1 shining the light on leds robert ebbert, lc led sales project manager – streetworks lighting...

1

Shining the Light on LEDs

Robert Ebbert, LC LED Sales Project Manager – Streetworks™

Lighting Certified by the National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions

Member of the Illuminating Engineering Society

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A History of Light Sources ~400,000 BCE - Fire is discovered. ~3000 BCE - Oil lamps are open bowls with a spout to hold the wick. ~400 - The candle is invented. 1809 - Sir Humphrey Davey demonstrates electrical discharge lighting

to the Royal Institution in London, using an open-air arc between two carbon rods. The result is a very intense, and very pure white light. Unfortunately, as the arc runs, carbon boils off and the rods wear away: constant attention must be paid to readjusting the arc, feeding more carbon in.

1841 - Frederick DeMoleyns patented incandescent lamp using filaments of platinum and carbon, protected by a vacuum.

1880 - Thomas Edison receives U.S. patent #223,898 for the carbon filament incandescent lamp.

1932 - Low pressure sodium lamps are first used commercially. 1934 - The high-pressure mercury lamp is introduced. 1938 - First commercial sale of the fluorescent lamp 1957 - The quartz halogen lamp (A.K.A. tungsten halogen lamp) is

invented. In conventional tungsten lamps, the filament metal slowly evaporates and condenses on the glass envelope, leaving a black stain. In this case, the halogen removes the deposited tungsten and puts it back on the filament.

1962 - First light emitting diode (LED) 1966 - Commercial introduction of the high pressure sodium lamp 1969 - A new form of metal halide lamp, the HMI lamp (mercury

medium arc iodides) is introduced. The H stands for mercury (atomic symbol "Hg"), M is for Metals and the I is for halogen components (iodide, bromide). It provides a daylight type spectrum.

LED vs Traditional Light Sources

No filaments like incandescent lamps. No electrodes like gas discharge lamps (HPS, Metal

Halide, and Fluorescent). No Mercury in the Light Source Instant On, Full Color, 100% Light; Cold Start Capable Promise of Long Life – Reduced Maintenance Costs

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Strengths

Weakness High initial cost compared to traditional sources. Electronic LED driver life can be drastically reduced if

exposed to high heat levels. Electronic LED drivers provide only a fraction of the surge

protection that is offered by HID core and coil ballasts.

LED Luminaire and Component Testing

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Reliability System Testing

– Humidity

– Salt Spray

– Water IPX6

– Dust IP6X

– Vibration testing

– Thermal testing on luminaires at -30°C (-30°F) degree to 40°C(104°F) standard, -

40°C to 50°C for certain models.

– Thermal testing on components from -40°C to 90°C

– Require UL accredited test laboratory

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Light Control

HID vs. LED with overlay

Optics

0°

90°

100% Aimable Light0°

70° of Light Escapes Unaimed

70°

Point-By-Point (20’ MH, 80’ Spacing)

Ave Max Min Max/Min

1.6 4.3 0.35 12.3

Point-By-Point (20’ MH, 80’ Spacing)

Ave Max Min Max/Min

1.8 3.6 0.47 7.7

190W 11,000 lms 155W 9,500 lms

0°

0°

LED Chip

Lens

Photometric Testing

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Integrating SphereIs used to measure the

color metrics (chromaticity, CCT, and CRI).

IES LM-79-08 Electrical and Photometric Measurements of

Solid-State Lighting Products– Luminaire based absolute photometry

• Total Luminous Flux• Luminous Intensity Distribution• Electrical Power• Luminous Efficacy (LPW - calculated)• Color Characteristics• Chromaticity• CCT• CRI

8Common product performance metricsCommon product performance metrics

GoniophotometerAn apparatus for measuring

the directional light distribution characteristics of

light sources, luminaires, media, and surfaces.

PLAN VIEW Luminaire

Mirror

Photocell

IndirectLight

Shield

Measuring Luminaire Performance

150 WATTS

Why the “lumens per watt method” of calculating lighting fixture performance alone does notequate to energy efficiency.

Although the luminaire on the left is 27% higher in fixture LPW, it produces less than half the average illumination on the ground

To give the same illumination as the lower LPW fixtures, over twice as many of the higher LPW fixtures would be needed, resulting in a net energy increase of 102%

150 WATTS

Same source, same ballast, different performance

25’

0.46 Average Illuminance 0.93 Average Illuminance

85 Lumens per Watt 67 Lumens per Watt

Three dimension rendering of light distributions and relative footcandles on groundHigh LWP post top on left, lower LPW shoebox on right

Luminaire Dirt Depreciation?

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How much light is coming out of this HID luminaire?

HID (High Pressure Sodium) LED with IP66 optical enclosure

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HID │LED LIGHT LOSS FACTORS

LDD (Luminaire Dirt Depreciation) 0.90 LDD (LUMINAIRE DIRT DEPRECIATION) 0.95

LLD (Lamp Lumen Depreciation) 0.90 LLD (Lamp Lumen Depreciation) 0.96

LLF = 0.9 * 0.90 = 0.81 LLF = 0.95 * 0.96 = 0.912

LLD = Mean Lumens (@ 50% of lamp life) / Initial Lumens (12,000 hours)

LLD = Mean Lumens (@ 50,000+ hours) / Initial Lumens

LLF = BF * LDD * LLDBF (Ballast Factor) 1.0 BF (Ballast Factor)

1.0

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HID │LED Lumens 100 HPS (125 watts) 54 watt LED

100W HPS 9,500 lumens 1 square ~3,700 lumens

~70% optic eff. 6,650 lumens Included per LM-79 ~3,700 lumens

Street Side Lumens (53%) 3,524 lumens Street Side lumens (80%) 2,960 lumens

0.81 LLF 2,854 lumens 0.912 LLF 2,699 lumens

LED Product Providing Equal Task Lumens While Saving 57% Energy.

LED Product Providing Equal Task Lumens While Saving 57% Energy.

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Quality of Light

Excellent Light Quality, No Sacrifice in PerformanceExcellent Light Quality, No Sacrifice in Performance

COLD LED (6000-6500K)High Pressure Sodium (2000K)

Metal Halide (Quartz, Ceramic)

(4000K)

Task Lumens and Light Distribution

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100 watt HPS and 175MV OVX Cobra Head.

Large amount of spill light, hot spots under the pole and low light

levels between the poles.

54 watt LED with 2,643 lumens and AccuLED™ optics with majority of

light on the roadway.

Low amount of spill light with lower light levels below the poles

and higher minimum levels (3 times the HPS level) between the poles. Even distribution of light.

AccuLED™ LED 100 HPS 175 MV

Light control and distribution is the key to great lighting

25’ Mounting height, 150’ spacing, 6’ arm, 5’ setback, 30’ wide roadway

160’ between poles (320’ same side), staggered spacing 30’ MH.

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The luminaires in the above photo feature an internal mirror optical system with initial lumen output of 6,959 lumens. Eliminating hot spots, raising minimum light levels and

controlling backlight produces amazing results. Optical distribution and control is the key to a great lighting project.

LED luminaires installed in Nebraska

External Shields

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Controlled Optic Advantage Over External Shields

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Type 2 Short , 7928 lumens, 78 lumens per watt, with light

more than 40’ behind the pole.

Internal Mirror Type 2 Short SL2 optics, 7403 lumens, 73 lumens per watt with light evenly dispersed 10’ to 23’ behind the pole for sidewalk

illumination.

Type 2 Short with an external shield, 6090 lumens, 60 lumens per watt, light

reduced to 20’ behind the pole.

40’ Grid

25’ MH

External shields can reduce luminaire efficiency by as much as 23%. Internal Mirror optics maintain luminaire efficiency by re-directing the

light evenly along the roadway.

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Light control at night is an important health issue.

Unplug! Too Much Light at Night May Lead to

DepressionMood disorders join a long list of ailments linked

to late-night exposure to artificial lighting, TVs and computer screens

By Laura Blue | July 24, 2012 | 9

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LED Type 3 Photometric Comparison

Type 3 short - 9,600 lumens Internal Mirror Type 3 short- 9,063 lumens

Comparison summary: Superior distribution patterns lead to increased pole spacing. High percentage of street side lumens, more light on the road. Reduced hot spot beneath the pole, even illumination along the

roadway.

40 foot grid, 25’ mounting height

Type 3 short - 9,354 lumens

Compare .5 FC lines, less lumens with better distribution.

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LED luminaire with 13,730 lumens

Internal Mirror 10,999 lumens

How much light is on the roadway?24

Internal mirror LED with Type 2 Short optics, 7403 lumens (103 watts), 73 delivered lumens per

watt with light evenly dispersed 10’ to 23’ behind the luminaire for

sidewalk illumination.

Competitors 165 watt Induction luminaire (180 total watts)Type 3

Short with 8414 delivered lumens, 47 lumens per watt. Light behind

the pole for over 40’.

40’ Grid

25’ MH

LED vs Induction

Why field rotatable optics on a roadway fixture?

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Single 2 square LED with one optical square

rotated 90

Illuminate the intersection and

roadway with a single luminaire.

30’ Mounting Height

LED post top comparison to 100 watt HPS and 175 watt MV

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25’ Grid, 15’ Mounting Height

51 watts UTR 100 watt HPS (125 watts)

UTR 175 watt MV (205 watts)~50,000 hrs ~12,000 hrs

~12,000 hrs

Post Top LED comparison

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25’ Grid, 15’ Mounting Height

51 watts (86 watts)

4,350 lumens3,880 lumens With 10% less lumens

the luminaire on the left is outperforming the competitors product

The optic on the left provides even

illumination along the sidewalk and roadway.

This competitor provides only 2 optical

distributions. The UTLD is available with 10

optical distributions to meet all your lighting

requirements.

Street side Street sideHouse side House side

IES LM-80-08 Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light

Sources– Approved method for measuring lumen

depreciation of solid-state (LED) light sources, arrays and modules

– Does not cover measurement of luminaires– Does not define or provide methods for

estimation of life.• 55C, 85C and 3rd LED mfg

selected temperature• 6000 hours min testing

period. 10K preferred.• Minimum at least

every 1000 hours– Separate estimation

method (TM-21)

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Consistent way to measure life-timeConsistent way to measure life-time

LM-80-08

LM-80 -- LED test standard to define Lumen Maint. Life:– L90 (hours): 90% lumen maintenance

– L70 (hours): 70% lumen maintenance

Does not consider ‘catastrophic’ failures. Does not cover predictive estimations or extrapolation. Test Method: Min. of 20 samples Testing (aging) at the LED case temperatures 55°C, 85°C, and a

3rd temp. selected by mfr., for 0 to 6000 h or longer, at every 1000 h. Ambient temperature within - 5°C from the case temperature.

Measured color and any failures shall also be reported. The ambient temperature during lumen and chromaticity

measurements shall be 25°C ± 1°C.

Rebel LED Flux Output at 1.0081 after 10,000 hours

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Note 85°C case temperature lumen depreciation.

Delta UV at .0004 after 10,000 hours

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Minimal kelvin temperature shift means white light over the life of the LED

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This LED is showing 4.6 % depreciation after 6,000 hours at the 700mA drive current at a

case temperature of 85°C

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This LED is showing a depreciation of 4% at 10,000 hours with a chromaticity shift of .0034 at the 85°C case

temperature at 460mA .

TM-21-11

LM-80 -- only an LED testing standard IES TM-21-11 -- mathematical framework for LM-80 data

and making useful LED lifetime projections

Key points of TM-21: Developed by major LED suppliers with support of

NIST, PNNL Projection limited to 6x the available LM-80 data set Projection algorithm: least squares fit to the data set L70, L80, L90, Lxx projections easily possible

Nomenclature: Lp(Yk)where p is Lumen Maintenance percentage and Y is length of LM-80 data set in thousands of hours ie: L85(10k)

TM-21 – Use the latest data

Initial data variability (i.e. “hump”) is difficult for models to evaluate (0-1000 hr)

Later data exhibits more characteristic decay curve of interest

• Non-chip decay (encapsulant, etc.) occurs early and with varying effects on decay curve

• Later decay is chip-driven and relatively consistent with exponential curve

• Verification with long duration data sets (>10,000 hr) shows better model to reality

fit with last 5,000 hours of 10,000 hour data

For 6,000 hours of data (LM-80 minimum) and up to 10,000 hours: Use last 5,000 hours

For > 10,000 hours: Use the last ½ of the collected data

TM-21, L70, L80, L90

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Description of LED light source tested (Manufacturer, model, catalog number) LumiLeds Rebel ES

Sample Size 25

Number of Failures 0LED Drive Current Used in Test (mA) 1000

Test Duration (Hours) 10,000 Test Duration Used For Projection (Hours) 10,000

Projected Case Temperature (C) 67

1.2275E-06

B 1.0131

Calculated L70 (Hours) 301,194

Reported L70 (Hours) 60000

TM-21 limits reported L70 hours to 6 times the LED test data and combines the Luminaire thermal report information with the LED manufactures LM-80 data to

provide accurate prediction of lumen maintenance.

• L70 = 70% of initial light output. • L80 = 80% of the initial light output.

• L90 = 90% of the initial light output.

Zonal distribution of the fixture are broken up into 10 distinct sections.

Values are often in terms of a percentage of overall lamp lumens.

UH

UL

FVH

FH

FM

FL

BH

BVH

BM

BL

0° 30°

60°

80°

90°

180°

100°

30°

60°

80°

90°

100°

Luminaire Classification System (B.U.G.)

Any one rating is determined by the maximum rating obtained for that table. For example, if the BH zone is rated B1, the BM zone is

rated B2, and the BL zone is rated B1, then the backlight rating for the luminaire is B2.

Ingress Protection (IP) Ratings

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ANSI C136 Exterior Label

C136.15 - American National Standard for Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment – Luminaire Field Identification

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Class 2 LED Driver

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Class 2 drivers =

low voltage to the LED

Class 1 LED Driver

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Class 1 LED luminaires will require impact testing on the

LED due to high voltage to the

LED

Cool running drivers last longer.

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Driver T case temperature will affect longevity.

→

Make sure the SPD meets UL1449

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Check the kA rating of the SPD

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Insufficient protection will reduce fixture life.Insufficient protection will reduce fixture life.

Does not display a UL or CSA marking; non-compliance with

Article 285.5

Does not describe short circuit current rating; non-compliance

with Article 285.6

Does not incorporate fusing such that SPD becomes

disconnected after MOV failure; non-compliance with Article

285.27

May not be 14AWG Wires; possible non-compliance with

Article 285.26

What to Look For on a Surge Protector

IES RP8 Table

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Recommended minimum illuminance levels and maximum uniformity levels for roadways

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The IES file will provide the most

information on the luminaire.

• IES classification •Total lumens • Wattage

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Street Side Lumens vs House Side Lumens and BUG Ratings

LED Control Options

LED Luminaire integral motion sensor – bi-level dimming and continuous dimming.

Luminaire mounted photo controls. Multiple circuits for bi-level dimming. Wireless monitoring and dimming.

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Wireless remote monitoring and dimming

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NEMA – Metal Halide Rulemaking

Expect requirement for lower wattage Metal Halide to have requirements between 88 – 92%. This could push to electronics on most products less than 200 Watt.

Requirement on the higher wattages could possibly be 92 – 94%. This will likely require a redesign of current HID Magnetic designs.

It is possible that this will drive the price of Metal Halide up at a time when LED products are becoming more affordable. This action could expedite the acceptance of Solid State Lighting

HID Lamp Rulemaking

Expect Final Rule to be set in 2013

Expect Effective date to be 2016

Focus will be on Probe Start Metal Halide Lamps - Likely in wattages from 150 – 500 W

Will also include Mercury Lamp Phase out in the event Legislation does not pass

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Improper installation leads to poor performance

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How not to install the LED luminaire.

Make sure the proper brackets are provided for proper luminaire orientation and installation.

PTC Parking Lot-HID

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Before: HID Source Calculation Summary Unit Avg Max Min Avg/Min Ratio Max/Min

Parking Lot Illuminance FC 1.4 4.3 .26 5.38 16.53

400W Metal Halide 452 Watts (4000K, 65 CRI)

PTC Parking Lot -LED

After: LED Source Calculation Summary Unit AverageMaximu

mMinimu

m Average/Minimum Ratio Maximum/Minimum Ratio

Parking Lot Illuminance FC 2.53 4.1 1.4 1.81 2.93

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After: LED Source Calculation Summary Unit Avg Max Min Avg/Min Ratio Max/Min Ratio


309W LED (4000K, Nominal 70 CRI)32% Energy Saving



mMinimu



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206 W LED (4000K, nominal 70 CRI)54% Energy Saving



mMinimu



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Parking Lot Illuminance FC 1.4 2.3 .8 1.81 2.93

103 W LED (4000K, nominal 70 CRI)77% Energy Saving

Existing 400 (464 watt) HPS Luminaire

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Existing HPS luminaires with 2100K, 22 CRI provide high footcandle levels, but poor visibility and poor color rendition.

260 watt LED luminaire

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Retrofitting with the premium LED optical system with 4000K color temperature and nominal 70 CRI LEDs provides visual clarity and energy

savings using existing pole positions and mounting heights. Even distribution of light is the key to great lighting.

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175 watt Metal Halide Luminaire

Media companyAtlanta, Georgia

Before

210W per fixture

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LED Luminaire

Media companyAtlanta, Georgia

After

53W per fixture

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HPS to LED conversion on the New Jersey Turnpike

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241 watt LED Luminaires on 40’ poles New Jersey

Turnpike

Questions?

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1 shining the light on leds robert ebbert, lc led sales project manager – streetworks lighting...

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