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SPACE AND COST NORMS FOR BUILDINGS AS MANAGEMENT TOOL

IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Gert Steyn

Stellenbosch University

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Some scenes at our campus

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Contents

1. Some definitions and concepts

2. Space norms

3. Building cost norms

5. Some applications of space and cost norms in HE

management

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Relationship between Higher Education activities and space-use categories

Activities Space-use categoriesInstruction ClassroomsResearch Class/Open LaboratoriesPublic Service Research/ Non-class

LaboratoriesAcademic Support OfficesStudent Services Study facilitiesInstitutional Support Special/General- use facilitiesOperation & Maintenance Health Care facilitiesBursaries Residential SpaceAuxilliary Enterprises HospitalsIndependent Operations

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Study Fields Course Levels

01 Agriculture and Renewable Natural Resources02 Architecture and Environmental Design 03 Arts, Visual and Performing 3A Music 3B History of Visual Arts 3C All other Arts, Visual and Performing04 Business, Commerce and Management Sciences05 Communication06 Computer Science and Data Processing07 Education08 Engineering and Engineering Technology09 Health Care and Health Sciences 09A Nursing, Rehabilitation and Therapy, etc. 09B All other Health Care and Health Sciences10 Home Economics11 Industrial Arts, Trades and Technology12 Languages, Linguistics and Literature13 Law14 Libraries and Museums15 Life Sciences and Physical Sciences16 Mathematical Sciences17 Military Sciences18 Philosophy, Religion and Theology19 Physical Education, Health Education and Leisure20 Psychology21 Public Administration and Social Services22 Social Sciences and Social Studies

• Lower (Years 1-4)• Higher: Non Research Research

Assignable square metres

• Actual areas on all floors of a building assigned to, or available for, assignment to an occupant or specific use.

• Excluded from assignable areas are spaces used for building service, as well as for circulation, mechanical and structural purposes.

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Generation of Assignable Square Metres (ASM) by FTE students

Instruction

Classroom Class/Open Lab Office (Study field, course level specific)

Research

Research/Non-class Lab

1 FTE Student Support Services (Academic support,Student support & Inst. Support

Office Spec/Gen-use Study space Health care

Auxilliary Enterprises

Res (hostels) Res (Other)

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Some formulas in calculating space norms

Classroom facilities’ space ASM space per FTE student in Engineering = (A X C)/U =1.555 where A = ASM classroom space per station (seat) = 1.50 C = Annual student classroom contact hours per FTE student in Engineering = 560 hours U = Annual utilisation hours per classroom station = 540 hours Office facilities’ space ASM space per FTE student in Engineering = B/R = 1.500 where B = ASM office space per FTE academic staff member = 15.00 R = FTE students in Engineering per FTE academic staff member = 10.00

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Translating 1ASM Space to Building Cost Units

Space-use category Number of Cost Units

Office space 1.00 Classroom space 1.50Class/Open Lab. Space (Study field specific)Research/Non-class lab. 1.70Study space 1.10Special/general-use space (Activity specific)Health care space 1.00Residential 1.05

Value of 1 building cost unit in June 2007 = R9790

(based on building cost index published monthly)

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Norm provision for building space and building cost units for a South African university: Formal Instruction

FTE student enrolments according to study field and course level

Study field Total ASM Total build.Years 1-4 Other PG Res Total space cost units

(Excl. PG Res) generated generated

01 Agriculture and Renewable Natural Resources 450.9 12.9 96.5 560.2 2732 403102 Architecture and Environmental Design 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.8 8 803 Arts, Visual and Performing 0 0 3A Music 108.7 15.3 20.1 144.0 882 1389 3B History of Visual Arts 173.6 0.0 15.2 188.8 399 457 3C All other Arts, Visual and Performing 199.9 16.1 14.5 230.5 1512 169204 Business, Commerce and Management Sciences 2409.3 329.7 105.6 2844.6 6223 778505 Communication 8.8 22.9 31.7 63.4 189 20906 Computer Science and Data Processing 168.6 17.7 8.1 194.4 804 93807 Education 582.6 255.5 76.7 914.8 2289 278508 Engineering and Engineering Technology 964.4 0.0 126.0 1090.4 7522 871109 Health Care and Health Sciences 0 0 09A Nursing, Rehabilitation and Therapy, etc 1606.6 57.7 200.0 1864.3 8112 9439 09B All other Health Care and Health Sciences 52.2 13.2 28.6 94.0 439 64410 Home Economics 103.6 0.0 4.9 108.5 640 78311 Industrial Arts, Trades and Technology 248.1 61.4 14.6 324.1 2877 277212 Languages, Linguistics and Literature 800.0 73.9 158.9 1032.8 2298 275713 Law 1034.0 0.0 69.6 1103.6 2347 296414 Libraries and Museums 209.0 6.4 45.0 260.4 547 64515 Life Sciences and Physical Sciences 1533.4 81.2 148.9 1763.5 10114 1556316 Mathematical Sciences 1089.3 35.4 25.5 1150.1 2844 362617 Military Sciences 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 018 Philosophy, Religion and Theology 330.7 2.4 106.7 439.8 757 91919 Physical Education, Health Education and Leisure 192.5 15.3 14.3 222.1 1168 134520 Psychology 1056.4 66.7 109.2 1232.3 2880 354421 Public Administration and Social Services 241.1 14.9 99.0 354.9 559 65922 Social Sciences and Social Studies 1305.7 50.7 198.8 1555.1 3621 4338TOTAL 14869.3 1150.0 1718.3 17737.6 61762 78000

FTE students using institutional housing 6048.7FTE students not using institutional housing 11688.9

Study level

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Norm provision for building space and building cost units for a South African university: All programmes (activities)

Programme/sub-programme Total ASM Total build. Actual ASM Actual build.space cost units space cost units

generated generated1.1 Formal Instruction 61762 780002.0 Research 14190 241234.0 Academic Support 4.1 Library Services 27493 30065 4.2 Museum Services 1330 1330 4.3 Educational Media Services 1454 1646 4.4 Academic Computing Support 1188 1772 4.5 Ancillary Support 8869 8869 4.6 Academic Administration 1774 1774 4.7 Course and Curriculum Development 89 89 4.8 Academic Personnel Development 89 895.0 Student Services 5.1 Student Services Administration 142 142 5.2 Social and Cultural Development 17507 17507 5.3 Counciling and Career Guidance 355 355 5.4 Student Health Services 284 2846.0 Institutional Support 6.1 Executive Management 1100 1286 6.2 Financial Administration 887 887 6.3 Financial Aid Administration 355 355 6.4 General Administration and Logistical Services 10217 7929 6.5 Student Admissions, Records and Examination 532 532 6.6 Administrative Computing Support 780 1016 6.7 Public Relations/Fund- Raising 532 532 6.8 Staff Social and Cultural Development 266 2667.0 Operation and Maintenance of Plant 5321 46039.0 Auxiliary Enterprises 9.1 Student Housing Services 84101 87034 9.2 Student Food Services 10216 9705 9.3 Staff Housing Services 3548 3725 9.4 Other Food Services 5400 5130 9.5 Other Auxiliary Enterprises 780 741 9.6 Operation and Maintenance of Plant for Aux. Ent. 829 732TOTAL: Buildings 261391 290517Land improvements other buildings (13%) 37767TOTAL: All land improvements 328284

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Some further scenes from our campus

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Application of space and cost norms in HE management

1. Determining the norm provision (ASM and building cost units) for a HE institution.

2. Optimal allocation of ASM to academic units (departments/schools/faculties) in a HE institution.

3. Calculation of surpluses/backlogs in HE system (See case study RSA in 1987) to facilitate state funding of new buildings at HE institutions.

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Application of space and cost norms in HE management (cont)

4. Capital provision formula based on building cost norms to facilitate the provision of for new buildings as a result of student growth.

5. Annual funding building maintenance at a HE institution. The 1.33% rule.

6. International Benchmarking: e.g. ASM per FTE student.

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