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    Introduction to Health Statistics

    Hsiao-Ling Chang Ph.D.

    Section Chief

    Centers for Disease Control

    Department of Health,

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    1958

    (population)

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    (process)

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    1958

    (

    )

    (Demography)

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    ( )

    (health)

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    (Uncertainty)

    (Demography)

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    ( )

    ( )

    ( )

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    P(t+1) P(t)+B(t)-D(t)+I(t)-E(t)

    P(t) t

    B(t) t

    D(t) t

    I(t) t

    E(t) t

    3

    (

    )

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    (Health Statistics)

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    What Are Health Statistics

    Health statistics are numerical data that

    characterize the health of a population and the

    factors that influence its health.

    In contrast with the related terms, health data

    and health information, health statistics are

    distinguished by their focus on: quantification

    aggregation of data from observations on individuals,their communities, and the context of their communities

    population health and the influences on it.

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    Definition of Health Statistics (I) Defining health statistics is difficult because there are

    other terms that are often used interchangeably but haveother meanings or connotations.

    For example, the term health data is often used torefer both to a single factual observation (such as theage of an individual) and to the aggregation of suchobservations (such as the age distribution of apopulation).

    For example, health information refers not only to theage of an individual or to the age distribution of apopulation, but also to knowledge derived fromresearch on the health effects of aging, and to patient-oriented information on how to treat illnessesassociated with aging.

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    Definition of Health Statistics (II) Health statistics provide information about aggregations of

    people, institutions, organizations, or health events, rather

    than information about an individual person or event.

    However, health statistics are (1) typically created from rawdata collected on individuals (or from the context in which

    they live and work), and (2) data linkage may occur at

    either geographic area or individual levels.

    Regardless of whether linkage occurs at the individual oraggregate level, health statistics provide information about

    populations and sub-populations, and never about

    individuals.

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    Purposes of Health Statistics (I) Health statistics fulfill essential functions for public health,

    the health services system, and our society.

    Through health statistics, we gain a collective understanding

    of our health, our collective experience with the healthservices system, and our public health problems andchallenges.

    Health statistics establish a basis for comparisons betweensubpopulation groups or geographic areas.

    Health statistics enable us to look at the distribution ofhealth in the nation, for example, the existence of healthdisparities between racial, ethnic, and socioeconomicgroups, between people with and without substantialfunctional disabilities, and across rural, suburban, and

    central city areas

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    Purposes of Health Statistics (II) Health statistics document our current and past reality, and

    provide us with the ability to identify health trends and toanticipate future trends in health and health services.

    Health statistics provide us with the information upon whichwe can base important public decisions at the local, state,and national levels.

    Once we have made those public decisions, health statisticsmake us accountable for the decisions that we have made.

    Health statistics thus enable us to evaluate the impact ofhealth policies and health programs on the publics health.

    In short, health statistics give us the information we need toimprove the populations health and to reduce healthdisparities.

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    Health Statistics Have Three Major Uses Creating fundamental knowledge.

    Guiding the assessment, development, and evaluation of

    health policy.

    Informing and evaluating the impact of population health

    programs and interventions as well as personal health

    decisions.

    They provide a basis for public and private decisions at

    local, state, and national levels.

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    Use of health statistics to create fundamental

    knowledge

    --- Heart disease --- Health statistics provide insight into factors associated with

    heart disease and its impact on the population.

    Large-sale population surveys yielded some of the first

    evidence of the association between heart disease andcholesterol, hypertension, and behaviors such as diet,exercise, and smoking.

    Statistics document the distribution of risk factors amongthe population, allowing us to understand differentials in

    health. And health statistics provide insight into the impact of heart

    disease on the population and economy through mortalitydata that track trends, surveys that document lostproductive time to heart disease, and studies that document

    burden of illness on the health care system and theeconom .

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    Use of health statistics to inform policy

    --- Health Insurance --- Health statistics provide into the health insurance

    coverage of the population, the differences in coverage

    between subpopulation groups (such as between the poor

    and the non-poor, the employed and the unemployed),and the relationship between insurance, access to care,

    and population health.

    Health statistics help set the health policy agenda and are

    closely watched for their implications for publicly fundedhealth insurance programs.

    Improving health statistics can have real returns in the

    efficiency and effectiveness of these and other programs.

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    Use of health statistics in health programs and

    interventions

    --- Asthma --- Health statistics have played a critical role in improving our

    understanding of, and our attempts to prevent and treat,asthma.

    Health statistics have shown that the prevalence of asthmahas increased in the United States, as well as in many otherdeveloped countries over the past 20 years.

    They have also provided insight into what groups are mostaffected by asthma and, thereby, facilitated the targeting of

    programs to reduce the prevalence and adverse effects ofasthma.

    Fore example, health statistics have shown that mortality ishigher African Americans and those of Puerto Rican heritagethan among white non-Hipanics, and specific programs have

    been developed to help these groups.

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    Factors Influencing Health of Population

    Many factors influence the health of a population, and to

    be useful, health statistics must provide a comprehensive

    and coherent picture of them all.

    Gathering and presenting data on diseases alone limits

    understanding of the complex interactions that affect

    health and encourages concentration on the prevention

    and management of disease instead of a more broadly

    integrated approach to maximizing health and reducingillness.

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    Influences on the populations health