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Sustainable Cities and Society 1 (2011) 135– 141

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Cities and Society

j our nal ho me page: www.elsev ier .com/ locate /scs

tudies on installing solar water pumps in domestic urban sector

. Padmavathi, S. Arul Daniel ∗

epartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, T.N., India

r t i c l e i n f o

rticle history:eceived 21 April 2011eceived in revised form 14 June 2011ccepted 15 June 2011

a b s t r a c t

Per capita energy consumption is high in urban locations of any country. In this context, this articleexplores the deployment of standalone photovoltaic (PV) water pumping units in every household of asustainable city. The various photovoltaic water pumping schemes and the domestic pumping require-ments of a city in India are given in this paper. The peak shaving of load and reduction in line losses due toPV pump deployment on a secondary distribution transformer in a residential locality of the same city is

eywords:rbanizationenewable sourcesouse holdolar water pumpoad flowistribution transformer

investigated to bring out the advantages of the above policy initiative. The need for a legislation to installPV water pumps is thus brought out in this paper.

© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

. Introduction

.1. Back ground

In certain countries like India, centralized water supply by aater supply company is only during certain hours of the day

nd pressure is generally insufficient. Residents store water fromhe central supply in a local sump and is pumped to an over-ead tank (roof top storage tanks) for consumption. Apart from theentral water supply, households or a colony like apartment havendependent ground water wells from which water is to be liftedor consumption. Hence, in residential areas, when either groundater or central water supply along with ground water is con-

umed, there is a need for pumping water to overhead tanks. Inndia, the present scenario has water pumps in every household of

city; that are driven by electric motors connected to the utilityetwork.

In many industrialised countries cold water supply is continu-us and is directly fed from water mains. In case the water supplyressure is insufficient, then booster pumps are used to increaseater pressure. A pressure booster system consists of a pressure

ank and a one line jet pump. The pressure tank is generally placed

n the ground floor and it feeds water at pump boosted pressureo the house faucets. The pump will draw more water from theater mains and feed it to the pressure tank as water is consumed

∗ Corresponding author. Fax: +91 0431 2500133.E-mail addresses: kpeesame@yahoo.co.in (K. Padmavathi), daniel@nitt.edu

S.A. Daniel).

210-6707/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.oi:10.1016/j.scs.2011.06.002

in the houses. These pumps need not lift water deep in the groundto high level in the buildings. A second booster pump, when usedto improve water pressure in the upper part of the building is thenplaced in the upper floors of the building. The booster pumps comewith pressure switches, with cut in and cut off pressure settings.Multi story apartments and very tall buildings called “sky scrapers”are most likely to install a roof top water supply tank which is fedby a pump from street level.

Per capita energy consumption is high in urban locations of anycountry. Urban growth rate in a developing country like India ishigh and is projected to continue for another 30–40 years. Fossilfuels are getting depleted at a faster rate. Another challenge is toface the climatic changes the world is undergoing. Urban societyshould adapt itself to utilise alternate energy resources available inthe surroundings. Solar photovoltaic energy is accepted as the mostreliable and cleanest source of alternate energy. In ‘along the sun’solar water pumps, energy is stored indirectly in a tank, in the formof water at high elevation. This form of storage is more economicalthan battery storage. In this context, this paper proposes a policyinitiative on deployment of domestic solar water pumps in all thehouseholds of a city.

Israel today, is the world leader in the use of solar energy percapita with 85% of the households using solar thermal systems.This is the result of Israeli Knesset passing a law in 1980, requiringthe installation of solar water heaters in all houses. In 2005 Spainbecame the first country in the world to require the installation

of PV electricity in larger buildings and the second after Israel torequire installation of solar heating systems in 2006. In Germanybuilding regulations give credit for solar thermal systems but aresilent about solar PV installations. In UK new building regulations

136 K. Padmavathi, S.A. Daniel / Sustainable Cities and Society 1 (2011) 135– 141

th AC

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2.2.1. PV moduleIndia has a well organised PV module manufacture industry

which has come of age in the last two to three years. India, withits advantages of lower labour costs, offers domestic opportunities

Fig. 1. PV pumping wi

im at reducing the carbon emission of new UK houses to zeroy 2016. This includes “code for sustainable homes”, which mayequire the use of solar thermal and PV installations.

In India, use of solar water heaters in residential buildings isade mandatory in many states through an amendment of build-

ng bye-laws (CTRAN report). As a result, there is a steep rise in thenstallation of solar water heaters. Solar lights with rechargeableatteries are also in widespread use. Wijaya, Fathoni, Pranayudha,rakoso, and Suryani (2009) have worked on electricity savinghrough application of solar water pumps in domestic and commer-ial sector and have shown reduced dependency of these sectors onational grid of Java–Madura–Bali (Jamali) in Indonesia.

However, there is no detailed study available in the existing lit-rature on the impact of employing photovoltaic water pumps invery household of a city. In this context, the paper presents a modelf analysis, taking distribution transformer data, load curve, distri-ution network parameters and such a study has been attemptedor the first time in this article.

.2. Proposed policy initiative

There is an ever increasing demand for harnessing everyossible resource to meet the per capita energy consumptionequirements of a country. In addition to augmenting renewableesources to meet energy needs, there is a continuous emphasisn demand side management. All these initiatives are carried outo postpone capital investment in the electric distribution network,ue to a continuous increase in power consumption. Government of

ndia has announced a huge program on solar energy, JNNSM-2009Mission Document, www.mnre.gov.in). This program is aimed atide scale deployment of solar farms, roof top generation and rural

lectrification. There is a need for well developed Transmissionnd Distribution (T&D) Network to evacuate power generated byolar farms located in remote areas. On the other hand, roof tophotovoltaic generation can be a feasible substitute for utilisingolar energy for meeting growing urban power demand and attainustainability in the future.

Urbanization has significant implications on urban energyemand. Today, developing countries like India show an averageegree of urbanization that developed countries were experienc-

ng in the early part of 20th century. City planners in developedountries face challenges with regard to increasing urban energyonsumption. The major share of energy consumed in urban areass the energy consumed in residential and commercial buildingsMadlener & Sunak, 2011). As a matter of fact, the most sought afterorm of energy is electrical energy since it is pollution free at thetilization stage and has excellent transportability. Thus, policiesegarding energy efficient measures and deployment of renewable

nergy sources are the need of the day.

In this background, the paper attempts to employ photovoltaicanels for pumping water in every household of a city. A policy ini-iative proposed in this paper is to install small solar water pumps

motor (f* = frequency).

in the premises of the private households of cities in place of waterpumps driven by electricity drawn from the utility network. Thesize of the PV panel is designed for pumping the water throughout the day to fill the overhead tank. An optimization algorithmis sufficient to find the optimum size of the PV panel for such anapplication and is not dealt in this paper. In order to bring out thepositive features of installing PV water pumps in city households,power flow analysis after the removal of water pumps driven byelectricity drawn from utility network is carried out and the resultspresented.

2. PV water pumps

2.1. PV pump schemes

In PV water pumping, the pumping set-up consists of a centrifu-gal pump or volumetric pump driven by an AC motor or a DC motor.The electrical output of the PV array is converted into AC using aninverter whose frequency is variable to drive an AC motor as shownin Fig. 1.

In case of a DC motor driven pump, the PV electrical output iseither directly coupled or fed through a DC–DC converter as shownin Figs. 2 and 3 respectively. Utilization of available PV power isleast in direct coupling.

In solar water pumping, efficiency of a DC motor coupled to apositive displacement pump with maximum power point tracking(MPPT) is shown to be higher than an induction motor driving thesame pump with MPPT (Lujara, VanWyk, & Materu, 1999). Centrifu-gal pumps are suitable for high flow rates. They lose their efficiencyin PV water pumping at low sun conditions. Positive displacementpumps have higher efficiency. They are used in solar applicationsin the power range of 500 W or less.

2.2. PV pump components

Fig. 2. PV pumping with direct coupling.

K. Padmavathi, S.A. Daniel / Sustainable Cities and Society 1 (2011) 135– 141 137

Fig. 3. PV pumping with DC–DC converter.

160

110

120

130

140

150

60

70

80

90

100

in k

WP

ower

30

40

50

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Fig. 4. Daily load curve

o manufacture economical, yet high quality PV modules and cells.he module production capacity rose from 60 MW in 2005 to 1 GWn 2009 setting India as a major manufacturing hub in the global PV

arket (Frost and Sullivan Report). Cost of PV modules for use inhe domestic sector is decreasing with increased local productionapability.

.2.2. PV water pumpPV water pumps fall into two categories. The so called “first

eneration” PV pumping scheme consists of a centrifugal pumpriven by an AC motor. The frequency of the inverter output isade to vary by MPPT algorithm which tracks maximum power of

he PV module with changing atmospheric conditions. Thus, avail-ble maximum power is fed to the motor. This scheme has provenong term reliability and the hydraulic efficiency is of the order of5–30%. The “second generation” PV pumps consist of a volumetricump or a positive displacement pump preferably driven by a DC

otor. These pumps are characterised by low PV power outputs of

00–500 Wp and higher hydraulic efficiencies of the order of 70%Protogeropoulos & Pearce, 2000).

able 1ower load during 2007–2012.

Year Energy consumption (MU)a Maximum demand (MW)

2007–2008 11,374 25822008–2009 13,142 28912009–2010 14,791 32382010–2011 16,486 36272011–2012 18,465 4015

a Mega unit 1 unit = 1 kWh.

in Hours

tribution transformer.

At present, many small solar water pumps are available in theinternational market. Some of the DC motor pumps are designed fora voltage of 12 V and power as less as 35 W (www.altestore.com).They operate with a reduced capacity during low sunshine peri-ods. They cost around $200–600 depending on their head-flowcapability. In many developed countries, solar pumps are used indomestic sector on a small scale. India is experiencing a paradigmshift to stand alone PV water pumping systems in the farming sec-tor. DC floating pump manufactured by Polyene group has foundacceptance among small farmers in the southern states of Indiaas established by various studies (Surender & Subbaraman, 2003)However, in India domestic pump market is dominated by centrifu-gal pumps coupled to AC/DC motor with a relatively large voltagerating which require more PV modules to be connected in series.Hence, DC motor pumps with a small voltage rating of 12 V andstarting power as less as 35 W are to be manufactured locally forthe proposed implementation of ‘along the sun’ water pumps in thedomestic sector.

3. Site of study

3.1. Power consumption

Bangalore a city in south India is selected for investigationson the impact of the above policy initiative for a sustainable city.Bangalore has been substantially affected by globalization andurbanization over the last decade. While the city is internationally

recognised for information technology, the city also has a diverseset of activities from silk to aeronautics. According to populationcensus report in the year 2001, 45% growth in city’s population isbecause of migration due to employment opportunities. Population

138 K. Padmavathi, S.A. Daniel / Sustainable Cities and Society 1 (2011) 135– 141

Table 2Domestic pumping needs.

Head (m) Pumped from Building Daily water (l) Depth of storage

6.1 Sump GF 800–1200 Sump 1–2.5 m9.5 Sump FF 1600–2500 Open well 12–35 m

70 Open well FF 1600–2500 Bore well 70–350 m92 Bore well SF 20,000

185 Bore well SF 20,000

SG

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3

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ource: Bangalore Water Supply Board.F: ground floor 3–4 m; FF: first floor 6–7 m; SF: second floor 9–10 m.

f the city is anticipated to be 9.9 million by 2021. Studies indicatedhat the power load growth of Bangalore urban area is at the ratef 9.93% annually, but the actual load growth is 16%. The load fore-ast of the city as indicated in the 11th five year plan for the period007–2012 is indicated in Table 1 (Report, Bangalore Developmentuthority).

.2. Pumping needs

In Bangalore, residents pump water from a bore well or an openell or from a sump fed from central supply. Water is pumped byrawing electricity from a secondary distribution network. Gener-lly, the contrivance used for water transfer consists of an inductionotor and a centrifugal pump. The rating of the pump varies as

he need. They range from few tens of watts to 3.5 kW as the caseay be. These pumps are operated for 1 or 2 h depending on the

umping head and volume of water needed.Taking the case of Bangalore city, per capita consumption of

ater is 200 l/day. In Table 2, a few examples of typical valuesf pumping head and desired volume of water in different typesf buildings are indicated. The data in Table 2 are the parametersequired for designing a PV water pump.

. Distribution transformer data analysis

The Bangalore electricity supply company (BESCOM) has 1,8,618 distribution transformers (BESCOM Annual report 2010)overing supply for eight districts. The rating of the transformerepends upon the concentration of load at a given location andhey range from 2 kVA to1000 kVA.

A distribution transformer in a residential locality is taken fortudy in this article. The details of the transformer are as follows:

Transformer: TC 86; location: South Bangalore.Rating: 250 kVA, 11 kV/415 V, 50 Hz, 3 phase, distribution trans-former.Total number of poles = 82.Total number of consumers = 386.Total connected load = 782 kW.

Data set gives details regarding category of consumer, pole fromhich he is served and connected load or sanctioned load of indi-

idual consumers. The diagram of the distribution transformeretwork shows connection from the transformer to the poles andole to pole, type of conductor used and the distance in meters.

Power supplied through distribution transformer is collectednce in 30 min, continuously using Electronic Tri-vector MeterETVM). The ETVM meter constant is 80. The readings are recordedver a period of one month at 30 min interval. The average value ofhe power corresponding to each time interval over the entire day0:00–23:30 h) is calculated using the readings for 31 days down-

oaded from the meter. The average daily variation of the load onhe distribution transformer so obtained is used in this work. Thelot of average variation of power with time of the day is shown inig. 4.

Peaking of the load curve is observed in the morning as wellas in the evening hours. It is seen from the graph that maximumpeaking takes place in the morning hours between 6.00 am and8.30 am. One of the reasons for peaking during morning hours isthe use of electricity for pumping water to an overhead tank inevery domestic consumer premises.

5. Investigations on policy impact

The distribution transformer under study is in a residential local-ity. It is found that 216 domestic consumers are having a connectedload of 2 kW and above. A large number of them are having 3 kWwhich is the typical connected load of one house hold. The domesticconsumers, with 2 kW and more connected load, have a motor-pump to fill their overhead tanks. It is a common practice in thecity that water-pumps are switched on in the morning hours. Thiscoincides with the peaking on the transformer. These motor pumpsfor use in houses, are generally 0.37 kW and are operated for aboutan hour or less. These 0.37 kW motor pumps are commonly usedfor a vertical lift of 15 m. The following investigations are carriedout by replacing the 0.37 kW AC motor pumps by solar DC pumps.

5.1. Impact on peak shaving

It is observed from the graph in Fig. 4 that maximum peakingtakes place in morning hours between 6.00 am and 8.30 am. Withthe use of solar water pumps, motor load for pumping water getseliminated from the grid supply.

It is estimated that out of 216 domestic consumers, if 150 (70%)of them operate their pumps from PV panels, a net reduction of55.5 kW of total connected load on the transformer is observed.Similarly, if the remaining 66 (30%) pumps, which are generallyswitched on at night between 7.30 pm and 10 pm, also employ solarwater pumps, a further reduction of 24.42 kW in connected load isobserved. The resulting load on the distribution transformer duringpeak load hours is shown in Table 3.

Plot of power in kW and time in hours (0:30–23:30 h) is shownin Fig. 5. Peak load reduction with solar pumps in operation isobserved from the graph.

5.2. Impact on line losses

The network of load on the secondary side of the local distri-bution transformer is very complicated with many poles spread inmany streets and inter-connected with other poles. The consumerload is connected to the nearest pole via service mains. The distribu-tion transformer diagram of T-86 is shown in Fig. 6 (service mainsnot shown). It is a single line diagram showing electrical connectionbetween poles, distance and total connected load on each pole. In

this secondary distribution network, three different types of con-ductors namely rabbit, squirrel and weasel are used. The resistanceand reactance of these conductors per kilo meter length of the wireare listed in Table 4.

K. Padmavathi, S.A. Daniel / Sustainable Cities and Society 1 (2011) 135– 141 139

100

120

140

160

P in kW (without SWP) P in kW (with SWP)

0

20

40

60

80

2423222120191817161514131211109876543210

Pow

er in

kW

Time in Hours

Fig. 5. Load curve of the transformer showing peak reduction.

Table 3Load on distribution transformer during peak hours.

Time (h)

6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30

P in kW without solar pumps 78.88 107.39 130.94 135.62 133.01 121.30P in kW With solar pumps 69.63 98.147 121.69 126.37 123.76 112.05

Time (h)

19:30 20:00 20:30 21:00 21:30 22:00

ac

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per m of PV water pumping is lower than that of water pumpingemploying diesel generator, in the desert of Tunisia using life cyclecost (LCC) method. Many other researchers have shown economicviability of PV water pumping systems over other pumping systems

Table 4Resistance and reactance of conductors.

Type of wire R (�/km) X (�/km)

P in kW without Solar pumps 100.26 100.38

P in kW With solar pumps 96.20 96.317

Power flow program (Load flow program) is a computer tool tonalyse steady state behaviour of any electrical power system. Itan be schematically represented as shown in Fig. 7.

The radial network connected to the distribution transformers shown in Fig. 6 can be modelled for power flow study as giveny Eq. (1). Power supplied by the transformer or total load on theistribution transformer is equivalent to generated power (Ps, kW).

s =n∑

i=1

PLoad i +m∑

j=1

PLoss j (1)

here PLoad i = power served to the ith consumer load (kW),Loss j = I2R loss in the jth overhead line (kW), n = total number ofomestic consumer loads, and m = total number of over head lines.

Power flow analysis (Load flow analysis) is carried outor this system using Mi-Power software (Macmet, PRDC,ttp://www.prdcinfotech.com) MiPower manual power flow studyan be conducted for different system conditions such as peak load,verage load or any particular load demand occurring at a givenime.

The power flow program is executed by setting the power sup-ly schedule equal to the power sent out through the distributionransformer at different time intervals of the day as listed in Table 3.

his power includes the total consumer load served and the lineosses occurring at that time interval. The power flow is obtained forhe two cases with and without solar pumps. The distribution lineosses and the resulting saving in line losses is thus found from the

100.55 98.52 96.72 91.2896.48 94.45 92.65 87.21

power flow analysis results. The summary of power flow analysisresults is shown in Table 5.

It is observed from Table 5 that saving in line losses is nearly3 kWh/day for a single distribution transformer network. Therewill be similar reduction in the line losses of all other distributiontransformers in the city with the use of solar water pumps.

Thus, the use of solar water pumps in domestic applicationswill lead to energy savings, reduced peak power, reduced lossesand hence improved efficiency of Transmission and Distribution ofelectrical energy.

6. Sustainability of solar water pumping

Mahjoubi, Mechlouch, and Brahim (2010) have shown that cost3

Rabbit 0.606 0.369Weasel 1.014 0.379Squirrel 1.531 0.389

Source: BESCOM.

140 K. Padmavathi, S.A. Daniel / Sustainable Cities and Society 1 (2011) 135– 141

Fig. 6. Single line diagram.

Net work Parameters

Su pply Sch edu le

Load schedule

Voltage at nodes

Power served to loa d (kW or Mw)

Power Loss in tra nsmiss ion lines (kW or Mw)

Powe r flow pro gram

Fig. 7. Block model of power flow study.

Table 5Summary of load flow results in kWh.

Sl. no. Time of the day Without solar pumps With solar pumps

Supply (kWh) Load (kWh) Loss (kWh) Supply (kWh) Load (kWh) Loss (kWh)

1 6.00 39.45 35.74 3.76 34.8 31.5 3.342 6.30 53.88 49.05 4.89 49.04 44.6 4.503 7.00 65.53 59.54 6.06 60.91 55.22 5.784 7.30 67.71 61.48 6.31 63.1 57.14 6.045 8.00 66.62 60.51 6.19 61.88 56.06 5.896 8.30 60.84 55.34 5.56 56.41 51.22 5.267 19.30 50.09 45.58 4.55 48.11 43.75 4.418 20.00 50.17 45.66 4.56 48.11 43.75 4.419 20.30 50.17 45.66 4.56 48.36 43.99 4.4310 21.00 49.47 45.02 4.50 47.31 43.03 4.3411 21.30 48.42 44.05 4.42 46.32 42.13 4.2512 22.00 45.62 41.47 4.19 43.76 39.79 4.02

Total 647.97 589.10

59.55 608.11 552.16 56.67

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Internet resources

K. Padmavathi, S.A. Daniel / Sustain

hich consumes diesel or gasoline using the life cycle cost method.deh, Yohanis, and Norton (2006) have conducted an economic

tudy on PV water pumping systems, considering fuel cost, labourost, component prices, market interest rate and solar irradiation allf which vary with time and place of application. They have foundhat solar water pumps are economically viable than diesel pumpsor hydraulic energy below 5750 m4/day (litre-meter product) and1 kWp system size and 21.6 MJ/m2-day. In an urban setting peoplese diesel generator for back up during power cuts.

In this article, power flow study on a single distribution trans-ormer network (with about 216 domestic consumers having anlectric water pump of rating 0.37 kW) shows a saving in grid elec-ricity of 40 kWh/day on account of using solar water pumps. Thisesults in 68 kWh of saving in energy per consumer per year. Hence,

saving in electricity bill of $12 (US)/year per consumer is obtainedt the present cost of $0.17 (US)/kWh of electricity.

From the viewpoint of demand side management also, use ofolar water pumps by domestic consumers reduces the demand forlectrical energy by 14,600 kWh/year per distribution transformer.n the supply side, demand reduction on grid electricity gives rise

o saving in installed capacity and hence associated green houseases emission will come down.

Other advantages of PV water pumps include simple, reliable,asy to install, unmanned operation and do not liberate any pol-utant while producing electricity using solar energy. Solar PVystems have low life cycle cost of pollution compared to otherechnologies as regards to pollutants released at the time of their

anufacture. In their production, toxic materials are used whichequire careful handling and following of safety and environmen-al protection rules as documented in IPCC (2010). More than 80% ofulk material used in PV panels is re usable. Recycling of PV panels

s already economically viable (http://www.ClimateTechWiki.org).hus use of solar PV systems is beneficial to the society in manyays.

. Conclusion

A detailed study has been carried out to bring out the signifi-ance of installing solar water pumps in every household of majorities. A case study of Bangalore city is taken. Solar irradiation data

s superimposed on the pumping characteristics and it has beenound that PV panels ranging from 60 Wp to 500 Wp are sufficientn residential buildings of Bangalore city, for filling the overheadanks on “along the sun” basis. Furthermore, such installations are

ities and Society 1 (2011) 135– 141 141

found to reduce significantly the peak load and bring down thedistribution line losses. Government policies and regulations arerequired to promote the use of PV water pumps in urban domesticsector.

Acknowledgements

1. Mr. Rakesha Hegde (rakesh@prdcinfotech.com), PRDC Ltd., Ban-galore has kindly provided data of distribution transformer andsuggestions in formulating the data base.

2. Dr. Ravishankar Deekshit (ravi yedatore@rediffmail.com), whospecialises in power systems has spared his valuable time inreading this article. We thank him for his advice.

References

Lujara, N. K., VanWyk, J. D., & Materu, P. N. (1999). Loss models of photovoltaicpumping systems. doi:10.1109/AFRCON.1999.821902.

Madlener, R., & Sunak, Y. (2011). Impacts of urbanization on urban structures andenergy demand: What can we learn for urban energy planning and urbanizationmanagement? Sustainable Cities and Society, 1, 45–53.

Mahjoubi, A., Mechlouch, R. F., & Brahim, A. B. (2010, November 5–7). Economicviability of photovoltaic water pumping systems in deserts of Tunisia. In IREC-2010 Tunisia,

Odeh, I., Yohanis, Y. G., & Norton, B. (2006). Economic viability of photovoltaic waterpumping systems. Solar Energy, 80, 850–860.

Mi Power Manual on Load flow analysis. PRDC Ltd.: Bangalore.Protogeropoulos, C., & Pearce, S. (2000). Laboratory evaluation and system sizing

charts for a second generation direct PV powered, low cost submersible solarpump. Journal of Solar Energy, 68, 453–474.

Surender, T. S., & Subbaraman, S. V. V. (2003). Solar water pumping has come of agein India. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190891.

Wijaya, M. E., Fathoni, A. M., Pranayudha, A., Prakoso, A. B., & Suryani, D. (2009,September 23–26). Electricity saving in the household and commercial sectorsthrough solar water pump application. In Proceedings of international symposiumon sustainable energy and environmental protection (ISSEEP) Indonesia,

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Annual report BESCOM. (2010).“BDA Master Plan 2015”. Karnataka, India: Bangalore Development Authority.

www.bdabangalore.netCTRAN Consulting Pvt. Ltd. (2010). Building sector policies and regulation for promo-

tion of solar water heating system. A report submitted to Ministry of New andRenewable Energy, Govt. of India.

“Frost and Sullivan Report”. <www.solarIndiaOnline.com> 22.03.11.

Solar Water Pumps (Ref.: IPCC2010 report). <http://www.ClimateTechWiki.org>7.06.11.

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