeans developed new...
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Renaissance Politics and Economics
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• After the Middle Ages, many Europeans developed new attitudes and views about the world around them in a period called the Renaissance. This historic period began in the city-states of Italy and eventually spread north into the rest of Western Europe. It was a time of creativity and change—political, economic, social, and cultural.
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Setting the Stage for the Renaissance: Economics
Revival of trade: 11th century…why?
• Improved agricultural techniques
• Population increase• New trade routes• Improved
transportation($!)
A Renaissance-era moneychanger
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Setting the Stage for the Renaissance: Politics
• City-states• Communes-local merchant
guilds• New economic elite
through partnerships and intermarriages
• The popolo or people• Oligarchies and
dictatorships
A group of condottieri
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Politics cont…• Communes were often violent and
chaotic, excluding many artisans and lesser merchants from power and suffering from heavy taxation
• Popolo pushed for change by establishing representative gov’ts-some through force
• Many couldn’t maintain civil order, and dictatorships ruled.
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Italian City-States
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City-States Cont…• They often came into conflict with
one another for control of commercial trade routes, control of natural resources, and access to seaports.
• Expansion• Too powerful• Social competition • Shifting alliances, diplomatic intrigue,
and establishment of embassies.
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City -States Cont…• Each city-State had its own ruler: for
example, the Pope in Rome presided over the Papal States, the Medici family dominated Florence, the Doge in Venice, etc.
• Relations were characterized by an intense rivalry that sometimes erupted into open warfare.
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Milan
• The Visconti family
• Territorial expansion
Milanese ruler Gian Galeazzo Visconti
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The Sforza Family
• Ruled Milan, 1450–1535
• Francesco Sforza (1401–1466)
• War with Venice (1450) and Peace of Lodi (1454)
• Ludovico Sforza (1451–1508)
Francesco Sforza
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Venice
• Major center of trade
• Doge
• Merchant oligarchy
Customs House and entrance to the Grand Canal (Venice)
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War Between Venice and Genoa
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Venice in the 15th Century
• Mainland expansion
• Constantinople
• The Ottoman Turks
“The Capture of Constantinople” by Renaissance artist Jacopo Tintoretto
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Florence
• Center of banking and textiles
• Bankers for the papacy
• The gold florin
• Nominally a republic, but controlled by an oligarchy of bankers and merchants
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The Medici Family
• Powerful bankers
• Ruled Florence for most of the 15th century
• Cosimo de Medici
• Patrons of the arts
Cosimo de Medici
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Lorenzo de Medici
• Grandson of Cosimo
• Assumed power in 1469 at age 20
• “Lorenzo the Magnificent”
• The Pazzi consipracy
• War against Rome and Naples
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Savonarola
• Dominican friar
• Preached against Florence’s “sinfulness” and “immorality”
• Expulsion of the Medici (1494)
• Bonfire of the Vanities
• Hanged and burned
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Rome and the Papal States
• Renaissance popes: both religious and political leaders
• During the Renaissance, the Papacy became more political and secular
A distant view of Vatican City in Rome
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Popes and the Arts During the Renaissance
Pope Nicholas V
Interior view of the Sistine Chapel
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Papal PoliticsDuring the Renaissance
Pope Alexander VI Pope Julius IIPope Sixtus IV
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Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484)
• Member of the della Rovere family
• Favoritism towards relatives
• Pazzi conspiracy
• Encouraged Venice to attack Ferrara
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Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503)
• Member of the Borgia family
• One of the most corrupt and immoral popes
• Put his son Cesare in charge of papal armies
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Pope Julius II (1503–1513)
• Member of the della Rovere family
• The “warrior pope”
• Restored territories in Romagna, Perugia, and Bologna to the Papal States
• Orchestrated wars against Venice and France
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Cesare Borgia (1475–1507)
• Son of Pope Alexander VI
• Campaigns in Romagna
• Admired by Machiavelli
• Power declined after the death of Alexander
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Naples• Only kingdom in Italy
during the Renaissance
• Vassal state of Rome
• More feudal than other city-states
• King Alfonso (1396–1458)
• King Ferdinand I (also known as Ferrante; 1458–1494)
Statue depicting the coronation of the Neapolitan king Ferdinand I
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Exploration and Trade• Marco Polo
• Quest for sea routes to the East
• Portuguese traders• The African
“Gold Coast”
• Vasco da Gama
• The spice trade
• Christopher Columbus
Marco Polo at the court of Kublai Khan
Vasco da Gama
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The “Black Death”
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Patronage
• Financial support of artists
• Means for the wealthy and powerful to compete socially with one another
• Types of patronageWealthy Renaissance merchants, as depicted in a fresco by artist Domenico Ghirlandaio
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Intellectual Basis of the Renaissance
• Humanism
• Revival of antiquity
• Importance of the individual
• Celebration of humanity
• Secular/worldly focusA page from a Renaissance-era
version of Diomedes’ Grammatica, a text
on Latin grammar
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Education and Thought:Machiavelli
• The Prince
• Advised rulers to use force or deceit if necessary
• Better for rulers to be feared than loved
• Admired Cesare Borgia
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Courtly Education: Castiglione
• Libro del Cortegiano (The Courtier)
• Described ideal behavior for social elites
• Sprezzatura
• Role of women
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Women and the Renaissance
• Education
• Roles as patrons of the arts
• Women political leaders in Italy
Isabella d’EsteCaterina Sforza
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The Italian Wars
• 1494–1559
• European powers fought for control of various Italian city-states
• Helped spread the Renaissance to western Europe
Entry of the French king Charles VIII into Florence at the start of the Italian Wars
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Charles VIII of France
• 1470–1498• Encouraged by
Ludovico Sforza to invade Italy and lay claim to Naples
• France enters Italy in 1494
• Charles takes Naples, but is then defeated by the League of Venice
Charles VIII Ludovico Sforza
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Louis XII of France
• 1462–1515
• Succeeded Charles VIII
• Invaded Italy in 1499, taking Milan and Genoa
• Partitioned Naples with King Ferdinand of Spain
• Treaties of Blois (1504 & 1505)
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Pope Julius II
• 1503: Romagna cities annexed by Venice
• 1509: The League of Cambrai—France, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Papal States vs. Venice
• 1510: The Holy League—The Papal States, Venice, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire vs. France
• 1516: Peace of Noyon
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Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
• Grandson of Ferdinand of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I
• 1521: War to take Milan from France
• 1525: Battle of Pavia—France defeated
• 1527: Sack of Rome
• The Italian Wars finally end in 1559, when France renounces all claims in Italy
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4-7-08Obj: To understand the
movement of the Renaissance and it’s effects on Europe.
• Focus: Characterize Renaissance sculptures and architecture.
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The Northern Renaissance
• More focused on Christianity than the Italian Renaissance
• Began late 15th
century/early 16th century
Altarpiece for the Cathedral of St. Bavo in Ghent, created by Northern Renaissance artist Jan van Eyck
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The Printing Press
• Invented by Johann Gutenberg in the mid-1400s
• Made printed works cheaper and more readily available
• Increased literacy in Europe
• Helped spread new ideas
A replica of Gutenberg’s printing press
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Christian Humanism
• Union of classical influences and Christianity
• Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536)
• Influence on northern Renaissance artChristian humanist
scholar Desiderius Erasmus
A woodcut of Adam and Eve by Albrecht Durer, a German
Renaissance artist
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Renaissance Politics and Economics: Legacy