1. research problem
TRANSCRIPT
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PROBLEM STATEMENT,
OBJECTIVES &
HYPOTHESIS
Rupinder Deol
Lecturer
College of Nursing
DMC & H
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DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
Research essentially is a problem solving process, a
systematic and objective analysis and recording ofcontrolled observation that may lead to the developmentof generalization ,principles, theories , resulting inprediction and possible ultimate control of events.---French M Ruth.
Research is a careful enquiry or examination in seekingfacts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertainsomething.---Clifford Woody
Research is a process that systematically searches fornew facts and relationship.-----Notter
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RESEARCH PROBLEM
Most challenging and difficult phase of any researchproject.
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..It is believed thatselection of a good research
problem is discovery in itself!!!!!!!!!
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Research problem is a questionwhich researcher wants to answer
or a problem a researcher wants tosolve.
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MEANINGA research problem is an enigmatic,troubling area or topic which needs anenquiry to get better understanding orultimate solution.
For example, solution of female
foeticide in India could be an enigmatic or
troubling topic of the present time and that
could become one of the important research
problem at present;..... there could be many
more such problems.
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Contd. According to Kerlinger,
A problem is an interrogative sentence
or statement that ask what relation exists between
two or more variables. The answer to questions will
provide what is having sought in the research.
R.S. Woodworth defines problem as
A situation for which we have no ready
and successful response by instinct or by previous
acquired habit. We must find out what to do the
solution can be found out only after an investigation.
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BASIC TERMINOLOGY
At the most general level a researcher selects a
topic or phenomenon on which to focus.
EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH TOPIC:
Patient compliance
Coping with disability
Pain management
Chemotherapy
Within each of these broad topics are manypotential research problems.
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A research problem is an enigmatic, perplexing, ortroubling condition.
A problem statement articulates the problem to beaddressed & indicates the need for a study.
Research questions are specific queries researchers
want to answer in addressing the research problem.
They guide the type of data to be collected in a study. Statement of purpose/ purpose statement is the
researchers summary of the overall goal of a study.
Hypotheses: specific predictions regarding answers to
the research questions that are tested empirically. Research Aims/ Objectives: The specific
accomplishments the researcher hopes to achieve by
conducting the study.
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IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
First and most important step in research process.
A broad area is selected and then broad topic is delimited
or narrowed down to a specific one-sentence statement of
the problem. This step is considered as most difficult and challenging
and needs lots of time.
Research problem may come from several sources;
depends on the interest of the researcher. So the ideas a researcher collects to identify a research
problem are influenced by variety of sources.
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Researchinterests
Experience& clinicalfieldwork
Nursingliterature
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Social issues TheoryIdeas from
external
sources
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CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A GOOD
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Many factors should be considered while deciding whether
a particular topic is appropriate for a scientific
investigation or not. Significance to nursing profession
Original
Solvable/Researchable
Current
Interesting
Feasible
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SIGNIFICANCE TO NURSING PROFESSION
A research problem is significant for nursing profession,
when it is directed to develop or refines the body of
professional knowledge. Following criteria is to befulfilled
Nursing profession and patients, nurses andhealthcare fraternity will be benefited from the
study.The results will improve clinical nursing practices.
Promotes nursing theory development or testing.
Provides solutions of current nursing practice
needs.
Generate information to have the practicalimplications.
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ORIGINAL
It is fundamentally considered that every research
problem should be new and unique in itself.
Therefore, it is the key responsibility of a researcher that
an innovative knowledge is used for selecting a research
problem, so as to extend the growth of existing body of
the knowledge.
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SOLVABLE/ RESEARCHABLE
Problem selected is considered good only if it is solvable
so that chances of insolvability of problem should be
minimized. Thus, it will enhance relevant results.
For example, a researcher selects a research problem to
know the existence of God in this universe. These sorts of
problems are ambiguous and impossible to solve.
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CURRENT
A good research problem must be based on the current
problems and needs of a profession, so that results
generated will be of more use.
INTERESTING
A research problem can only be considered good if it isin accordance with researchers field of interest.
A research problem must be as per motivation of the
researcher and it should be fascinating to the
researcher.
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FEASIBLE
Regardless of how significant or researchable a problem
may be, feasibility of research problem in reference totime, availability of subjects, facilities, equipment and
money; and ethical considerations should be checked. It
will help researcher to decide whether study can be
actually carried out or not.Time:A nurse might be interested in studying sibling
relationships among quintuplets. Knowledge of the
incidence of quintuplet births would certainly discourage
anyone considering research on this particular
population unless the researcher planned to make this a
lifetime project. So, time is always a factor to be
considered.
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Cost: All research projects cost money; some studies
are much more expensive than others.
Equipment and supplies: All research projects
require some type of resources. Therefore, beforemaking the final decision to conduct a study, an
accurate determination of the needed equipment and
supplies should be ensured. Some questions that
should be answered before beginning a researchproject are:
What equipment will be needed?
Is this equipment available and in proper
working order? Is there a qualified operator of the equipment?
Are the necessary supplies available or can theybe obtained?
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Administrative support: Many research projects
require administrative support. Financial as well as
psychological support from administration is very
helpful. Knowing that your superiors support yourresearch efforts can be a very powerful motivating
force.
Peer support: Many research ideas have never been
developed because potential researchers received nosupport from their peers. One of the best ways to
determine a researchable problem is through
interactions and discussions with other nurses.
Availability of subjects: A researcher may believe that
study subjects are readily available for the study.
Potential subjects may not meet the study criteria,
may be unwilling to participate, or may already be
participating in other studies. Therefore, availability of
subjects must be ensured well in advance.
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Researchers competence:A research problem can
only be feasible if it is in accordance with researchers
competence, where researcher is capable to handle a
given research problem.
Ethical considerations:A researcher must ensure that
the research problem can be considered by the
ethical committee without undue hurdles. A very
important topic of research can not be considered
feasible until and unless it is in accordance with
ethical guidelines.
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FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Formulation of research problem is a complex and long
process, which includes following steps;
Selection of research topic
Reviewing the literature and
theories
Delimiting the researchtopic
Evaluating theresearch problem
Formulating
final
statement
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Example of a good formatted research problem:Adescriptive study on prevalence of pin site infectionamong patients with external skeletal fixation
admitted in orthopedic wards of Nehru Hospital,
PGIMER, Chandigarh
This is the example of declarative from of
the statement of problem, where it is precisely and
concisely stated and includes most of the requiredcomponents of a research statement, where;
Research study type: descriptive
Variable(s): it has only research variable as
prevalence of pin site infection
Population: patients with external skeletal fixation
Research setting: orthopedic wards of Nehru
Hospital, PGIMER, Chandigarh
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STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Problem can be stated in two ways:
a) Declarative form: means making declarative statement(more common).
e.g., An evaluatory study to assess the effect of self
structured teaching program on the knowledge of
catheter care among staff nurses of DMCH Ludhiana.b) Interrogative form : Means posing question on
research problem. It has advantage in sharpening &
focusing the issue.
E.g., What will be the effect of self structured teachingprogram on the knowledge of catheter care among staff
nurses of DMCH Ludhiana?
GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF A
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GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF A
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Substantive issues
1. Does the problem have significance to the nursing profession?
2. Does the problem spells out purpose of conducting study?3. Does the problem have any relationship with existing theories and models?
4. Does the problem flow from prior scientific information and/or experience in topic area?
Methodological issues
1. Does the problem statement clearly identify the research variables in measurable terms?
2. Does the problem identify the nature of population which is to be studied?
3. Does the problem clearly define about type or design of study?
4. Does the problem describe about research setting, place, & time?
5. Does the problem comprise appropriate phrases?
Stylistic issues
1. Is problem statement complete, concise & clear in a declarative form and clearly suggesting
answers to be questioned?
2. Was the problem statement introduced promptly?
Ethical issues
1. Does the research problem require the use of human subject?
2. Does the problem imply potential risks for those subjects?
Practical issues
1. Has the researcher appropriately delimited the scope of the problem, or is the problem too big or
complex for a single investigation?
2. Does the researcher is able to manage the resources, man, money, material & appropriatepermissions from authorities?
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EXAMPLE OF THE STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
AND VARIABLES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH STUDIES
Type of study Exmaple of the research problem statement Variables
Descriptive A descriptive study on prevalence of anemia amongadolescent girls in selected villages of district , Karnataka
Research variable: Prevalence of
anemia
ExploratoryAn exploratory study on contributing factors of anemia
among adolescent girls in selected villages of district ,
Karnataka
Research variable: Contributing
factors of anemia
CorrelationalA correlational study on smoking and lung cancer among
slum dwellers of city Mumbai
Independent variable: Smoking
Dependent variable: Lung cancer
CompartiveA comparative study on health problems among rural and
urban older people of district , Research variable: Health
problems
ExperimentalAn experimental study on efficacy of oral morphine in
management of chronic cancer pain among advanced stage
cancer patients admitted in hospice at Chandigarh
Independent variable: Oral
morphine
Dependent variable: Chronic
cancer pain
Quasi-
experimental
A quasi-experimental study of effect of needle gauge on
pain perception among patients receiving Intramuscular
injection in Out Patient Department of CMCH, Vellore,
TamilNadu
Independent variable: Needle
gauge
Dependent variable: pain
perception during IM injection
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EXAMPLE OF THE STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND
VARIABLES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDIES
Type of study Exmaple of the research problem statement Variables
Phenomenological A phenomenological study on live experiences of Tsunami
victims in selected villages of state TamilNadu
Research variable: Live
experiences
Ethnographical An ethnographic study on the features, critical attributes,processes and benefits of self-help groups of women living
with chronic alcoholic husbands in selected villages of
district Belgam, Karnataka
Research variable: Features,
critical attributes, processes and
benefits of self-help groups
Grounded theory A study on the response and adaptation process of patientsdiagnosed with cancer in Nehru hospital, PGIMER,
Research variable: Response and
adaptation process
Case study A case study on availability and utilization of emergencyservices in public hospital at Ludhiana, Punjab
Research variable: Availability
and utilization of emergency
services
Historical study A historic study on experiences of ward facilities amongpsychiatric nurses during 1960 and 1970 in National Institute
of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences, Bangalore
Research variable: Experiences of
ward facilities
Action research A study on practicability of integrating the nursing serviceand education in selected premier nursing institution of
DMC & H, Ludhiana.
Research variable: Practicability
of integrating the nursing service
and education
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
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MEANING
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative
statement, which provides direction to investigate thevariables. Generally research objectives focus on how
to measure the variables such as to identify or describe
them. Sometime objectives are directed to identify the
relationship or differences between two variables.
Research objectives are the results sought by the
researcher at the end of the research process i.e. what
the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the
research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is
to be achieved by the study. Objectives should be
closely related to the statement of the problem.
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WRITING RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are
very important.
Without objectives researcher will be lost somewhere in the way or mayfind out some other results which are not the need of the time.
Therefore, clearly defined objectives are important feature of a good
research study without which the researcher is aimlessly looking for
something resulting in wastage of resources.
Once the need for research information has been clearly defined, theresearcher must specify the objectives of proposed research and
develop a specific list of information needed.
Objectives formulated in quantitative and qualitative studies are quite
similar, however, objectives formulated in qualitative studies are broad
and includes variables which are more complex and abstract in nature.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objective is a concrete statement describing
what the research is trying to achieve. A well worded
objective will be SMART i.e. Specific, Measurable,
Attainable, Realistic, and Time bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible,
Logical, Observable, Unequivocal and Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved
within the expected timeframe and with the available
resources.
The objective of research project summaries what is to
be achieved by the study.
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NEED OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The formulation of research objectives will help the
researcher to: Focus: If the researcher knows what he has to achieve
ultimately, he will be only looking for the ways to achieve it.
The formulation of research objectives helps in narrowing
down the study to its essentials, which are the crying need
of the hour.
Avoiding unnecessary steps: The formulation of research
objectives helps to avoid the collection of data which are not
strictly necessary for understanding and solving problem
that the researcher has defined. For example, if a researchis only interested in identifying the presence and absence of
variables but not in detailed description of related factors,
the research objective will help the researcher to avoid
collection of unwanted information.
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Organize: The formulation of objectives organize thestudy in clearly defined parts or phases.
For example, if researcher is conducting a research studyon effects of the ginger on morning sickness among
pregnant women, the objectives are formulated as a) To
assess the prevalence of morning sickness among
pregnant women; b) To identify the effect of ginger on
morning sickness symptoms among pregnant women.
Directions: Properly formulated, specific objectives will
facilitate the development of research methodology and
will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretationand utilization of data.
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TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The research objectives are of two types:
General objectives:
General objectives are broad end goals to be achieved.
The general objective of the study states what the researcher
expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
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Specific objectives: Specific objectives are short term and narrow in focus.
General objectives can be broken into small logicallyconnected parts to form specific objectives.
General objective is met through accomplishing each of
the specific objectives.
The specific objectives are more in number and theysystematically address various aspect of problem as
defined under statement ofproblem and the key factor
that are assumed to influence or cause the problem.
They should specify what the researcher will do in thestudy, where and for what purpose.
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A Quasi-experimental study on the effects of ginger on morning
sickness among pregnant women in selected cities of stateKerala.
General objective: General objective of this study will be:
To assess the effects of ginger on morning sickness among
pregnant women.
Specific objectives: This general objective will be splited up intofollowing specific objectives:
To determine the prevalence of morning sickness in thepregnant women.
To compare the severity of morning sickness in primigravida and
multigravida.
To compare the effects of ginger on morning sickness in
multigravida and primigravida. To identify the relationship of effectiveness of ginger on morning
sickness with age and dietary habits of the pregnant women.
To compare the effectiveness of ginger on morning sickness in
working and non-working pregnant women.
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METHOD OF STATING OBJECTIVES
The objectives should be presented brieflyand concisely.
Cover the different aspects of the problem and its
contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical
sequence.
Are clearly phrased in operational terms, specifying exactly
what researcher is going to do, where, and for what
purpose.
Are realisticconsidering local conditions and
Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated.
Examples of action verbs are: to assess, to identify, to find
out, to determine, to compare, to find, to verify, to calculate,
to describe, to analyze and to establish etc.
A LIST OF ACTION VERBS USED TO FORMULATE
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A LIST OF ACTION VERBS USED TO FORMULATE
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation
Count
Define
Describe
Draw
Identify
Labels
List
Match
Name
Outlines
Point out
Write
Associate
ComputeConvert
Defend
Discuss
Distinguish
Estimate
Explain
Extend
Extrapolate
Generalize
Give examples
Infer
Paraphrase
Predict
Rewrite
Summarize
Add
ApplyCalculate
Change
Classify
Complete
Compute
Demonstrate
Discover
Divide
Examine
Graph
Interpolate
Manipulate
Modify
Operate
PrepareProduce
Show
Solve
Subtract
Translate
Use
Analyze
ArrangeBreakdown
Combine
Design
Detect
Develop
Diagram
Differentiate
Discriminate
Illustrate
Infer
Outline
Relate
Select
Separate
SubdivideUtilize
Categorize
CombineCompile
Compose
Create
Drive
Design
Devise
Explain
Generate
Integrate
Modify
Order
Organize
Plan
Prescribe
ProposeRearrange
Reconstruct
Reorganize
Revise
Summarize
Specify
Appraise
AssessCompare
Conclude
Contrast
Criticize
Critique
Determine
Grade
Interpret
Judge
Justify
Measure
Rank
Rate
Support
Test
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HYPOTHESES
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HYPOTHESES
Introduction: Hypotheses is the most important mental tool
research has.
A hypotheses is an assumption statement about the
relationship between two or more variables thatsuggests an answer to the research question.
It is a tentative prediction or explanation of the
relationship between two variables .
It implies that there is a systematic relationship
between an independent and dependent variable.
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Contd.
Hypotheses converts the question posed by theresearch problem into a declarative statementthat predicts an expected outcome. E.g.,smoking causes lung cancer.
The formulation of hypotheses plays animportant part in the growth of knowledge inevery science.
E.g., dietary compliance will be greater indiabetic patients receiving diet instruction insmall group than in diabetic patients receivingindividualized diet instructions.
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DEFINITION OF HYPOTHESES
Lundberg defines hypothesis as a
tentative generalization, the validity of
which remains to be tested.
Goode and Hatt define it as, a proposition
which can be put to a test to determine its
validity.
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Purpose Of Hypothesis
It provides bridge between the theory and reality.
It provides a powerful tool, for the advancement ofknowledge.
It provides direction for any research.
It guides to the thinking process and the process ofdiscovery.
It serves as a framework for drawing conclusion.
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ROLE OF HYPOTHESIS IN NURSING RESEARCH
A hypothesis specifies the source of data.
It defines which data is relevant which arenot.
A hypotheses suggest which type ofresearch is likely to be most appropriate.
It determines the most appropriate
technique of analysis.It links theory and investigation.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESES
Conceptual Clarity: Hypotheses should consist of
clearly defined and understandable concept.
Specificity: A hypothesis should be specific and
explain the expected relations between variables.
( e.g., regular yoga reduces stress).
Testability: Hypotheses should be testable and
should not be a moral judgment. e.g., statement like
bad partners produce bad children , cannot be tested.
Availability of techniques: The researcher must make
sure that methods are available for testing hisproposed hypotheses.
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Contd.Consistency:
A hypotheses should be consistent with an
existing body of theory and research
findings.
Simplicity:
A hypotheses should be simple one
requiring fewer conditions andassumptions.
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SOURCES OF HYPOTHESES
Literature: This is one ofthe main source of
hypotheses. It gives direction
to research by stating what is
already known.
Observation: It can be
derived from observation ofdaily experience.
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Contd.
Intuition and personalexperience:
Personal life experience of
persons determine theirperception and conception.
These may ,in turn, direct a
person to certain hypotheses
more quickly.
e.g., the story of Newton and
the falling apple illustrates this
individual accidental process.
Fi di f t di H th b d l d
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Findings of studies: Hypotheses may be developedout of the findings of other studies in order to replicate
and test.
Scientific theory: the various scientific laws or theorieswhich are transferable to the field of nursing research
e.g., Maslows theory of hierarchy.
Culture: Another source of hypotheses is the culture onwhich the researcher was nurtured. A large part of thehypotheses on American society examined by theresearchers were connected with violence.
Continuity of research: The rejection of somehypotheses leads to the formation of new ones.
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CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESES
Research hypotheses:It indicates what the outcome of the study
is expected to be. It is also known as
scientific or workable hypotheses.
It can be Directional or Non-directional
hypotheses .
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Directional hypotheses: is one that specifies the
expected direction of the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables. It is also called
relational hypotheses
e.g., there will be a positive relationship between years
of nursing experience and attitude towards patient with
HIV disease.
Non-directional hypotheses: indicates the existenceof relationship between variables. It does not specify theanticipated direction of the relationship.
e.g, there will be a relationship between years of nursing
experience and attitude towards patient with HIVdisease.
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Statistical hypotheses: is also known as null
hypotheses that states there is no relationship between
dependent and independent variables.
If in the data analysis a statistically significant
relationship emerges between the variables at a specifiedlevel of significance , the null hypotheses is rejected and
research hypotheses is accepted.
e.g., there is no relationship between sedentary life style
and incidence of hypertension.
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TYPES OF HYPOTHESES ACCORDING TOTHEIR FUNCTIONS
A. Descriptive hypotheses: These are proposition thatdescribe the characteristics of variables. Variable can be
an object, person, organization, situation, or event.
e.g., patient who attend pre-operative education classes
have less post-operative emotional stress than thosepatient who do not.
B. Relational hypotheses:
These are the proposition, which describe the positive or
negative correlation between two variables.e.g., Families with higher incomes spend more on
recreation.
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C. Causal hypotheses: It states the existence of, or a
change in, one variable causes or leads to an effect onanother variable.
The first variable is called independent variable, andthe later the dependent variable.
E.g., smoking (independent) causes lung cancer(dependent).
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ADVANTAGES OF HYPOTHESES
It gives direction to the study.
Hypotheses builds researchers
confidence in his results.
A good hypotheses enriches the theory.
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DISADVANTAGES
It may bias the investigator towards a
particular position and cause him lose his
objectivity.
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THANK
YOU!!
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FURTHER READING
Polit and Hungler.. Essentials of Nursing Research: methods,
Appraisal and utilization, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.,1989: 102.
Fitzpatrick ML. Historical research: the method. In P.L. Munhall
(Ed.). Nursing Research: A qualitative perspective. 3rd ed. Boston:
Johen and Bartlett, 2001: 403-415.
Germain CP. Ethnography: The method. In P.L. Munhall (Ed.).Nursing Research: A qualitative perspective. 3rd ed. Boston: Johen
and Bartlett, 2001:277-306.
Kahn CR. Picking a research problem: the critical decision. The New
England Journal of Medicine, 1994;330(21):1530-1533.
Kerlinger FN, Lee HB. Foundation of behavioral research. 4th ed.Atworth TX: Harcourt College, 2000.
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Contd.
Munhall PL. Nursing Research: A qualitative perspective. 3rd
. Boston: Johenand Bartlett, 2001.
Melney BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practices in nursing and
healthcare: A guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2005.
Vrrkevisser CM, Pathmanathan I, Ann B. Designing and conducting health
systems research projects 1ST ed. Proposal development and fieldwork, 2003.
Reviewed on 21 February 2010, from http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-56599-201-1-
DO_TOPIC.html.
Neeraja KP. Textbook of nursing education.1st Ed. New Delhi: Jaypee
brothers medical publishers,2007 :158-160.
No author.Student learning objectives (SLO) action verb list suggested verbsto use in each level of thinking skills. . Reviewed on 21 February 2010, from
http://www.emnu.edu/academics/assessment/faculty/mannual/verb_list.shtml.
No author. Research ideas, critiquing research and hypothesis. Reviewed on
21 February 2010, from www.carlrenold.com/files/Chapter_2.pptx
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