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A g r i c u l t u r a l W a s t e s 18 (1986) 305-308

S h o r t C o m m u n ic a ti onE f fe c t o f Fe e d i n g S p e n t C o f fe e G r o u n d s o n th e Fe e d i o tPe r fo r ma n c e a n d C a r c a ss Q u a l i ty o f Fa t te n i n g P i g s

A B S T R A C TTwe lve fa t te n in g p igs o f large w hi te Yo rksh ire breed , d iv ided in to threeequal groups , were fe d i son i trogenous concentra te m ix tu re con ta in ing O, 10a n d 1 5 % s p e n t c o f fe e g r o u n d s ( S C G ) f o r 7 0 d a y s. T h e c r u d e f i b r e a n d e th e re x t r a c t c o n t e n t i n c r e a s ed w h i l e t h a t o f n it r o g e n -f r e e e x t r a c t d e c r e a s e d w i t hthe increase in the l eve l o f SCG . The da i ly l i ve we igh t ga in a nd the f e edconvers ion e f f i c iency w ere depressed s ign i f i can t ly a t a 1 5% leve l o f SCG .Ho weve r , the inc lus ion o f SC G in the ra t ions d id no t have any adverse e f fec ton carcass qual i t y . I t w as conc luded tha t S C G a t 1 0% can be inc luded in thera t ion o f p igs sa fe ly w i thout a f fec t ing the i r hea l th .

C e r e al p r o d u c t i o n is n o t k e e p i n g p a c e w i th t h e g r o w i n g h u m a n p o p u l a t i o ni n In d i a . T h u s , w a y s h a v e t o b e s o u g h t e i th e r t o m i n i m i z e o r t o e l i m i n a t et h e u s e o f c er e al s b y r e p l a c i n g t h e m w i t h b y - p r o d u c t s i n s w i n e r a ti o n s .A l s o , t h e d e m a n d f o r l e a n t y p e c a r c a s s e s h a s e m p h a s i z e d t h e g r e a t e r u s eo f e n e r g y d i l u e n t s i n s w i n e r a t i o n s t o p r o d u c e t h e d e s i r e d f in i sh o f c a r ca s s e s.

S p e n t c o ff e e g r o u n d s ( S C G ) a s l iv e s t o c k fe e d h a s b e e n e v a l u a t e d i n v i t r o( S i k k a e t a l . , 1 9 85 a ) a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f i ts r e p l a c i n g g r a i n s a n d r i ceb r a n i n g r o w i n g - p i g r a t i o n s h a s b e e n e x a m i n e d ( B a l o g u n & K o c h , 1 97 5;S i k k a e t a l . , 1 9 8 5 b ) . I n t h e p r e s e n t in v e s t ig a t io n a n a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t oi n c o r p o r a t e S C G i n f a tt e n i n g - p ig ra t i o n s w i t h a v i ew t o p r o d u c i n g l ea n e rc a r c a s s e s .

W e a n e r s o f t h e L a r g e W h i t e Y o r k s h i r e ( L W Y ) b r e ed o f pi gs w e rem a i n t a i n e d o n a s t a n d a r d g r o w e r r a t i o n u n t i l t h e y a t t a i n e d a n a v e r a g e

305A g r i c u l t u r a l W a s t e s 0141-4607/86/$03.50 Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd,England, 1986. Printed in Great Britain

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306 S. S. Sikka, J. S. Chawla

T A B L E II n g r e d i e n t s o f E x p e r i m e n t a l R a t i o n s

Ingredient s C E t E 2M a iz e 30 30 30R ic e b r a n 5 2 42 37S p e n t c o f fe e g r o u n d s - - 1 0 1 5G r o u n d n u t c a k e 12 12 12F i s h m e a l 4 4 4M i n e r a l m i x t u r e " 2 2 2R ov im ix- K (g ) | 5 15 15

2 4 % c a l c iu m , 9 % p h o s p h o r u s , 3 0 % s o d i u m c h l o r i d e ,0 ' 5 % i r o n , 0 . 5 % p o t a s s i u m i o d i d e , 0 . 8 % c o p p e r , 0 .1 2 %m a n g a n e s e a n d 0 . 1 5 % c o b a l t .

w e i gh t o f a b ou t 52 kg . T w e l ve p ig s w e r e d i v i de d in t o t h r e e g r oup s i n s uc ha w a y t h a t t h e i r a v e r a g e w e i g h t a m o n g t h e g r o u p s w a s s i m i l a r . W h i l em a k i n g u p t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p s t h e l im i t a ti o n s o f s ex a n d l it te r m a t e sw e r e c o n s i d e r e d . T h e a n i m a l s w e r e h o u s e d i n i n d i v id u a l p e n s o n c o n c r e t ef l oo r i ng .A c o n t r o l r a t i o n ( C ) c o n t a i n i n g c o n v e n t i o n a l f e e d i n g r e d i e n t s w a sf o r m u l a t e d . T w o e x p e r i m e n t a l r a t i o n s , E 1 a n d E 2 , c o n t a i n i n g 1 0 % a n d1 5 % S C G , r e sp e c ti v el y , w e r e f o r m u l a t e d b yt he c on t r o l d i e t ( T a b l e 1 ) a nd a na l yz e d f o r1975 ) . T he s e r a t i ons w e r e t he n r a ndom l ygrou ps , i .e . C , E 1 an d E 2 , a n d f e d ad l ib to70 days .A f t e r t he c om pl e t i on o f t he f e e d i ng t r i a l ,

r e p l a c i ng r ic e b r a n ( w / w ) f r omp r o x i m a t e p r i n c i p l e s ( A O A C ,a l o t t e d t o t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t a lt he p i gs i n i nd i v i dua l pe ns f o rt w o p ig s o f c o m p a r a b l e b o d y

w e i g h t f r o m e a c h t r e a t m e n t w e r e k e p t o f f f e e d f o r a p e r i o d o f 2 4 h a n dt he n s l a ugh t e r e d ( U S D A , 1970 ) . A f t e r s p l i t t i ng t he c a r c a s s l ong i t ud i na l l yt h e r ig h t s id e w a s u s e d t o m a k e t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l c ar c a ss q u a l it y m e a s u r e -m e n t s . T he da t a w e r e a na l yz e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y ( S ne de c o r & C oc h r a n , 196 8 ) .

T A B L E 2C h e m i c a l C o m p o s i t i o n o f E x p e ri m e n t a l R a t i o n s a n d S C G ( % D r y M a t t e r B a si s)

Ingredient s SC G C E 1 E zC ru de pr ot e in 12.55 15-82 15-36 15.38C ru de f ibre 44-37 14.80 16.71 19.05E the r ex tra ct 15-57 5-83 7-23 8 .29T ot al ash 3.68 10.27 9 .44 10.14Ni t rog en- f ree ex t r ac t 23-83 53"28 51 '26 47 .14

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Spen t co f fee g rounds f o r f a t t en i ng p i g sT A B L E 3

Feed lo t P e r fo rm an ce o f P ig s Fed D i f fe ren t L eve ls o f S C G

307

C E 1 EzAverage init ial weight (kg)Average f inal weigh t (kg)Average to ta l gain (kg)Average dai ly gain (g )Average dai ly feed in take (g )Feed co n v ers io n r a t io

52-0 52-25 52.0 2-41 3.04 + 2.7477"5 77.75 73.75_+2.06 _+2.69 _+2.4625.5 a 25.50 a 21.75 b+0-65 _+0.65 +0-86364.4 ~ 364-4 a 310.8 b+ 9 - 2 5 + 9 . 2 5 + 2 . 1 8

2.50 2'53 2.536.88 a 6.95 ~ 8.10 b__+0.18 __+0.18 +0.31

Figu res in the row s with differen t supers cripts differ significantly (P < 0.05) from eac ho ther .

A n i n c r e a s e in b o t h t h e c r u d e f ib r e a n d e t h e r e x t r a c t a n d a d e c r e a s e inn i t r o g e n - f r e e e x t r a c t i n E 1 a n d E 2 r a t i o n s ( T a b l e 2 ) a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h eh i g h e r f i b re c o n t e n t o f S C G ( B a l o g u n & K o c h , 1 97 5; S i k k a e t a l . , 1 9 8 5 a )t h a n t h e b r a n w h i c h i t r e p l a c e d i n th e c o n t r o l ( C ) d ie t .

B o d y w e i g h t g a i n i n t h e C a n d E 1 g r o u p s w a s s i g n i f ic a n t l y ( P < 0 -0 5 )m o r e t h a n i n th e E 2 g r o u p ( T a b l e 3 ). H o w e v e r , t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y d r ym a t t e r c o n s u m p t i o n i n b o t h t h e E 1 a n d E 2 g r o u p s w a s c o m p a r a t i v e l ym o r e t h a n t h a t o f t h e c o n t r o l ( C ) g r o u p . T h i s s i g n i f ic a n t ly ( P < 0 .0 5 )l o w e r e d t h e f e e d c o n v e r s i o n r a t i o o f t h e p i g s in t h e E 2 g r o u p b e l o w t h a ti n t h e o t h e r g r o u p s ( T a b l e 3 ). T h e p o o r f e e d l o t p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e p i g s

T A B L E 4In f lu en ce o f S C G o n th e C arcass Q u a l i ty o f P ig sA t tribute C E 1 E 2

Dre ssing perc enta ge 68.97 68.18 66.57+0-7 2 + 1 .51 +0 .82Ca rcas s length (cm) 65.00 70-00 70.00___2.00 3-50 + 1.00Ave rage back fa t th ickness (cm) 2 .46 2 .37 2 .32+0.21 +0.14 - t -0-24Loin -eye mus cle are a (cm 2) 29.75 26.50 26.25+ 1.75 + 1.10 + 1.75Le an cuts (% ) 59-65 60-15 63.32-I-3.21 + 1.38 + 0. 82G I tra ct 10.96 11.84 12-84+ 0 - 3 5 + 0 . 4 8 + 0 . 5 2

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308 s. s. Sikka, J. S. Chawlac a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e h i g h e r f i b r e c o n t e n t , w h i c h m i g h t h a v e r e d u c e dt h e d i g e s t io n o f e n e r g y - y i e ld i n g n u t r i e n t s o f th e d i et s ( H e n r y & E t i e n n e ,1 9 6 9 ; B a l o g u n & K o c h , 1 9 7 5 ; S i k k a et a l . , 1 98 5b ) b e c a u s e o f t h e f a s t e rr a t e o f p a s s a g e t h r o u g h t h e a l i m e n t a r y tr a c t ( K a s s et a l . , 1 98 0) r a t h e r t h a na n y t o x i c p r i n c i p l e ( B a l o g u n & K o c h , 197 5; S i k k a et a l . , 1 9 8 5a , b ) in S C G .

T h e d e c r e a s i n g tr e n d s i n h o t d r e s s i n g p e r c e n t a g e ( b e c a u s e o f i n c re a s e dr a t e o f a l im e n t a r y t r a c t p a s s a g e d u e t o t h e h i g h e r fi br e c o n t e n t ( C o e y &R o b i n s o n , 1 9 5 4 ; S h a r d a et al . , 1 9 7 5 ) ) , b a c k f a t t h i c k n e s s a n d l o i n - e y em u s c l e a r e a , a n d t h e i n c r e a s i n g t r e n d s o b s e r v e d i n c a r c a s s l e n g t h , p e r c e n tl e a n c u t s b e c a u s e o f e n e r g y r e s tr ic t io n , a n d t h e r a t e o f p a s sa g e , w e r es t a t i s t i c a l l y c o m p a r a b l e ( T a b l e 4 ) .

R E F E R E N C E SA O A C (1 9 7 5 ) . Official methods of analysis ( l l t h edn) . Assoc ia t ion o f Offic ia lA n a l y t ica l Ch emi st s, W as h i n g t o n , D C.Balogun , T . F . & K och , B. A. (1975). Coffee g rou nds rep lac ing so rghu m gra insin pig rat ions . Trop. Agric., 52, 243.Coey , W . E . & Rob inson , K. L . (1954). Som e effec ts o f d ie ta ry c rude f ib re on l iveweigh t ga ins and carcass qua l i ty o f p igs. J. Agrie. Sci . , 45, 41.He nry , Y . & Et ienne , M . (1969). Ef fec t s nu t r i t iona l s de r inc orp ora t ion de ce llu lose

puri fi+e dans le regim e du p orc e n croissanc e f in i t ion. 1 . Inf luence surd 'u t i l i sat ion digest ive des nutr iments , Annals Zootech. , 18, 337-57.Kass , M. L. , Van Soest , P. J . , Pond, W. G., Lewis , B. & McDowel l , R. E. (1980).Ut i l i za t ion o f d ie ta ry f ib re f rom a l fa l fa by g rowing swine . I . Apparen tdigest ib i li ty of d iet co m po ne nts in specif ic segm ents in ga st ro-intes t ina l t ract .J. Anim. Sci ., 50, 175-91.Sha rda, D . P. , Singh, P. , Sagar , V. & Pra dh an , K . (1975). Effects of feedingl u ce rn e mea l in t h e d i et o n t h e p e r fo rm an ce an d ca rca s s q u a li t y o f g ro w i n gpigs. Hary ana Agric. Un iv. J. Res., 4, 345.Sikka, S. S. , Bakshi , M. P. S. & Ichhponani , J . S. (1985a) . Evaluat ion in vitro o fspen t cof fee g rou nds as a l ives tock feed . Agric. Wastes, 13, 315.Sikka, S. S., Chaw la, J . S. & Ich hp ona ni , J . S. (1985b). Effect of feeding gro un dspen t cof fee on the g row th and carcass qua l i ty o f p igs. Indian J. Anita.Nutr.,2(1), 49-52.Snedecor , G . W. & Cochran , W. G. (1968) . Stat is t ical Methods (6 th edn) . Oxfordan d IBH Pu b l i s h i n g Co . , Bo mb ay .U S D e p a r t m en t o f A g r i cu l tu re (U S D A ) (19 70). Slaughtering, cutting an d processingo f pork on the farm . Farmers ' Bu l le t in No . 2138 .

S . S . S i k k a & J . S . C h a w l aD e p a r t m e n t o f A n i m a l S c ie n ce ,P u n j a b A g r i cu l t u r a l U n i ver s i t y ,L u d h i a n a , I n d i a

(Rec eived 31 Octob er 1985; revised version accep ted 22 M ay 1986)