#1 scientific method steps that scientists use to gather information and answer questions....
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#3 Bias Personal and unscientific judgment that may alter the results of an experiment. Opinion or beliefTRANSCRIPT
#1 Scientific Method
• Steps that scientists use to gather information and answer questions.
• Problem/Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion, Theory
• Data-quantitative (numbers) or qualitative (descriptions)
#2 Hypothesis
• Explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested.
• Sometimes an “If…then” statement.• Educated guess.
#3 Bias
• Personal and unscientific judgment that may alter the results of an experiment.
• Opinion or belief
#4 Independent Variable
• In an experiment, the condition that is changed because it affects the outcome of the experiment.
• Manipulated variable.
#5 Dependent Variable
• In an experiment, the condition that results from changes in the independent variable.
• Measured variable.
#6 Metric System
• Mass- gram-triple beam balance• Length- meter- meter stick• Volume- liter- graduated cylinder
#7 Heterotroph
• An organism that must consume its food. It cannot produce its own.
• Consumer.• Herbivore, carnivore or omnivore.
#8 Autotroph
• An organism that can produce its own food.
• Uses photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.• Producer.
#12 Homeostasis
• Maintaining a stable internal environment.• Including body temperature and amount of
water and nutrients.
#14 Characteristics of living things
• Made of cells• Reproduce• Have DNA• Grow/Develop• Obtain and use energy• Respond to environment (Homeostasis)• Adapt
#15 Atoms
• Made of protons (+), neutrons(0), and electrons (-).
• Protons and neutrons in nucleus, electrons are in electron cloud.
• Can form bonds to make molecules and compounds.
#16 Bonds
• Covalent Bonds- share valence electrons• Ionic bonds- formed by oppositely
charged ions; + & -• Hydrogen bonds- weak covalent bonds
between hydrogen atoms; found in water and DNA
#16 Ions
• An atom that has a positive or negative charge
• When atoms lose electrons they form a positive ion
• When atoms gain electrons they form a negative ion
#17 Adhesion
• An attraction between molecules of different substances.
• Helps water stick to surfaces.• Capillary action is when water moves
against the force of gravity. Like from the roots to the top of a tree.
#18 Cohesion
• An attraction between molecules of the same substance.
• Helps water stick to itself.• This is why water beads on a smooth
surface.
#21 Carbohydrate
• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.• Main source of energy from food.• Sugars and starches
#22 Protein
• Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur).
• Made of amino acids.• Used for structure, organic catalysts and
gene expression.
#25 Lipid
• Used for long-term energy storage, protective coatings and insulation.
• Made of a glycerol and three fatty acids.• Fats, oils and waxes.
#26 Monomer
• Subunit or building block of a larger molecule.
• Many monomers bonded together make a polymer.
• Polymers are large molecules.
#28 Amino acid
• Monomer of proteins.• 20 different kinds• The order of amino acids that goes in a
protein are encoded in DNA.• Has an amino group (-NH2) and a
carboxyl group (-COOH).
#29 Nucleotide
• Monomer of nucleic acids.• Made of a phosphate group, 5-carbon
sugar, and a nitrogen base.
# 30 Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells• The cell is the basic unit of life• All cells come from preexisting cells
#31 Prokaryote
• Cells that do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
• DNA floats in cytoplasm.• May contain a cell wall.• Ex. Bacteria
#32 Eukaryote
• Cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Animal and plant cells.
#33 Cell Membrane
• Outer boundary of the cell, which regulates what enters and exits the cell.
• Selectively permeable.• Made of phospholipids and proteins.• “Fluid Mosaic”
#34 Ribosome
• Site of protein synthesis (translation).• Spherical body found floating in the
cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum.
• Made of rRNA and proteins.
#35 Cytoplasm/Cytosol
• Fluid matrix inside the cell• Many chemical reactions take place here.• Organelles float in the cytoplasm.• Made mostly of water
#36 Nucleus
• Controls the activities of the cell• Contains the hereditary information of the
cell (DNA)• Surrounded by the nuclear envelope• Contains the nucleolus which makes
ribosomes
#37 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Set of tubular passageways involved with the transport of molecules in the cell.
• Smooth ER- no ribosomes; transports lipids
• Rough ER- ribosomes attached; transports proteins
#38 Mitochondria• The organelle that
releases energy from stored food molecules.
• Site of cellular respiration.
• Highly folded membranes to increase surface area.
#39 Golgi Apparatus
• Stack of flattened membranes that processes and packages proteins to be secreted out of the cell
#40 Chloroplast
• Site of photosynthesis in the plant cell.• Houses chlorophyll.• Made of stacks of thylakoids called grana
and inner space called stroma.
#42 Cytoskeleton
• Network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape
• Made of microtubules (hollow) and microfilaments (rods)
#43 Vacuole
• Saclike structures used by the cell to store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
• Large central vacuole in the plant cells• Small or not present in animal cells
#44 Centriole
• Only in animal cells• Involved in cell division• Make the spindle that pulls chromosomes
apart
#45 Cilia & Flagella
• Used in cell movement• Cilia- hairlike projection, numerous• Flagella- taillike structures, 1-3
#46 Vesicle
• Transport containers for the cell.• Made from the Golgi Apparatus and the
cell membrane.
#47 Passive Transport
• Movement of particles across cell membranes by moving with the concentration gradient.
• Diffusion or osmosis.• Uses no energy.
#48 Diffusion
• Net, random movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Eventually results in even distribution.
#49 Osmosis
• Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Depends on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane.
#50 Osmotic Solutions• Hypotonic solutions- Solutions that have a
lower concentration of solute than the solution inside the cell. This causes water to move into the cell and the cell will swell.
• Hypertonic solutions- Solutions that have a higher concentration of solute than the solution inside the cell. This causes water to move out of the cell and the cell will shrink.
• Isotonic solutions- The solutions inside and outside the cell have the same concentration of solute. The cell does not change shape.
#51 Active Transport
• Process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient.
• Uses energy.
#52 Endocytosis
• Process of taking material into the cell by means of vesicles.
• Pinocytosis- “cell drinking”• Phagocytosis- “cell eating”
#53 Exocytosis
• The removal of large particles from the cell.
• Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and force contents out of the cell.
#55 Photosynthesis
• Process by which plants use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
• Happens in the chloroplast.
6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon+water+sunlightGlucose+oxygenDioxide
#56 Cellular Respiration
• Breaking down of glucose into usable energy (ATP).
• Aerobic• Happens in mitochondria.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATPGlucose +Oxygen Water + Carbon + Energy
dioxide
#59 Fermentation
• Anaerobic breakdown of organic substances.
• Alcoholic- gives of alcohol & carbon dioxide
• Lactic acid- gives off lactic acid.
#61 Chromosome
• Compact form of DNA and protein in the nucleus of a cell about to divide.
• Come in homologous pairs in diploid cells.
Centromere
Sister Chromatids
#62 Chromatin
• Genetic material that is found in the nucleus of a nondividing cell.
• Unwound, stringy form of DNA.
#63 Mitosis
• Cell division in which two daughter cells are produced, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.
• Done by somatic cells.• Diploid cell division.• Prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase.
#64 Cytokinesis
• Division of the cytoplasm.• Happens at the end of cell division.• Animal cells- pinch inwards; cleavage• Plant cells- form cell plate down center of
cell
#68 Meiosis
• Type of cell division in which a body cell produces four sex cells (gametes).
• Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
• All four cells produced are genetically different.