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ARTICLE IN PRESSGModel

APCATA-14350; No.of Pages8

Applied Catalysis A: General xxx (2013) xxxxxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Catalysis A: General

j ournal homepage : www.elsevier .com/ locate /apcata

Critical evaluation ofthe role ofthe distribution ofAl atoms in theframework for the activity ofmetallo-zeolites in redox N2O/NOxreactions

Zdenek Sobalik, Petr Sazama,Jiri Dedecek, BlankaWichterlov

J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 28 February 2013

Received in revised form 6 June 2013

Accepted 16 July 2013

Available online xxx

Keywords:

Cu-zeolite

Co-zeolite

Fe-zeolite

SCR-NOx

NO decomposition

N2O decomposition

Al distribution in theframework

Al pairs in zeolites

ZSM-5

Thebeta zeolite

a b s t r a c t

Both the laboratory synthesized zeoliteswith tailoreddistributionofframeworkAlatoms andcommercial

ZSM-5 zeolites ofvarious proveniences were investigated in a broad region ofSi/Al ratio with respect to

the distribution ofAl atoms in the framework. The analysis of the distribution of framework Al atoms

was done by using strictly defined conditions ofCo(II) ion exchange and UVVis, 27Al and 29Si (CP) MAS

NMRexperiments. Evidence has been found that the distribution offramework Al atoms in ZSM-5, and

in Si-rich zeolites in general, is not random and is not controlled by statistics, but occurs between the

most populated Al pairs (AlSiSiAl sequences in 6MRs) and single far distant Al atoms (AlSin>2Al

sequences) located in different rings. Depending on the type of Si- and Al-reactants and presence of

TPA+/Na+ ingels, a broaddistribution ofAl atoms(from5 to 85%ofAl atoms inAl pairs) for Si/Al 1220can

be achieved. At Si/Al >20, the population ofAl pairs decreases, but 90% ofsingle Al atoms can be obtained

in the whole range ofSi/Al compositions. The local negative charge ofthe framework governed by the

distribution of framework Al atoms inevitably controls the structure of the counter metal ion species,

which is reflected in the catalytic properties ofmetallo-zeolites in redox reactions requiring different

types ofcounter ion species. A high population ofAl pairs in the framework is required for stabilization

ofdivalentbareCu(II),Co(II)and Fe(II) ionsboth inZSM-5and thebetazeolite, representing the active sites

forC10H22-SCR-NOx,CH4-andC3H8-SCR-NOx, and forN2Odecomposition, respectively. Incontrast, singleAl atoms charge-balance monovalent cations, metal-oxo or bridged metal-oxo(hydroxo) species, the

active sites forNOdecomposition (Cu(I) in ZSM-5and BEA*), forNH3-SCR-NOx toN2 andNO-NO2 reaction

(Fe(III)-oxo species in ZSM-5) and C3H8-SCR-NOx/H2O (Co(II)-oxo in BEA*) in the presence of a large

excess ofwater existing in real exhaust gases. Itis concluded that control ofthe distribution ofAl atoms

in the framework byhydrothermal synthesis ofSi-rich zeolites could achieve the high concentration ofan

appropriate active structure ofcountermetal-ion species required for a specified reaction andconditions.

Thus, in addition to the usually reported total concentration ofAl atoms, the distribution ofAl atoms in

the framework, i.e. the local negative framework charge, is a parameterwhich should be included in the

characteristics ofSi-rich zeolites.

2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Stabilization of thecounter ionspecies asprotons and/ormono-

andpolyvalentcations,and theirmetal-oxospeciesinside adefined

microporevolumeby thenegative charge of the crystallinealumi-

nosilicate framework predeterminesH- andmetallo-zeolites to act

This is an open-access articledistributed under the terms of theCreative Com-

mons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works License, which permits

non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in anymedium, provided the

original authorand source arecredited. Corresponding author.

E-mail address: [email protected](Z. Sobalik).

as efficient and highly selective catalysts for oil and hydrocarbon

processing, forselectivehydrocarbonoxidation, thedecompositionandreduction of nitrogen oxides in environmentprotection andin

fine chemicals synthesis. Si-rich zeolites of ZSM-5, ferrierite, mor-

denite and the beta zeolite structures (MFI, FER, MORand BEA*,

respectively) have attracted great attention, because of the low

aluminum concentration in the framework (Si/Al> 8) leading to

strong acidity of the protons (see, e.g. Ref. [1]) and unusual redox

and catalytic behavior of transition metal ion species (see, e.g.

Refs. [213]), as well as shape selective effects of their microp-

ores.

Theoverall concentration of Al atoms in the frameworkand the

related concentration of protons and/or cations and oxo-cations

0926-860X/$ seefrontmatter 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Z. Sobalik et al. / Applied Catalysis A: Generalxxx (2013) xxxxxx 3

Fig. 1. Effect of thelocal arrangement of Al atoms in theframework of ZSM-5 on theexchangeof Co(II)-complexes andbonding of Co(II)ions in dehydrated zeolites.

Alunpair= 2x[Co(II)(H2O)6)]2+

max 2xCo(II)bare (3)

[AlFR] = [Alpair] + [Alunpair] + [Alsingle] (4)

where [Co(II)(H2O)6]2+

max is the Co(II) ion-exchange capacity of

[Co(II)(H2O)6]2+ ions, Co(II)bare is the concentration of bare Co(II)

in dehydrated zeolites, Co(II),, are concentrations of Co(II) ions

in,and cationicsites, [Alpair]istheconcentrationofAlatomsin

theAlSiSiAlsequencein one(6MR)ringof cationicsite, [Alunpair]is the concentration of close Al atoms located in different rings,

[Alsingle] is the concentration of single far-distant Al atoms, and

[AlFR] is the total concentration of Al in the framework.

For ZSM-5 zeolites with framework Si/Al 1240 compositions

analyzedso far, theconcentration of bare Co(II) ions in dehydrated

zeolites was equal (within 5% error) to the [Co(II)(H2O)6]2+ ion-

exchange capacity. Similarly, the concentration of Alunpair, where

Co-oxospecies were observed in theUVspectra, didnot exceed3%

of total Al present in the zeolite.

To obtain a correct analysis of the Al distribution in the frame-

work, the exclusive exchange of [Co(II)(H2O)6]2+ complexes into a

zeolite without their hydrolysis must be guaranteed. Based on the

extensiveexperimentalexperience[45] andseeRef.[37], thiscould

be satisfied by carrying out the ion exchange from dilute aque-ous solutions 0.05M of Co(NO3)2 under mildly acidic conditions

(6> pH> 5)at RT intotheNa-formofthezeolite. The accuracyof the

estimation of the concentration of [Co(II)(H2O)6]2+ complexes in

hydrated zeolites depends on Co concentration. It varies between

2% for Al rich (Si/Al< 10) zeolites with large portion of Al pairs

(Co/Al> 0.3) and 1015% for zeolites with low concentration of Al

pairs (Si/Al 2540, Co/Al< 0.25).

The exclusive presence of [Co(II)(H2O)6]2+ complexes in the

solution and inside the Co-exchanged zeolite can be monitored

by Vis spectroscopy by a typical spectrum of the strictly octahe-

dral Co(II) complex shown in Fig. 2. All conceivable changes in

the environmentof theCo(II) ionthe octahedral hexaquo-complex

(e.g. formation of [Co(II)(H2O)5X]+ or Co(II) oligomeric species)

would result in breaking down of the symmetry of this complex

reflected in the formation of new spectroscopic species [44,46].

The change of the spectrum of the Co(II)-exchanged zeolite due

to the presence of an additional Co(II) complex to [Co(II)(H2O)6]2+,

i.e. [Co(II)(H2O)5OH]+, is demonstrated in Fig. 2, where the spec-

tra of Co-ZSM-5 prepared by the ion exchange with Co(II) nitrate

and Co(II) acetate are compared. The Co(II) exchange into the Na-

zeolite guarantees attainment of themaximumexchange leveldue

to faster ion exchange into the Na- compared to H-zeolites. Na-

formof azeolitealsoprevents formationofanynitrogen-containingCo(II)complexesthatcouldbeformedduringtheCo(II)-exchange, if

itwouldbedonewithNH4-zeolites.Reproducibilityof thedetermi-

nationof theexchangecapacityof [Co(II)(H2O)6]2+ ionswaswithin

5 rel.%, i.e. within the error of chemical analysis, as revealed from

seriesof experiments done with Na-ZSM-5 samples of Si/Al 12 and

22.

Fig. 2. Normalized Visspectra of theas prepared hydrated Co-ZSM-5, Si/Al 14.1.

Sample with Co/Al 0.41 prepared by equilibration with Co(NO3)2 at RT (), and

Co/Al 0.54 prepared by ionexchange from Co(acetate)2 at80

C (- - -).
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4 Z. Sobalik et al. / Applied CatalysisA: Generalxxx (2013) xxxxxx

Fig. 3. Concentration of Al atoms in Al pairs in commercial ZSM-5 zeolites (), and

statistical prediction of their maximum () and minimum (- - -) concentration in

6MRs according to Ref. [24].

Theanalysisof the distributionof frameworkAlatoms inSi-rich

zeolitesconcludedoccurrenceof twodominantSiAlarrangements

intheframeworkofZSM-5zeolites,andin Si-richzeolitesgenerally,which are represented by (i) the AlSiSiAl sequences (Al pairs)

located in 6MRs enabling to balance bare divalent cations in dehy-

dratedzeolites,and (ii) the fardistant single Al atoms inAlSin>2Al

sequences located in different rings not providing coordination of

a divalent cation, butwith potential to chargebalancemonovalent

species.

3. ZSM-5 zeolite samples

ZSM-5 zeolites analyzed here included products of several

industrial producers, i.e. Conteca, ALSI-PENTA, Tosoh, SdChemie

and PQ Corporation with Si/Al ranging from 12 to 45. The identity

and crystallinity of these samples was generally checked by XRD,

and their pore volumes corresponded to well-developed ZSM-5structures. Chemical analysis and the 27Aland 29SiMASNMRspec-

traindicatedhighproportionof Td-coordinatedAl intheframework

and 12), the AlSiSiAl

sequences(Alpairs) locatedin 6MRs,andsinglefar-distantAlatoms

in AlSin>2Al sequences. The concentration of close Al atoms in

different rings (Alunpair) was below 5%of total Al.

4. Distribution of the framework Al atoms in commercial

ZSM-5

The concentrations of Al atoms in Al pairs (AlSiSiAl

sequences in 6MRs) found in commercial samples with differ-

ent Si/Al ratios are given in Fig. 3. Obviously, a general trend in

Fig. 4. Variability of the concentration of Al atoms in Al pairs using hydrothermal

synthesesaccording to Ref. [22] (), Ref. [21] (), Ref. [33] () and Ref. [45] ().

decreasing relative concentrations of Al atoms accommodated in

Al pairs with decreasing total Al concentration in the framework

is observed, with a sharp decrease in the range of Si/Al 1220.

Nevertheless, this tendency displays large differences in the actualconcentrations of Al atoms in Al pairs for samples with close Si/Al

composition up to ca 20 rel.%, i.e. highly exceeding the accuracy

of determination of the distribution of frameworkAl atoms (5%).

Thepopulations of Al pairs predictedby using a simplistic statisti-

cal approach arealso summarized in Fig. 3 dependingon Si/Al. The

results of statisticalcalculationsofRiceet al. [24] areshownby lines

depicting the concentration of Al atoms in the Al pairs under the

conditions of applicationof the Lowensteinrule and therestriction

for location of Al pairs only in 6MRs. Thus the lines given in Fig. 3

excluded sites with two Al atoms in 5MRrings, in agreementwith

our 29Si MAS NMRobservation revealing the absence of AlSiAl

sequences in ZSM-5 of Si/Al >12. The clear discrepancy between

the experimental results and the statistical calculations should be

regarded as being a result of direct practical relevance showingthat the concentrations of Al pairs for the individual commercial

samples donot followtheexpected simplestatistics. Dramatic dif-

ferences between the distributions of Al atoms found for samples

with close Al content in the framework represent additional sup-

port for thepreviousconclusion on thenon-randomdistributionof

Al atoms in ZSM-5zeolites not controlled by statistical rules. These

differences observed for commercial ZSM-5 indicate that the Si/Al

compositionisnotthesingleparametercontrollingthedistribution

of Al atoms.

5. Variability in the distribution of framework Al atoms in

ZSM-5 caused by hydrothermal synthesis conditions

Hydrothermal laboratory syntheses of ZSM-5 zeolites carriedout in the presenceofa template (TPAOH)andusingvariousSi-and

Al-reactants,Si/Al gelcompositions,andin thepresence/absenceof

Na+ ions (details reported in Refs. [2022,33,34,45]) led to a high

variability in the distribution of Al atoms in the framework over

a wide range of Si/Al compositions (Fig. 4). For Si/Al 1215 in the

products the concentrations of Al atoms in Al pairs could be tuned

from5 to 85% by changing the composition of the reactants.While

a highly predominant concentration of single Al atoms could be

obtained ina widerange ofSi/Al from12to 45, the chanceto incor-

porate Al pairs obviouslydecreaseswithdecreasing concentration

of frameworkAl atoms.

Fig. 5 depicts sets of hydrothermal syntheses carried out with

various reactants (Al chloride vs. Al nitrate; TEOS vs. Na-silicate

vs. Si-Al precursor) under the same (volume, T, Si/TPAOH 2.8)

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Z. Sobalik et al. / Applied Catalysis A: Generalxxx (2013) xxxxxx 5

Fig. 5. Effect of Si/Al on the concentration of Al atoms in Al pairs in ZSM-5 zeolite

for hydrothermal syntheses using: Al chloride+ TEOS (), Si-Al precursor (), Al

nitrate +TEOS (), Al nitrate+ Na silicate (); according to Refs. [33,32].

conditions of hydrothermal synthesis. It was shown that the use

of Al nitrate and Na-silicate in the gel strongly supports the

incorporation of single Al atoms into the framework, while theSiAl precursor and AlCl3/TEOS yield a higher population of Al

pairs. Moreover, while the gel containing the SiAl precursor or

AlCl3/TEOS exhibited a decrease in the concentration of Al pairs

with increasing Si/Al ratio, quite the opposite trend was obtained

withAlCl3/TEOS gels. A markedeffectof Si/Al was not observed for

ZSM-5 products with low population of Al pairs and high popula-

tion of single Al atoms (90% of total Al). These findings strongly

support the suggestion of the decisive role of the type of reactants

on the distribution of Al atoms in the framework of ZSM-5 zeo-

lites, and further contradict the assumption about the random or

statistical distributionof frameworkAl atoms.

Analysisof themechanismbehind thehydrothermalZSM-5syn-

thesis leading to incorporation of Al pairs vs. single Al atoms in

the framework and understanding of the function of the individ-ual reactants are beyond the scope of this paper. We have already

suggestedthat the polarizationof TPA+ by anions andthe presence

of Na+ ions play a decisive role in the arrangement of the Al atoms

in SiAl sequences during the first stages of the interactions in the

gel. For details on the 29Si, 27Al and 13C MAS NMR study of the

gel composition and corresponding distributionof Al atoms in the

framework of ZSM-5 products, the reader is referred to the recent

paper of Dedecek et al. [33].

6. Impact of the distribution of framework Al atoms on

catalytic NOx processes over metallo-zeolites

Obviously, the structure of the resulting counter-ion species in

Si-rich zeolites obtained by ion exchange (in both aqueous andgaseous (CVD) environment) is controlled by both the counter

parts, i.e. the type of metal ion complex and the local nega-

tive charges occurring in the framework and governed by the

presence of Al pairs and single Al atoms. While the exchanged

[M(II)(H2O)6]2+ complexes in zeolites are predominantly balanced

by Al pairs, the negative charge of single Al atoms is sufficient for

monovalent [M(II)(H2O)5X]+ entities. After zeolite dehydration,

the Al pairs in 6MRs strongly stabilize bare divalent cations coor-

dinated to the framework oxygen atoms (see Fig. 1). At the same

time,monovalent species adjacent to singleAl atoms (monovalent

cationsormetal-oxo(hydroxo) ions), or bridgedmetal-oxospecies,

charge-balanced by two single Al atoms in different rings, can be

formed. An analogous (but more complex) situation, necessarily

considering the total positive charge of the metal complex, exists

Fig. 6. Effect of Cu loading in Cu-ZSM-5 on TOF in C10H22-SCR-NO under water

presence at 250C and inNOdecomposition at 400 C (seeRef. [51]).

for the location and charge balance of oxo(hydroxo) complexes of

trivalent cations.

Theobjective of this paper is nota detailedanalysis of thestruc-ture of various counter species, but rather to evaluate the effect

of the distribution of Al atoms in the framework on the activity of

the counter-ion species in Si-rich zeolites in redox reactions stud-

ied in our laboratory. This effect is outlined on the Cu-, Fe- and

Co-zeolites of ZSM-5 and beta structures with various distribu-

tions of Al atoms in the framework, and their activity in NO and

N2O decomposition, in oxidation of NO to NO2 and SCR-NOx by

methane, propane, decane or ammonia,moreover, in the presence

and absence ofwater vapor in the feed.

6.1. Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-BEA*

While the ion exchange from aqueous Cu(II) nitrate solutions

preferablyoccurs through [Cu(II)(H2O)6]2+, theionexchange usingCu acetate solutions also includes [Cu(II)(H2O)5X

]+ complexes,

exchanged particularly intothehighly-loadedCu-ZSM-5. First, and

preferably at low loadings, the Cu(II) ions adjacent to the Al pairs

in 6MRs of cationic sites are exchanged, followed by introduc-

tion of [Cu(II)X]+ complexes charge-balanced mostly by single

Al atoms. In the dehydrated samples, the bare Cu(II) ions (orig-

inated from [Cu(II)(H2O)6]2+) are not easily reduced compared

to [Cu(II)(H2O)5X]+ transformed into [Cu(II)OH]+ or dinuclear

[Cu(II)-O-Cu(II)]2+ bothreadilyreduced toCu(I),whichsurviveeven

in oxygen atmosphere at elevated temperatures [3,4,47]. These

conclusions are based on the blue-shift in the UV-Vis spectrum of

theCu(II) aquocomplexes,and characteristic luminescencespectra

of bare Cu(I) ions, IR spectra of Cu(II)NO complexes [48,49], and

their redox properties in dehydrated Cu-zeolites [49,50].The TOF per Cu atom of NO decomposition over Cu-ZSM-5

clearly increaseswithincreasingCu/Alconcentrations (asobserved

in many laboratories) similar to the increasing population of Cu

species adjacent to single Al atoms (Fig. 6, data from Refs. [4,51]).

Accordingly, the active sites in NO decomposition represent the

generallyacceptedCu(I) ions,which areadjacenttosingleAlatoms,

more populated in the highly loaded Cu-zeolites. Similar high

activity inNOdecomposition (inTOF perCu)of the Cu ions charge-

balanced by single Al atoms and reflected in the shift of the high

energy edgeof the Cu(II) Vis band in the spectrumof hydrated Cu-

zeolite was observed and is depicted in Fig. 7 (data given in Ref.

[52]).

In contrast, the rateof the C10H22-SCR-NOx/H2O reaction in the

presence of water (12%) over Cu-ZSM-5 sharply decreases with

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Fig. 7. The effect of the position of high energy edge of the Cu(II) Vis band ofmax-

imum loaded hydrated Cu-BEA* samples prepared from different parents on the

conversion of NO perCu forNO decomposition (see Ref. [52]).

Fig. 8. Effect of Co loading on the yield of N2 in C3H8-SCR-NOx over Co-BEA-I ()

with prevailing concentration of single Al atoms (Si/Al 15.6, Alsingle0.59mmolg1,

61%), and Co-BEA-II () with lower concentration of single Al atoms (Si/Al 11.7,

Alsingle 0.41mmol g1, 34%). Maximum concentrations of bare Co(II) ions balanced

by Al pairs are indicated forCo-BEA zeolites by arrows. Data taken from Ref. [60].

Cu-loading (Fig. 6, for details see Ref. [51]). This indicates that, in

this reaction, the most active sites represent the Cu(II) ions bal-

anced by Al pairs. With the SCR-NOx reaction the redox process

requires divalent Cu(II) as the active site with participation of the

Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox cycle. However, the presence of water vapor is

knowntobedetrimental for the open coordination sphereof Cu(II)

ions balancedby Al pairs. Nevertheless, in this reaction carried outat250 C a strong adsorption of predominantly of olefinic products

of decane cracking and of NO2 on Cu(II) occurs, preventing water

adsorption.

6.2. Fe-ZSM-5

Fe ion exchange into ZSM-5 is very complex. In aqueous solu-

tions of Fe salts of both Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions substantial hydrolysis

takesplace [37]. In the procedureusing chemicalvapor deposition

from FeCl3, the FeCl2+ and FeCl2+ species are exchanged with fol-

lowing their hydrolysis. Various procedures employed for Fe ion

exchange led in dehydrated Fe-ZSM-5 (even in oxidizing atmo-

sphere) at lowFe loadings(Fe/Al

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