1 sect 1 introduction
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Introduction to Health Statistics
Hsiao-Ling Chang Ph.D.
Section Chief
Centers for Disease Control
Department of Health,
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1958
(population)
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(process)
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1958
(
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(Demography)
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( )
(health)
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(Uncertainty)
(Demography)
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( )
( )
( )
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P(t+1) P(t)+B(t)-D(t)+I(t)-E(t)
P(t) t
B(t) t
D(t) t
I(t) t
E(t) t
3
(
)
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(Health Statistics)
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What Are Health Statistics
Health statistics are numerical data that
characterize the health of a population and the
factors that influence its health.
In contrast with the related terms, health data
and health information, health statistics are
distinguished by their focus on: quantification
aggregation of data from observations on individuals,their communities, and the context of their communities
population health and the influences on it.
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Definition of Health Statistics (I) Defining health statistics is difficult because there are
other terms that are often used interchangeably but haveother meanings or connotations.
For example, the term health data is often used torefer both to a single factual observation (such as theage of an individual) and to the aggregation of suchobservations (such as the age distribution of apopulation).
For example, health information refers not only to theage of an individual or to the age distribution of apopulation, but also to knowledge derived fromresearch on the health effects of aging, and to patient-oriented information on how to treat illnessesassociated with aging.
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Definition of Health Statistics (II) Health statistics provide information about aggregations of
people, institutions, organizations, or health events, rather
than information about an individual person or event.
However, health statistics are (1) typically created from rawdata collected on individuals (or from the context in which
they live and work), and (2) data linkage may occur at
either geographic area or individual levels.
Regardless of whether linkage occurs at the individual oraggregate level, health statistics provide information about
populations and sub-populations, and never about
individuals.
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Purposes of Health Statistics (I) Health statistics fulfill essential functions for public health,
the health services system, and our society.
Through health statistics, we gain a collective understanding
of our health, our collective experience with the healthservices system, and our public health problems andchallenges.
Health statistics establish a basis for comparisons betweensubpopulation groups or geographic areas.
Health statistics enable us to look at the distribution ofhealth in the nation, for example, the existence of healthdisparities between racial, ethnic, and socioeconomicgroups, between people with and without substantialfunctional disabilities, and across rural, suburban, and
central city areas
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Purposes of Health Statistics (II) Health statistics document our current and past reality, and
provide us with the ability to identify health trends and toanticipate future trends in health and health services.
Health statistics provide us with the information upon whichwe can base important public decisions at the local, state,and national levels.
Once we have made those public decisions, health statisticsmake us accountable for the decisions that we have made.
Health statistics thus enable us to evaluate the impact ofhealth policies and health programs on the publics health.
In short, health statistics give us the information we need toimprove the populations health and to reduce healthdisparities.
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Health Statistics Have Three Major Uses Creating fundamental knowledge.
Guiding the assessment, development, and evaluation of
health policy.
Informing and evaluating the impact of population health
programs and interventions as well as personal health
decisions.
They provide a basis for public and private decisions at
local, state, and national levels.
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Use of health statistics to create fundamental
knowledge
--- Heart disease --- Health statistics provide insight into factors associated with
heart disease and its impact on the population.
Large-sale population surveys yielded some of the first
evidence of the association between heart disease andcholesterol, hypertension, and behaviors such as diet,exercise, and smoking.
Statistics document the distribution of risk factors amongthe population, allowing us to understand differentials in
health. And health statistics provide insight into the impact of heart
disease on the population and economy through mortalitydata that track trends, surveys that document lostproductive time to heart disease, and studies that document
burden of illness on the health care system and theeconom .
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Use of health statistics to inform policy
--- Health Insurance --- Health statistics provide into the health insurance
coverage of the population, the differences in coverage
between subpopulation groups (such as between the poor
and the non-poor, the employed and the unemployed),and the relationship between insurance, access to care,
and population health.
Health statistics help set the health policy agenda and are
closely watched for their implications for publicly fundedhealth insurance programs.
Improving health statistics can have real returns in the
efficiency and effectiveness of these and other programs.
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Use of health statistics in health programs and
interventions
--- Asthma --- Health statistics have played a critical role in improving our
understanding of, and our attempts to prevent and treat,asthma.
Health statistics have shown that the prevalence of asthmahas increased in the United States, as well as in many otherdeveloped countries over the past 20 years.
They have also provided insight into what groups are mostaffected by asthma and, thereby, facilitated the targeting of
programs to reduce the prevalence and adverse effects ofasthma.
Fore example, health statistics have shown that mortality ishigher African Americans and those of Puerto Rican heritagethan among white non-Hipanics, and specific programs have
been developed to help these groups.
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Factors Influencing Health of Population
Many factors influence the health of a population, and to
be useful, health statistics must provide a comprehensive
and coherent picture of them all.
Gathering and presenting data on diseases alone limits
understanding of the complex interactions that affect
health and encourages concentration on the prevention
and management of disease instead of a more broadly
integrated approach to maximizing health and reducingillness.
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Influences on the populations health