1 social & emotional dev social relationships emotional responding

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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV

social relationships emotional responding

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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVBABY RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT

What do babies do “socially”?NEWBORNS AND YOUNG BABIESCan express the following basic emotions but theses are not

triggered by people, per se, so they are not social DISTRESS JOY SADNESS SURPRISE ANGER FEAR

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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVBABY RELATIONSHIPS

What do babies do “socially”?

6 WEEKS OLD

Can express the SOCIAL SMILE (in response to faces)

Hi!Hi!

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BABY RELATIONSHIPS


3-4 MONTHS OLD

Can express the SOCIAL LAUGH (in response to faces)

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BABY RELATIONSHIPS


6-14 MONTHS OLD

SOME babies develop FEAR OF STRANGERS (depends on their TEMPERAMENT)

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BABY RELATIONSHIPS


9-14 MONTHS OLD

SOME babies develop SEPARATION ANXIETY (this also depends on their TEMPERAMENT)

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BABY RELATIONSHIP STAGES


8+ MONTHS OLDTypical babies begin showingSOCIAL REFERENCING

Next slide has a study….

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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL REFERENCING STUDY

Sorce, Emde, Campos, & Klinnert (1985)Used the VISUAL CLIFF to see if babies would

cross if Mom

“said” it was alright.When mom smiled,

75% of babies crossed!When mom frowned,

NONE of the babies crossed over.

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SOCIAL REFERENCING STUDYGewirtz, Pelaez-Nogueras, Diaz, & Villate (1990)Infants sat in front of puppet theater8 boxes of objects was accessible to Mom to

choose stimuliEach trial consisted of draping a white cloth over

the object and showing it in the puppet theaterNext, the infants looked at the covered object and

then their mother….

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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV Moms were trained to provide two different cues but with

neutral facial expressions when baby looked at them: (a) closed fist on nose, or (b) open palms to cheeks

Then baby looked at now UNCOVERED object and were allowed to reach for it

In baseline, no programmed consequences (baby’s reached equally often regardless of cue

In treatment– (a) If baby reached for object after closed fist on nose, loud sounds

occurred (baby’s stopped reaching after this cue)– (b) If baby reached for object after open palms to cheeks, baby music

sounded (baby’s DID reach after this cue)

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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV Shows “social referencing” can be brought under

stimulus control Baby learned to “listen” to mommy when she indicated

“don’t reach” versus “ok to reach” the object. Why did the researchers use the initially neutral cues as

opposed to having the Mom smile or frown to signal “ok” or “not ok”?

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12 MONTHS OLD

Typical babies begin showing

“SELF-AWARENESS”DOT ON NOSE STUDY

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“ATTACHMENT”

What is it?

Is it a two-way relationship?

Does it help development?

How is it measured? (see next…)

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“ATTACHMENT”

How is it measured?

-by PROXIMITY

-by EMOTIONAL REACTION

Where is it measured?

MARY AINSWORTH’S

“STRANGE SITUATION”

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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVATTACHMENT TYPES

SECURE - 70% of infants INSECURE AVOIDANT – 15-20% of infants- ignores or avoids parents across the board INSECURE RESISTANT – 10% of infants- stays close to parents when in room but rebuffs parents

when they return after leaving INSECURE DISORGANIZED – 1-5%? of infants- infant seems dazed and upset by parents; likely result of

maltreatment

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WHAT AFFECTS ATTACHMENT?

Sensitivity to infant needs (called GOODNESS OF FIT)

Infant temperament (more later…)Infant physical disabilitiesParent marital satisfactionPsychological stability of parentsEconomic stress

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WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT ATTACHMENT?

SECURE attachment is associated with the following:

Higher IQBetter problem solving skillsBetter child-child social

relationships (friends!)More independent

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TEMPERAMENT

- A BABY’S INBORN DISPOSITION

- A BABY’S QUALITY OF EMOTIONAL REACTIONS

- CHESS & THOMAS’S NEW YORK LONGITUDINAL STUDY

- Next…

Darn.

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TEMPERAMENT

Chess and Thomas recorded 4 broad temperament categories:

EASY (40%) SLOW TO WARM UP (15%) DIFFICULT (10%) AVERAGE (35%) – seems to be a

combination of other categories

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TEMPERAMENT

Chess and Thomas also described 9 specific temperament types:

1. Activity level

2. Rhythmicity

3. Approach/withdrawal

4. Adaptability

5. (more on next slide…)

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TEMPERAMENT

Chess and Thomas’s 9 specific temperament types:

5. Reaction intensity

6. Responsiveness threshold

7. Mood quality

8. Distractibility

9. Attention span

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PERSONALITY

What is it? Differences from temperament?

When does a baby “have” a personality?

Where does it come from?

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PERSONALITY

Evidence of nature / nurture on personality?

Where does it come from? (theories?) see next…

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PERSONALITY – FREUD’S VIEW

Driven by psychosexual needs (LIBIDO)

Oral stage (first year) – yields what personality?

Anal stage (second year) – yields what personality?

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PERSONALITY – ERICKSON

Driven by self-identity needs during “crises”

Trust vs. mistrust (first year and a half) – yields what personality? Definitely related to attachment!

Autonomy vs. shame & doubt (2nd-3rd year) – yields what personality?

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PERSONALITYBEHAVIORAL LEARNING

(Watson; Skinner)

Shaped by environmental consequences for actions (ex. A “neat” child is reinforced with parental praise)

Child learns to act a certain way because it has yielded desirable consequences

Child learns to NOT act a certain way because it has yielded UNdesirable consequences

“personality” is more related to learning to behave a certain way in a certain situation

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PERSONALITYSOCIAL LEARNING

(Bandura)

Some of personality is learned through IMITATION (ex. An “aggressive”child may have become that way through observation and imitation of an aggressive father.)

Remember this is further affected by consequences for imitation

1 social & emotional dev social relationships emotional responding

Documents

social emotional dev

social smile

social laugh

cue slide

temperament slide

emotional reaction

nose study slide

young babies