1. - taras shevchenko national university of kyiv...1. annotation. program of the discipline...

1. Annotation.

Program of the discipline "Microbiology, virology and immunology " is the program

developed in accordance with the project of standard for higher education of Ukraine for the

second (master's) level of higher education in the field of knowledge 22" Health "specialty

222 "Medicine", discussed at the XIII Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Conference with the

international participation "Actual issues of the quality of medical education" (May 12-13

2016, Ternopil) and an exemplary curriculum for the training of specialists in the second

(master) level of higher education in the field of knowledge 22 "Health care" in higher

education institutions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in the specialty 222 "Medicine",

educational qualification "Master of Medicine", professional qualification " Physician ",

approved on July 26, 2016 in. at. Minister of Health V. Safarsky; taking into account the

Instruction for evaluation of students' educational activity in the conditions of implementation

of the European Credit Transfer System for the organization of the educational process,

approved by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine on April 15, 2014.

Description of the discipline. Program of studying discipline "Microbiology, virology

and immunology" developed for medical Higher Education Institution of Ukraine in accordance

with the requirements of the credit transfer system of the organization of the educational process

ECTS, based on a combination of studying technologies according to moduls and credit

assessment - units of measurement of the student's academic load necessary for the mastering of

the discipline or its section.

Types of training in accordance with the curriculum are: a) lectures, b) practical classes,

c) independent work of students.

The lecture topics of the course reveal the problematic issues of the relevant sections of

microbiology.

Practical classes provide:

1) students studying the morphology and structure of bacteria, conducting serological

reactions, experiments on cell cultures, animals and chicken embryos, or on the basis of

experiments recorded in movies, films submitted in computer programs and other educational

technologies;

2) solution of situational problems (laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases,

evaluation of immunity parameters, sanitary-microbiological assessment of the environment,

etc.) with an experimental, clinical-diagnostic or sanitary-hygienic orientation.

Control methods

Current control is based on the control of theoretical knowledge, practical skills and abilities.

Form of current control:

1. Oral questioning (frontal, individual, combined), interview.

2. Practical examination of the formed professional skills by the results of practical work at

the end of the class.

3. Test control ("open" and "closed" test tasks)

The final control of the sections is carried out at the end of the section in the form of written

control work, which includes test tasks from the Bank "Krok-1", theoretical questions and

control of practical skills (solving situational tasks in human genetics, defining and describing

micro-and microsamples, etc.) .

The objective of the course is the properties of pathogenic representatives of microbe

world, their interaction with the human organism, mechanisms of infectious diseases

development, methods of their diagnosis, specific prevention and treatment.

4

Interdisciplinary connections:

The study of the discipline "Microbiology, virology and immunology" (specialty 222

"Medicine", educational qualification "Master of Medicine", professional qualification

"Physician" is carried out in IV semester of 2nd year of studying and is based on knowledge of

the basic natural sciences disciplines: medical biology, medical and biological physics,

biological and bioorganic chemistry, human anatomy, histology, cytology and embryology, Latin

language, history of medicine, philosophy and integrates with these disciplines. It provides the

basis for students to study general hygiene, epidemiology, pathological physiology, pathological

anatomy, immunology and allergology, infectious diseases, internal diseases, surgical diseases

and childhood illnesses and other clinical disciplines, which involves the integration of teaching

with these disciplines and the application of knowledge in microbiology, virology and

immunology in the process of further education and professional activity. Develops the doctrine

of physiological role of microbes in the human organism and the prevention of violation of these

functions in the process of medical interventions.

The course program is structured on 2 modules, which include blocks of content

modules.

1. Course tasks and aims

1.1. The purpose of the study of microbiology, virology and immunology - the final goals are

established on the basis of education program in speciality for the training of physicians

according to content module (natural - scientific training) and is the basis for construction of the

discipline content. The description of goals is formulated through skills in the form of target

tasks (actions).

Based on the ultimate goals, specific goals in the form of certain skills (actions), target tasks are

formulated according specific module content and provide the achievement of the ultimate goal

of studying.

1.2. The main tasks of studying the discipline "Microbiology, virology and immunology" are:

To interpret the biological properties of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, viruses

and patterns of their interaction with macroorganism, human population and the environment.

• To determine methods of microbiological and virological diagnostics, etiotropic therapy

and specific prophylaxis of infectious diseases.

• To explain the structure of the immune system of the human body.

• To interpret the basic mechanisms of development an immune response in the human

body.

• To determine the main types of pathological reaction of the immune system and the

relationship with the emergence of the most common human diseases.

1.3. Competencies and study results, forming of which is facilitated by the discipline

(connections between the study content for higher education applicants formed in the terms of

study results in The Standard). According to the standard requirements the discipline provides

the competences obtained by students:

integral: the ability to solve both typical and more complicated special assignments and

practical problems during professional activities or study, to apply obtained knowledge, skills,

abilities, as well as personal qualities, abilities and values for problem solving of any level

during professional activities or study.

-common: - Ability to apply knowledge in practical situations. Ability to realize self-

regulation, healthy lifestyle, ability to adapt and act in a new situation. Ability to choose a

communication strategy; ability to work in a team; interpersonal skills. Implementation of skills

5

in information and communication technologies. Ability to abstract thinking, analysis and

synthesis, the ability to learn and to be modernly trained. Determination and persistence on the

tasks and duties. Ability to act socially responsible and with public consciousness. The desire to

save the environment. Universal competencies that do not depend on the subject area but are

important for successful further professional and social activities of the applicant in various

fields and for his personal development.

- special (professional, objective): - Ability to evaluate the results of laboratory and

instrumental studies. Ability to perform sanitary and preventive measures. Ability to plan

preventive and anti-epidemic measures to control infectious diseases. Ability to process state,

social, economic and medical data. Ability to assess an impact of socio-economic and biological

factors on the health of the individual, family, population levels.

Ability to apply scientifically grounded psychological methods of effective work with

colleagues, medical staff, patients and their relatives, readiness to interact with. Personal

awareness of other people culture.

List and content of competence

№

Competence

list

Competence content

Competence

types

Inte

gra

l

Gen

eral

Sp

ecia

l

1

Communicative

Integrative capacity, based on the humanistic personal

qualities and directed to provide the effectiveness of

communicative activities, according to the experience

in the communication, training level, aducation and

development

+

2 Cognitive The level of individual cognitive activity, which

corresponds to the existing system of principles,

values, methods of cognition in the culture of society.

+

3 Intelligent A special type of knowledge organization, which

provides the opportunity to make effective decisions,

including in extreme conditions

+

4 Intellectual-

corporative

Complex psychological property of a person,

characterized by a set of skills and abilities, adequate

to the importance of optimization tasks

+

5 Informative Personal ability to apply, find, store and convert

different data. This is the ability to work with different

information systems.

6 Technological System of creative and technological knowledge,

abilities and stereotypes of activity on transformation

of medical reality objects with the help of technical

means

+

7 Cultural Personal possibility to organize an integral

humanitarian educational space, forming a unified

image of a culture or a complete picture of the world

+

8 Psychological Structured system of knowledge about a person as an

individual, a subject of labor and personality, included

in an individual or joint activity, carries out

+

6

professional or other interactions

9 Psychological

medical

A complex of certain qualities (properties) of a person

with a high level of preparedness for medical

activities and effective interaction with patients during

health care

+

10 Professional The qualitative characteristic for specialists mastering

degree in his professional activity which involves:

awareness of their motives to this activity, assessment

of their personal properties and qualities, regulation of

their professional formation, self-improvement and

self-education

+

11

Socio-

psychological

Mastering of scientifically grounded psychological

methods of effective work with colleagues, medical

personnel, patients and their relatives, readiness to

interact with other people.

+ +

12 General cultural Awareness of the individual in the field of other

peoples culture +

13

Conflict Professional awareness of the range of possible

strategies of conflicting parties and the ability to

provide psychological and technological assistance in

the implementation of constructive interaction in a

particular conflict situation.

+

14

Design /

prognostic

Abilities needed to identify tactical and strategic tasks

for successful project implementation

+

15

Informational

and prognostic

Constructive skills of integral knowledge

compositional arrangement + 16 Organizing Ability to manage the activity + 17 Communicative Communicative skills of influence on subjects of the

professional process + 18 Analytical Ability to adequately assess the level of their own

activities +

Specification of competence according to descriptors of NFQ in a form of

«Competence Matrix».

«Competence Matrix» № Competence Knowledge Skills Communication Autonomy and

responsibility 1. The ability to

use knowledge

in professional

activities

To possess

specialized

conceptual

knowledge gained in

the learning process

To be able to

solve difficult

tasks and

problems arising

in professional

activities

A clear and

unequivocal report of

own conclusions,

knowledge and

explanations for

experts and non-

specialists

To carry out

responsibilities for

making decisions in

difficult conditions

2. Ability to

evaluate the

results of

laboratory and

and

To possess

specialized

knowledge of

person, human organs

and systems, to know

the standard method

To be able

analyze the

results of

laboratory and

instrumental tests

and, on the their

To prescribe and

evaluate the results of

laboratory and

instrumental tests

substantially

To be responsible for

making decisions on

evaluating the results of

laboratory and

instrumental studies

7

instrumental

test

of laboratory and

instrumental research

(on list 4: Serological

reactions in

infectious diseases;

Express tests for viral

diseases;

Amplification

methods in infectious

diseases; Serological

reactions in

autoimmune diseases;

Chemical and

bacteriological

studies of biological

fluids and secretions).

basis, to evaluate

the information

on the patient's

diagnosis

(according to the

list 4)

(according to the list

4)

3. Ability to

develop

preventive and

anti-epidemic

measures to

control

infectious

diseases

To know the

principles and

systems of planning

preventive and anti-

epidemic measures in

relation to infectious

diseases in typical

conditions and in

conditions of

epidemic illness on

the basis of the

results of the

analysis, data of the

survey of the cell of

infectious diseases.

To know

prophylactic and anti-

epidemic methods of

organizing measures

to prevent the spread

of infectious diseases

To be able to

work on the basis

of

epidemiological

analysis, using

preventive and

anti-epidemic

methods, to plan

(draw up plans)

measures to

prevent the spread

of infectious

diseases (in list 2)

Inform the population,

heads of relevant

institutions and

enterprises on the

timely conduct of


epidemic measures,

vaccinations, etc.


qualitative analysis of

indicators for infectious

morbidity of the

population, timely

carrying out of

appropriate preventive

and anti-epidemic

measures.

4. Ability to

conduct

preventive and

anti-epidemic

measures to

control

infectious

diseases

To know the

principles of

organizing and

conducting a system

of preventive and

anti-epidemic

measures in relation

to infectious diseases

and preventing their

spread in typical

conditions and during

an exacerbation of

the epidemic

situation.

To be able to

organize

preventive and

anti-epidemic

measures in

relation to

infectious

diseases in a

health facility,

among the

assigned

population and in

cells of infectious

diseases on the

basis of

epidemiological

analysis

according to risk

groups, risk areas,

time and risk

factors.

Inform the leaders of

the health care

institutions, local

authorities on the

epidemic situation and

the need for timely

and qualitative

prevention and anti-

epidemic measures in

the health care

facility, among the

assigned population

and in the cells of


To be responsible for the

quality and timeliness of

early diagnosis of

infectious diseases, the

organization of effective


epidemic measures to

prevent the spread of


5. Ability to

process state,

social, economic

and medical

information

To know standard

methods, including

modern digital

technologies,

processing of state,

Ability to

determine the

source of

required

information

To form conclusions

based on the analysis

and statistical

processing of the

information received

Be responsible for the

quality and timely

performance of statistical

processing and analysis of

received data

8

social and medical

information

depending on its

type; the ability to

perform statistical

processing of the

material and

analyze obtained

data

6. Ability to assess

the impact of

socio-economic

and biological

determinants on

the health of the

individual,

family,

population

To know the socio-

economic and

biological

determinants that

affect the health of

the population; types

and methods of

prevention the

negative impact of

socio-economic

factors on the health

of the population and

its individual groups

To be able to

calculate health

indicators based

on data of

epidemiological

and medical-

statistical

researches.

To be able to

assess the

relationship and

the impact of

socio-economic

and biological

factors on the

health of the

individual,

family,

population.

To be able to

develop control

measures to

prevent the

negative impact

of socio-

economic factors

on the health of

the population

and individual

groups.

To obtain the

necessary information

from identified

sources regarding the

health status of the

population and

individual groups and

formulate conclusions

as for impact of

socio-economic and

biological factors on

the population health.

To be responsible for the

justification of control

measures to prevent the

negative impact of socio-

economic factors on the

health of the population

and individual groups.

7. Ability to apply

intellectual

capabilities and

knowledge

working with a

patient

To know the

ideological function

of bioethics in the

formation of a civil

society and the

historical aspects of

the concept of

"human rights"

To be able to

identify the

potential threats

to the essence of

living organisms

To obtaine the

ecessary

medical,

social,

special data

To make effective

decisions, including in

extreme conditions, and

to be responsibile for

them

8. Ability to

provide a

medical, ethical

and legal

assessment of

specific cases

from the

standpoint of

confidentiality

and medical

secrecy in

solving

situational

problems in

patients with

HIV infection

To know the Law of

Ukraine "On the

counteraction to the

spread of diseases

caused by the human

immunodeficiency

virus (HIV), the legal

and social protection

of people living with

HIV."

Consider varieties

of human rights

and citizen

To apply the rules and

principles of

biomedical ethics and

deontology


security medical privacy

9

Study results:

The integrative final study results that are enhanced by the discipline:

• Ability to analyze the biological properties of pathogenic and non-pathogenic

microorganisms, viruses and patterns of their interaction with the macroorganism, with

the human population and the environment.

• Ability to interpret the basic mechanisms of immune response formation in human

organism.

• Ability to determine the main types of pathological response of the immune system and

the association with the emergence of the most common human diseases.

• Ability to determine the methods of microbiological and virological diagnosis, etiotropic

therapy and specific prophylaxis of infectious disease.

• Ability to process state, social, economic and medical data.

Discipline Learning outcomes - a complex of knowledge, skills, other competence types

acquired by a person in the study process in accordance with the standard of higher education

that can be identified, quantified and measured.

According to standard of higher education student should:

know:

In conditions of the medical institution, using the standard procedure, using knowledge about

the human organism, human organs and systems, based on the results of laboratory and

instrumental studies, evaluate the information on the diagnosis (according to the list 4):

- Serological reactions to diagnosis infectious diseases;

- Microbiological study of biological fluids and extracts;

- Chemical, organoleptic, bacteriological examination of food and water quality.

be able to:

- Evaluate the results of laboratory and instrumental tests on list 4;

- Provide negative consequences of the influence of dangerous factors on the human body;

- Master the modern methods of microbiological research

in infection diseases;

- Analyze principles of obtaining vaccine preparations, methods of their standardization and

control, practical use;

- Master the principles of obtaining of immune serum, the methods of their standardization,

control, practical use;

- Interpret the development of medicine in a historical retrospective;

- Treat the main historical and medical events;

- Demonstrate the moral and ethical principles of the attitude towards the living person, their

body as an object of anatomical and clinical research.

2. Information volume of academic discipline

255 hours, 8.5 ECTS credits are allocated for the study of the discipline.

The discipline "Microbiology, Virology and Immunology" is structured on 2 modules, which

include content module blocks.

255 hours, 8.5 ECTS credits are allocated for the study of the discipline.

Module 1: 165 hours 5.5 ECTS credits.

Module 2: 90 hours 3.0 ECTS credits.

10

Description of the discipline "Microbiology, Virology and Immunology" syllabus

Structure of the

discipline

Hours, among them Year of

study

Assessment

type

Total Class Stude

nts'

Indivi

dual

Work

(SIW)

Lectures Practise

class

255 30 120 105 2-3

ЕСТS credits 8.5

Module 1 (11 content

modules):

165 hours/

5.5 ЕСТS

credits

20 70 45 2 Final module

assessment.

Module 2 (3 content

modules):

90 hours/

3.0 ЕСТS

credits

10 50 45 3 Final module

assessment.

Including final

assessment of 2

modules mastering.

16 hours/

0.53

ЕСТS

credits

6 10

Note: 1 ЕСТS credit – 30 h

Teaching load – 58,8 %, SIW – 41,2 %.

The average weekly load is 6 hours (0.2 ECTS credit).

Module 1: Morphology and physiology of microorganisms. Infection. Immunity. General

and special virology.

Content modules:

1. Introduction to microbiology.

2. Morphology and structure of prokaryotes and parasitic unicellular eukaryotes.

Microorganism staining. Microscopy.

3. Physiology of bacteria. Evolution and classification of microorganisms.

4. Genetics of microorganisms.

5. Microbiological fundamentals of antimicrobial chemotherapy and antiseptics.

6. Infection.

7. The host immune system. The reactions of nonspecific defence from infectious agents.

8. Antigens, antibodies.

9. Reactions of the immune system. Immunopathology.

10. General virology.

11. Special virology.

Module 2: Special, clinical and environmental, and sanitary microbiology.

Content modules:

12. Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukariotes.

13. Fundamentals of clinical microbiology.

14. Sanitary microbiology and virology.

11

3. Structure of the discipline Module 1: Morphology and physiology of microorganisms. Infection. Immunity. General

and special virology.

Title of modules and

subjects

Hours

on-campus education on-campus education

total

including

total

including

l p lab ind SI

W l p lab ind

SI

W

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Content module 1. Introduction to microbiology.

Subject 1. Subject and

tasks of medical

microbiology. The

original methods of

microbiological

research. Principal

features of modern

medical microbiology.

Trends in its

development.

3 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 2. Stages of

microbiology

development.

1 - - - - 1 - - - - - -

TOTAL IN CONTENT

MODULE 1. 4 1 - - - 3

Content module 2. Morphology and structure of prokaryotes and parasitic unicellular

eukaryotes. Microorganism staining. Microscopy.

Subject 1. Structure of

bacteriological

laboratory. Dyes and

simple methods of

microorganism staining.

Microscopy.

5 - 3 - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 2. Gram method

of microorganism

staining.

6 - 3 - - 3 - - - - - -

Subject 3. Morphology

and structure of bacteria.

6 1 3 - - 2 - - - - - -


and structure of

spirochetes,

actinomycetes, fungi,

protozoa.

5 - 3 - - 2 - - - - - -

Total in content module

2.

19 1 12 9 - - - - - -

Content module 3. Physiology of microorganisms (prokaryotes). Evolution and classification of

microorganisms.

Subject 1. Bacterial

metabolism. Growth

media for culturing

5

0,5

1.5

-

- -

3

- - - - - -

12

microbes.

Subject 2. Antiseptics

and aseptics. Methods

and means. Sterilization.

3.5 - 1.5 - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 3. Growth and

reproduction of

microorganisms.

Isolation of pure cultures

of bacteria.

5,5 0.5 3 - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 4. Colonies of

microorganisms.

Isolation of pure cultures

of aerobic bacteria.

5 - 3 - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 5. Identification

of pure cultures of

microorganisms.

5 - 3 - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 6. Evolution of

microorganisms.

Systematics,

classification and

nomenclature of

microorganisms.

3 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -


3.

27 2 12 - - 13 - - - - - -

Content module 4. Genetics of microorganisms.

Subject 1. Genetics of

microorganisms.

1 - - - 2 - - - - - -


4.

3 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -

Content module 5. Microbiological fundamentals of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Subject 19.

Chemotherapeutic drugs.

Antibiotics.

1 3 - - 3 - - - - - -


5.

7 1 3 - - 3 - - - - - -

Content module 6. Infection.

Subject 1. Infectious

process, its forms,

conditions of its

induction and

development.

1 - - - 2 - - - - - -


6.

3 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -

Content module 7. The host immune system. The reactions of nonspecific defence from

microorganisms.

Subject 1. The main

stages of history of

immunology.

- - - - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 2. The organs of

the immune system. The

factors of host

1 3 - - 3 - - - - - -

13

nonspecific defence from

pathogenic

microorganisms.


7.

9 1 3 - - 5 - - - - - -

Content module 8. Antigens. Antibodies.

Subject 1. The

characteristic of

antigens.

1 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 2.

Immunoglobulins as a

product of the humoral

immune response.

1 2 - - 1 - - - - - -


8.

9 2 5 - - 2 - - - - - -

Content module 9. Immune reactions. Immunopathology.

Subject 1. Reactions of

the immune response.

Principles of the use of

antibodies as treatment-

and-prophylactic serum

and diagnostic serum.

1 3 - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 2. Principles of

the use of microbial

agents as prophylactic

and diagnostic

preparations.

1 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 3. Serological

tests with labels.

- 3 - - 3 - - - - - -

Subject 4.

Immonopathology. The

study of the host immune

reactivity.

- 1 - - - - - -


9.

18 2 9 - - 7 - - - - - -

Content module 10. General Virology

Subject 1. Moders

methods of infectious

diseases diagnosis

- 2 - - - - - - - - -


and ultrastructure of

viruses. Cultivation of

viruses in chicken

embryos and laboratory

animals.

2 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 3. Cell culture in

virology. Methods of

virul cultivating in cell

cultures. Indication of

viral reproduction.

- 3 - - 3 - - - - - -

14

Subject 4. Serologic

reactions used in

virology.

- 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 5. Genetics of

viruses. Bacteriophages,

practical application.

- - - - 1 - - - - - -


10.

19 2 11 - 6 - - - - - -

Content module 11. Special virology

Subject 1.

Orthomyxoviruses.

1 3 - - 3 - - - - - -

Subject 2.

Paramyxovirus.

- - - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 3.

Picornaviruses.

1 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 4.Retroviruses.

HIV.

1 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 5. Other RNA-

viruses.

- - - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 6. Poxviruses,

Papilomaviruses,

Poliomarises,

Parvoviruses.

0,5 - - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 7. Herpesviruses. 1 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 8. Adenoviruses. 0,5 - - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 10. Cousative

agents of viral hepatitis.

1 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 11. Ecological

group of Arboviruses.

- - - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 12. Oncogenic

viruses.

- - - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 13. Prions. - - - - 2 - - - - - -


11

39 6 15 - - 18 - - - - - -

Final assessment of

mastering module 1 –

"Morphology and

physiology of

microorganisms".

Infection. Immunity.

General and special

virology».

- 3 - - 5 - - - - - -

Hours – 165 20 70 - - 75 - - - - - -

Teaching load – 44,4%; SIW – 55,6 %.

Module 2: Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.

Title of modules and

subjects

Hours

on-campus education on-campus education

total including

total including

l p lab ind SI l p lab ind SI

15

W W

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Content module 12. Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukariotes.

Subject 1. Staphylococci

and streptococci

(Micrococcaceae and

Streptococcaceae

families).

2 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 2. Meningococci

and gonococci

(Neisseriaceae family).

- 3 - - - - - - - -

Subject 3. Escherichia. 2 3 - - - - - - - -

Subject 4. Salmonella 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 5. Salmonella -

the agents of

gastroenterocolitis.

-

- 1

- - - - - -

Subject 6. Shigella. 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 7. Vibrio

(Vibrionaceae family)

3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 8.

Corynebacteria

(Corynebacteriaceae

family).

2 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 9. Mycobacteria

(Mycobacteriaceae

family).

3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 10. Anaerobic

infection agents

(Bacillaceae family).

- 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 11. Zoonotic

infection agents.

- 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 12. Rickettsia,

Chlamydia,

Mycoplasma.

- 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 13. Spirochetes. - - 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 14. Pathogenic

spirilla.

- - - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 15. Anaerobic

nonclostridial bacteria.

- - - - 2 - - - - - -

Subject 16. Causative

agent of pertussis.

- - - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 17. Gram-

negative nonfermenting

bacteria.

- - - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 18. Other

pathogenic bacteria.

- - - - 1 - - - - - -


fungi and actinomycetes.

- 3 - - 1 - - - - - -


protozoa.

- - - - 1 - - - - - -

Total in content module 64 6 39 - - 19 - - - - - -

16

12.

Content module 13. Fundamentals of clinical and environmental microbiology

Subject 21. General

characteristics of clinical

microbiology.

2

3

- - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 22.

Opportunistic infections.

- - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 23. Healthcare

acquired infections

(clinical, hospital,

nosocomial).

- - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 24. Ecological

microbiology.

- - - - 1 - - - - - -


13.

9 2 3 - 4 - - - - - -

Content module 14. Sanitary microbiology and virology

Subject 26.

Fundamentals of sanitary

microbiology. Sanitary

microbiology of water,

soil and air.

2 2 - - 1 - - - - - -

Subject 27. Sanitary

virology.

- 3 - - 1 - - - - - -


14.

7 2 5 - - 2 - - - - - -

Final assessment of

mastering module 2

"Special, clinical and

environmental

microbiology".

- 3 - - 5 - - - - - -

Hours – 90 10 50 - - 30 - - - - - -

Teaching load – 66,67%, ISW – 33,33%

4. Lecture subjects

№ Lecture subject Hours

Module 1: Morphology and physiology of microorganisms.

Infection. Immunity. General and specialized virology.

1. The value of medical microbiology in the practice of the physician.

History of microbiology. The original methods of microbiological

research. Evolution and classification of microorganisms.

2

2. Morphology of microorganisms. Chemical composition and metabolism

of microbes. Growth and reproduction of microorganisms. Ethology of

microorganisms.

2

3. Genetics of bacteria and viruses. Fundamentals of Biotechnology and

Genetic Engineering. Chemotherapeutic drugs. Antibiotics.

2

4. The concept of infection. 2

5. The history of immunology. The factors of nonspecific defence. The host

immune system. Antigens.

2

6. Antibodies, structure. The classes of immunoglobulins. Interactions

between the cells of the immune system during the immune response. I

2

17

Immunopathological reactions. Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy.

7. General Virology. Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses. Cultivation

of viruses.

2

8. RNA-viruses. General characteristics. Orthomyxoviruses.

Paramyxoviruses. Picornaviruses

2

9. Retroviruses, general characteristics. Tumour viruses. HIV 2

10. Viral hepatitis. 2 TOTAL 20


1. Pathogenic cocci. 2

2. Pathogenic enterobacteria. 2

3. Diphtheria and tuberculosis agents. 2

4. Ecology of microorganisms. Normal microflora. Evolution of of

microbes' pathogenicity.

2

5. Fundamentals of Clinical and Sanitary Microbiology. 2

TOTAL 10

Total hours 30

5. Seminar class subjects

Seminar classes are not provided.

6. Practice class subjects

Practice class syllabus course 2

No. SUBJECT Hours

Module 1: Morphology and physiology of microorganisms. Infection. Immunity.

General and specialized virology.

1. Structure of bacteriological laboratory. Dyes and simple methods of

microorganism staining. Microscopy.

3

2. Gram method of microorganism staining. 3

3. Morphology and structure of bacteria. 3

4. Morphology of spirochetes, actinomycetes, fungi 3

5. Growth media for culturing microbes. Sterilization. 3

6. Growth and reproduction of microorganisms. Isolation of pure cultures

of bacteria (class 1).

3

7. Growth and reproduction of microorganisms. Isolation of pure cultures

of bacteria (class 2).

3

8. Isolation of pure cultures of bacteria (class 3). 3

9. Chemotherapeutic drugs. Antibiotics. 3

10. Factors of nonspecific host defence from microorganisms. 3

11. Serological tests (class 1). 3

12. Serological tests (class 2). 2

13. Serological tests with labels. 3

14. Vaccines and immune serum. 3

15. Modern microbiological and immunological methods of infectious 2

18

diseases diagnosis.

16. Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses. Cultivation of viruses (class

1).

3

17. Cultivation of viruses. Indication of viral reproduction. (class 2). 3

18. Serological methods in virology 3

19. Orthomyxoviruses. Laboratory diagnosis of influenza. 3

20. Picornaviruses. Laboratory diagnosis of enterovirus infections. 3

21. Herpesviruses, Adenoviruses. Laboratory diagnosis of herpes and

adenoviral infections.

3

22. Causative agents of viral hepatitis. Laboratory diagnosis of viral

hepatitis.

3

23. Retroviruses. HIV. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV-infection. 3

24 Final module assessment No. 1 3

TOTAL 70

Practice class syllabus course 3

No. SUBJECT Hours


1. Staphylococci and streptococci. Microbiological diagnostics of

diseases caused by staphylococci and streptococci.

3

2. Meningococci and gonococci. Microbiological diagnostics of diseases

caused by meningococci and gonococci.

3

3. Escherichia. Microbiological diagnostics of diseases caused by E. coli. 3

4. Salmonella. Microbiological diagnostics of typhoid fever, paratyphoid,

salmonella gastroenteritis.

3

5. Shigella. Microbiological diagnostics of dysentery. 3

6. Vibrio. Microbiological diagnostics of cholera. 3

7. Corynebacteria. Microbiological diagnostics of diphtheria 3

8. Mycobacteria. Microbiological diagnostisc of tuberculosis 3

9. Causing agents of anaerobic infections. Microbiological diagnostics of

anaerobic infections.

3

10. Zoonotic infection agents. Microbiological diagnostics of

zooantroponous infections.

3

11. Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma. Microbiological diagnostics of

rickettiosis, chlamidiosis and mycoplasmosis.

3

12. Spirochetes. Microbiological diagnostics of spirochetosis. 3

13. Pathogenic fungi. Microbiological diagnostics of mycoses. 3

14. Clinical microbiology. Human normal microflora. Microbiological

diagnostics of hospital infections.

3

15. Sanitary microbiology. 2

16. Sanitary virology. 3

17 Final module assessment No. 2 3

TOTAL 50

7. Laboratory class subjects

Laboratory class are not provided.

8. Student's Individual Work

№ Subject Hours

19

Module 1: Morphology and physiology of microorganisms. Infection. Immunity. General

and specialized virology.

Content modules 1 and 2. "Introduction to microbiology. Morphology and structure of

prokaryotes and parasitic unicellular eukaryotes. Microorganism staining. Microscopy. 1. Main features and trends of modern microbiology development. 1

2. Contribution of native scientists to the development of

microbiology in Ukraine. 2

3. Dependence of the results of staining of microorganisms on their

properties. 2

4. Theories explaining the mechanism of Gram stain of different

microorganisms. 3

5. Methods of detection of structural elements of bacteria: spores,

capsules, flagella, inclusions, etc.

2

6. Methods of studying the morphology of fungi and

actinomycetes.

2

Content module 3. Physiology of microorganisms (prokaryotes). Evolution and classification of microorganisms.

7. Modern growth media for the cultivation of bacteria. 3

8. Test system for determining the enzymatic activity of

microorganisms. 2

9. Origin and evolution of microorganisms.

Basic principles of taxonomy of microorganisms.

2

10. Modern classification of prokaryotes. Bacterial growth and

method of reproduction, the phases of reproduction bacterial

culture in stationary conditions.

3

11. Criteria for identification of microorganisms.

Classification of microorganisms, main taxa. Characteristics of a

species.

3

Content module 4. Genetics of microorganisms. Content module 5. Microbiological basics of antimicrobial

chemotherapy.

12. Genetics of microorganisms. 2

13. Modern test systems for determining microbial sensitivity to

antibiotics. 3

Content module 6. Infection. Content module 7. The host immune system. Reactions of nonspecific defence from

microorganisms.

14. The concept of infection. The role of microorganism,

macroorganism and environment in an infection process. 2

15. The characteristic of cellular and tissue, physiological and

humoral factors of nonspecific defence. 5

Content module 8. Antigens. Antibodies. Content module 9.Reactions of immunity. Immunopathology.

16. The importance of the complement system for immune defence,

the pathways of complement activation. 2

17. Bacterial antigenic structure. Autoantigens.

1

18. The classes of immunoglobulins and their structure.

Autoantibodies. Monoclonal antibodies, their production and use

in medical practice.

1

19. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity, the mechanisms and the

differences. The practical significance. 1

20. Immunological tolerance, the causes of induction. 1

21. The three-cell cooperation scheme of induction of the immune

response. The role of different cells of the immune system, their

interaction. Interleukins.

1

22. Immunological memory, its mechanism. 1

23. Immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune processes. Complex

study of human immune reactivity. 1

20

Content module 10. General virology.

24. Principles of polymerase chain reaction 1

25. History of discovery and the main stages in the development of

virology. The contribution of national scientists. Methods of

study of viruses and their evaluation.

1

26. Modern concept on the nature and origin of viruses.The place of

viruses in natureМісце вірусів в системі живого. 1

27. Principles of virus classification. 1

28. Bacteriophages, morphology and structure. Бактеріофаги,

морфологія і структура. Methods of qualitative and quantitative

determination of bacteriophages.

1

29. Nonspecific defense factors protecting the macro-organism

against viral agents, their characteristics.

Interferons, mechanism of action, inductors of interferones.

Inhibitors of viruses.

1

Content module 11. Special virology.

30. Prospects for obtaining of effective influenza vaccines. 3

31. The family of Paramyxoviridae – parainfluenza virus , mumps

virus, measles virus respiratory syncytial virus. 2

32. The family of Rhabdoviridae, virus characteristics. Specific

prevention of rabies. 1

33. General characteristics of the ecological group of arboviruses. 1

34. Genus Rubivurus. Rubella virus 1

35. Smallpox virus 2

36.

Problems and future perspectives in the development of

vaccines for the prevention of viral hepatitis. Modern vaccines.

3

37. Tumorigenic viruses, classification. Viral-genetic theory of

carcinogenesis according to L.A. Zilber. Mechanisms of viral

carcinogenesis.

3

38. Prions, properties. Prion diseases 2

39. Training for final assessment of mastering module 1 5

Total 75



40. Scarlet fever streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes).

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Enterococci.

Anaerobic Staphylococci and Streptococci.

2

41. General characteristics of other representatives of Neisseria

faminly: Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Kingella genera, their role in

human pathology.

3

42. Salmonella. General characteristics.

Kauffman–White classification of salmonella.

1

43. Comparative properties of the pathogenic protozoa. Amoebic

dysentery agent. 1

44. Paragemolytic vibrios, properties. The role in human pathology 1

45. Bordetella pertussis.

Haemophylus influenzae.

Legionella.

2

46. Non-sporeforming gram-negative anaerobic bacteria of

Bacteroides, Fusobacterium genera.

Anaerobic cocci of Peptococcus ans Peptostreptococcus genera.

Anaerobic bacteria of Veilonella genus.

3

47. The role of native scientists in the preparation of drugs for the 1

21

specific prevention of zooanthroponous infections.

48. Comparative properties of rickettsiae, mycoplasmas and viruses. 1

49. General characteristics and classification of undulating forms of

microorganisms.

Pathogenic spirilla.

Campylobacter and Helicobacter genera bacteria.

2

50. Pathogenic fungi and actinomycetes (pathogens of candidiasis,

dermatomycosis, actinomycosis, their characteristics).

2

Content module 13. Fundamentals of clinical and environmental microbiology

51. Criteria for the etiological role of opportunistic microorganisms

isolated from the pathogenic hearth foci of the patient in clinic. "

2

52. Principles of diagnosis and treatment of dysbiosis.

2

Content module 14. Sanitary microbiology and virology

53. Sanitary-virological and bacteriological criteria for assessing

water bodies, soil and air in enclosed spaces. 2

Preparation for final assessment of mastering module 2 5

Total 30

Total hours ISW ( Module 1+ Module 2) 105

9. Individual tasks

Individual tasks must bear creative and searching character, contributing to student cognitive activity.

Students should complete individual tasks by themselves under teacher guidance. They are additional assignments

allowing students to deepen their knowledge of a certain discipline, for example a conference speech preparation

and thesis prints according to a department scientific topics.

10. Individual Work tasks

№

No.

Students' Individual Work topics: Subject of the class of SIW check and

assessment.

I Preparation of the students for practical classes - theoretical and

design of a working notebook with individual work in out-of-class

time

Teaching assistant checks and assesses

the SIW at the preparatory stage of the

practical class.

II Self-study of topics that are not part of the class plan:

Module 1. Morphology and physiology of microorganisms. Infection. Immunity. General and special virology.

1 Types of bacteriological laboratories. Practical Class #1 "Organization of a

bacteriological laboratory. Aniline dyes.

Simple methods of microorganism

staining.

2. Methods of light and electron microscopy. Practical Class #2 Differential method

of Gram staining of bacteria".

3. Morphology and structure of other representatives of prokaryotes:

rickettsiae, chlamydia, mycoplasmas.

Practical Class #3

'Morphology and structure of bacteria'.

4. Phases of periodic bacterial culture development.

Practical Class #5

"Physiology of microorganisms.

Growth media for culturing microbes.

Methods of sterilization".

5. Classification of fungi and protozoa. Practical Class #6 "Growth and

22

1 Klebsiella genus. Characteristics and biological properties.

Klebsiella pneumoniae, ozaenae, rhinoscleroma. Role in

pathology. Microbiological diagnostics.

Practical Class #2

"Escherichia. Microbiological diagnostics

of diseases caused by E. coli".

2. Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Practical Class #6 "Vibrio. Microbiological

diagnostics of cholera".

3. Bordetella. Hemophilic bacteria. Legionella. Practical Class #7 "Corynebacteria.

Microbiological diagnostics of diphtheria

4. Mycobacterium leprae. Actinomycetes Nocardia.

Practical Class #8

«Mycobacterium. Microbiological

diagnosis of tuberculosis».

5. A group of anaerobic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria

(bacteroids, fusobacteria).

Anaerobic cocci of Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus and

Veillonella genera.

Practical Class #9 "Causing agents of

anaerobic infections. Microbiological

diagnostics of anaerobic wound infection,

tetanus botulism."

6. Enteropathogenic yersinia (pathogens of pseudotuberculosis and

intestinal yersiniosis)

Practical Class #10 “Pathogens of

zooantroponoze infections: plague,

tularemia, anthrax, brucellosis.

Microbiological diagnostics of

zooantroponoses”.

7. Rickettsia of spotted fever group. Practical Class #11 “Rickettsia.

Microbiological diagnostics of typhoid

fever”.

8. Campylobacter. Helicobacter. Practical Class #12

“Spirochetes. Microbiological diagnostics

of syphilis, relapsing fever and

leptospirosis».

9. The main pathogens of human mycosis.

Practical Class #13. "Pathogenic fungi.

Microbiological diagnostics of mycoses. "

reproduction of microorganisms.

Isolation of pure cultures of bacteria".

6. Peculiarities of rickettsia, chlamydia, spirochete cultivation.

Practical Class #8

"Isolation of pure bacterial cultures and

their identification".

7. Mutations. Genetic recombinations.

Practical Class #9

"Chemotherapy. Antibiotics".

8 Methods of study of phagocytic activity: phagocytic coefficient, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index.

Practical Class #10.

«Immunity. Factors of nonspecific host

defence from microorganisms».

9 Human histocompatibility antigens and their importance for

immune response.


«Antigens and antibodies. Serologycal

tests» class 1.

10 The genetic methods of study: PCR, DNA probe method,

molecular hybridization.


« Serological tests with labeled

antibodies ».

11 Recombinant vaccines. Methods of obtaining, effectiveness

assessment, control.


« Vaccines and immune serum».

12. Bacteriophages. Classification. Practical use.

Practical Class #17

« Morphology and structure of viruses.

Methods of cultivation of viruses.

Indication of viral reproduction».

13. Coronaviruses: SARS, MERS. General characteristics.

Pathogenesis of diseases. Laboratory diagnostics.

Practical Class # 19

« Orthomyxoviridae. Laboratory

diagnosis of influenza »

Module 2: Special, clinical and ecological microbiology. Special virology.

23

10. Principles of diagnosis and treatment of dysbiosis. Practical Class #14 “Clinical

microbiology.”

11. Criteria for sanitary-indicative microorganisms sampling.

Sanitary-virological criteria for assessing water bodies, soil and

indoor facilities.

Practical Class #15 "Sanitary microbiology

and virology".

11. Educational approaches

— methods of scientific and cognitive activity organization and performance

(explanatory, illustrative, reproductive);

— methods of scientific and cognitive activity stimulation and motivation (problem

teaching, partially searching);

— control and self-control methods of scientific and cognitive activity effectivity.

12. Control approaches

Methods for oral control and self-control:

- Individual questioning;

- Frontal questioning;

- Program questioning.

Methods for written control and self-control:

- Written control test;

- Control test assignments;

- Written module control work (final module testing);

- Program written works.

13. The study success final control form

The form of the final control of learning success after the completion of the third semesters

(of the 2st year of study) is a computer-based exam (test questions). The maximum number of

points that can be obtained by a student at the exam is 40 points.

The form of the final control of learning success after the completion of the fourth

semesters (of the 3nd year of study) is a computer-based exam (test questions). The maximum

number of points that can be obtained by a student at the exam is 40 points.

14. Student mark and point gaining and distribution scheme

2nd semester of the 2nd year 1st semester of the 3rd year

MODULE 1 MODULE 2

Number of study hours / credits

165 / 5.5

Number of study hours / credits

90 / 3.0

Quantity of topics / their sequence numbers

11 topics / № 1 - 11

Quantity of topics / their sequence numbers

3 topics / № 12 – 14

Forms of semester assessment Min. 30

points

Max. 60 points Min. 30

points

Max. 60 points

Oral answers and test control at the practical classes

12 24

12 24

Assessing the results of studying terminology in the

workbook 3 6

3 6

Module control test 1 (computer-based testing)

15 30

24

Module control test 2 (computer-based testing)

15 30

Single Grades for Students:

ECTS evaluation Statistical Index

А

B

C

D

E

The best 10% of students

The next 25% of students



The last 25% of the students

FX

F

Re-exam

Mandatory repeated discipline study

Grading scale: national and ETCS

Excellent 90-100 А

Good 75-89 В, С

Satisfactory 60-74 D, E

Fail with opportunity to re-exam 35-59 FX

Fail with mandatory repeated discipline study 0-34 F

15. Methodical supply

Eeducational content (lecture notes or advanced lecture plans), practice (seminar) lesson

plans, laboratory work assignments, self-study work, questions, problems, tasks and cases for

intermittent and final knowledge and skill control, complex control tests, after acquired

knowledge and skill attestation monitoring in given educational discipline.

PROGRAM CONTENT

Module 1: Morphology and physiology of microorganisms. Infection. Immunity.

General and special virolody


Specific goals:

➢ To analyze the stages of development of microbiology as a fundamental and

applied discipline for medicine and the contribution of individual scientists at

each of its stages.

➢ Describe the main groups of original methods of microbiological research.

MODULE 1 Final score

Minimum 30 30

Maximum 60 60

MODULE 2 Final score

Minimum 30 30

Maximum 60 60

25

➢ To interpret features of structure, morphology, physiology of certain groups of

microbes.

Subject 1. Subject and tasks of medical microbiology. The original methods of

microbiological research. Principal features of modern medical microbiology. Trends in its

development.

Definition of microbiology as a science. Branches of microbiology: general, medical,

veterinary, technical, agricultural, oceanic, space. Biotechnology.

Medical microbiology and its sections: bacteriology, virology, protozoolology,

mycology, and others.

Tasks of medical microbiology in the study of biological properties of pathogenic and

non-pathogenic microorganisms, patterns of their interaction with macroorganism, human

population and the environment; development and use of methods of microbiological

diagnostics, etiotropic therapy and specific prevention of infectious diseases. Methods of

microbiological research: microscopy, staining, cultivation, isolation of pure cultures,

immunological methods, modeling on animals, virological methods, biotechnological and

genetic engineering.

Use of microbes for immunobiological, chemotherapeutic drugs and biotechnological

processes.

Relation of medical microbiology with practical activity of a physician. Principles of

organization of microbiological service, institutions of microbiological profile.

Microbes as the main object of studying microbiology. Pre-cellular and cellular forms of

microbes and infectious agents (prions, viroids, viruses, bacteria, spirochetes, rickettsia,

chlamydia, mycoplasma, actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa). Microbial features shared with higher

animals and plants: self-organization, self-reproduction, self-regulation, ontogenetic and

phylogenetic development. Specific features of microbes. Features of microorganisms as living

beings: microscopic size, relatively simple organization, high rate of reproduction, exceptional

biochemical activity, plasticity and adaptability, widespread distribution in the biosphere, the

possibility of pathogenic properties. Non-cellular forms of parasites.

Principal features of modern medical microbiology and trends in its development.

Subject 2. Stages of microbiology development.

The first concept of a contamination.

The invention of a microscope and the discovery of microorganisms (A. Levenguk et al.).

The discovery of the first pathogenic microorganisms - favuz and anthrax pathogens.

The emergence and formation of microbiology as a science (the second half of the Х1Х

century.). Works by L. Pasteur, R. Koch and their schools. Their importance for medical

microbiology. The discovery of pathogens of major human infectious diseases. Development of

methods for their cultivation and differentiation. S.M. Vinogradsky. The discovery of

chemosynthesis.

Medical microbiology in the first half of the twentieth century. Further discoveries of

pathogens of infectious diseases. Development of chemotherapeutic direction in microbiology

and medicine (P. Ehrlich et al.). The discovery of antibiotics (O. Fleming, etc.).

The discovery of viruses. The formation of virology as an independent science. D.I.

Ivanovsky, the founder of virology. Virology in the first half of the twentieth century. The

discovery of viruses that infect animals, humans, bacteria (bacteriophages) and cause tumors in

animals (oncogenic viruses). Development of methods for laboratory diagnostics of viral

infections.

Modern period of development of medical microbiology (second half of XX century -

beginning of XXI century). Significance of scientific and technological progress in the field of

molecular biology, genetics and genetic engineering, for the further development of theoretical

and applied medical microbiology, virology and immunology.

26

The progress of virology in the second half of the twentieth century is connected with the

study of the structure, biochemistry, and the genetics of viruses. The discovery of new viruses -

human pathogens (hepatitis viruses, HIV, hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus, coronavirus (SARS,

MERS), etc.). Prions. Development of modern methods of laboratory diagnostics, prevention and

therapy of viral infections.

The origin of immunology as an independent science in the Pasteur period. L. Pasteur's

development of principles for the production of live vaccines. The discovery of phagocytosis as a

protective reaction of the body. Creation of the cellular theory of immunity (I. I. Mechnikov).

The discovery of humoral immunity factors (P. Ehrlich, E. Bering, E. Ro, and others). Discovery

of an allergy, methods of obtaining anatoxins, vaccines, therapeutic serums, serological methods

for diagnosing infectious diseases.

Progress in immunology in the second half of the twentieth century. Development of

modern theories of immunity (F. Gaurovits, F. Bernet, S. Tonegawa, etc.). The doctrine of the

immune system of the organism. The discovery of immunological tolerance, immunological

memory and other immunological reactions. Development of infectious and non-infectious

immunology. Achievements and development of immunobiotechnology. Use of genetic and

cellular engineering techniques to obtain vaccines and other biologically active drugs of the last

generation.

The role of domestic scientists in the development of microbiology. Contribution of D.

Samoylovich, M. M. Terekhovsky, D. I. Ivanovsky, G. N. Gabrichevsky, L. S. Tsenkovsky, G.

M. Minh, F. O. Lesh, I. I. Mechnikov, M. F. Gamalia, D. K. Zabolotnogo, V. K. Vysokovich,

MM Volkovich, VV Podvysotsky, V. M. Zhdanov, A. O. Smorodintseva, M. P. Chumakova, L.

O. Zilber, S. M. Minervin, S. S. Dyachenko, V. S. Derkach, S. G. Mosing, V. V. Smirnov in the

development of medical microbiology, virology and immunology.

Modern stage of microbiology development. Molecular-biological and molecular-genetic

level of research. Development of new prophylactic and medicinal products, development of

microbiological industry. Achievement of medical microbiology in reducing the incidence of


The significance of microbiology in the training of a physician.


eukaryotes.

Specific goals:

➢ To choose methods of preparation of bacteriological smears.

➢ Conclude from the microscopy of bacteriological smears using an imersive lens.

➢ Describe the morphological forms of bacteria.

➢ Explain the structure of the bacterial cell, constant and non-constant elements.

➢ Explain the relationship between the chemical composition, structure and

function of the structural elements of the bacterial cell.

➢ To interpret the results of microscopic examination of microorganisms.

➢ To analyze the morphology and structure of spirochetes, actinomycetes, fungi

and protozoa.

➢ Explain the main differences between Pro- and Eukaryotes.

Subject 3. Structure of bacteriological laboratory. Dyes and simple methods of

microorganism staining. Microscopy.

Bacteriological laboratory, its structure and purpose. Organization of the workplace of a

physician-bacteriologist. Microscopy smeras, methods of their preparation. Aniline dyes, their

properties. Method of preparation of dye solutions. Simple methods of microorganism staining.

Methods of studying morphology of microorganisms (microscopy). Light microscopy

with imersive lenses. Dark, polar, contrast, luminescent and other methods of microscopy.

27

Electronic microscopy (transmission, scanning). Methods of microscopy in the diagnosis of


Subject 4. Gram method of microorganism staining.

Complex methods of microorganism staining. Method of Gram staining. Factors

underlying the Gram stain of microorganisms. Structure of the cell wall of gram-positive and

gram-negative microorganisms. The practical value of the Gram stain method.

Subject 5. Morphology and structure of bacteria.

Main forms and sizes of bacteria. Structure of the bacterial cell. Morphophysiological

features of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Flagella, pili, capsule, cell wall, periplasm,

cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, mesosomes, plasmids, inclusions. The

chemical composition and functional significance of different structures of prokaryotes.

Polymorphism of bacteria. Bacterial spores. Features of chemical composition and structure,

function. The process of spore formation. Sub-cellular forms of bacteria. Properties of L-forms

of bacteria.

Complex methods of staining: Ozheshko, Ziehl–Neelsen, Neisser, Burri-Hins, Leffler

(for flagella), Yone.

Morphology of other representatives of prokaryotes: rickettsiae, chlamydia,

mycoplasmas.

Subject 6. Morphology and structure of spirochetes, actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa.

Spirochetes (treponema, borelia, leptospira). Features of morphology and structure (shell,

fibers, blepharoplast), motility.

Actinomycetes, peculiarities of morphology. Aerial and substrate mycelium, druses.

Spore formation.

Structure of the fungal cell. The main forms of fungi, yeast, yeast-like fungi, filamentous

fungi. Hyphaes, mycelium. Dimorphism of fungi. Features of the structure of the cytoplasmic

membrane and the cell wall. Mechanisms of fungal reproduction: budding, spores formation.

Vegetative spores, endospores, exospores, sexual spores. Methods of studying the morphology of

fungi.

Features of protozoa structure: pellicula, endoplasm, ectoplasm, cysts. Life cycles of

human pathogenic protozoa. Methods of studying morphology. Painting by Romanovsky-Gimz.

Content module 3. Physiology of bacteria. Evolution and classification of

microorganisms.

Specific goals:

➢ Describe the most commonly used growth media and their preparation.

➢ Explain changes in differential diagnostic growth media with bacterial growth.

➢ Conclude sterilization methods and operating modes of sterilizing equipment.

➢ Evaluate the methods for isolation of pure cultures of aerobic and anaerobic

bacteria.

➢ To interpret the results of the identification of isolated pure bacterial cultures and

to draw conclusions.

Subject 7. Bacterial metabolism. Growth media for the culturing of microorganisms.

The chemical composition of the bacterial cell: water, chemical elements and minerals,

nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates. Features of the chemical composition of bacteria in

comparison with eukaryotic cells.

Features of energy metabolism in bacteria (metabolic rate, variety of metabolic types,

metabolic plasticity, excess synthesis of metabolites and energy). Constructive and energy

exchange, their interconnection.

28

Nutrition of bacteria. Sources of nitrogen, carbon, minerals and growth factors.

Autotrophs and heterotrophs. Golophytic way of feeding. Mechanisms for the transport of

nutrients into a bacterial cell: energy-independent (common and facilitated diffusion), energy-

dependent (active transport), values of periplasm enzymes and permeases. Classification of

bacteria by types of nutrition.

Respiration of bacteria. Energy needs of bacteria. Sources and ways of obtaining energy

in photoauototrophs, chemoatotrophs.

Types of biological oxidation of the substrate and methods of obtaining energy in

heterohemorganotrophs: oxidative metabolism; rotting - as an aggregation of anaerobic and

aerobic splitting of proteins; fermentable metabolism and its products; nitrate breathing. Aerobic,

anaerobes, optional anaerobes, microaerophils, captop bacteria.

Enzymes of bacteria and their classification. Constitutive and inducible enzymes, genetic

regulation. Specificity of the action of enzymes. Exo and endo-enzymes. Limiting factors of the

habitat (temperature, concentration of hydrogen ions, osmotic pressure, oxygen pressure). The

notion of mesophiles, thermophiles, psychophils. Halophils, acid and alkaline bacteria. Nutrient

media for the cultivation of microorganisms. Requirements for growth media. Classification of

growth media. Receipt and basic components (peptone, agar-agar, gelatin, curdled whey, etc.).

Types of growth media for intended purpose. Methods of studying the enzymatic activity of

bacteria and their use for the identification of bacteria. Modern methods of accelerated

identification of bacteria with the help of automated indicators of enzyme activity. The use of

microbes and their enzymes in biotechnology for the production of amino acids, peptides,

organic acids, vitamins, hormones, antibiotics, nutrient protein for the processing of food and

industrial products, biological treatment of wastewater, production of liquid and gaseous fuels.

Subject 8. Antiseptics and aseptics. Methods and means.

Antiseptics and aseptics. Development of scientific principles of antiseptics (I.Zemelveis,

D. Lister). Antiseptic agents, mechanisms of action. Acquired resistance of microorganisms to

antiseptics.

Sterilization (definition). Thermal methods (in an autoclave, a dry heat sterilizer).

Chemical method of sterilization (gas and solutions). Filtering and radiation methods. Control of

sterilization. Disinfection (definition). Methods (physical, chemical). Disinfectants, mechanism

of action.

Subject 9. Growth and reproduction of microorganisms. Isolation of pure cultures of

bacteria.

Growth and reproduction of microorganisms. Simple fission. Fragmentation. Periodic

culture. Phases of development of microorganisms in a liquid medium in periodic culture.

Methods of cultivating microorganisms. Association of microorganisms and pure cultures.

Ethology of microorganisms.

Subject 10. Colonies of microorganisms. Isolation of pure cultures of aerobic bacteria.

Colonies of microorganisms, peculiarities of their formation, properties. Pigments of

microorganisms. Continuous cultivation, its importance in biotechnology (production of

enzymes, proteins, antibiotics, etc.). Methods of cultivation of anaerobic bacteria (nutrient

medium for obligate anaerobes, anaerostats, etc.).

Subject 11. Identification of pure cultures of microorganisms.

Microorganism species, definition. Properties of microorganisms, which determines their

species assignment. Method of determination of the microorganism species. Concepts of biovars,

serovars, phagevars. Peculiarities of rickettsia, chlamydia, spirochete cultivation.

The value of the bacteriological (cultural) method in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.

29

Subject 12. Evolution of microorganisms. Systematics, classification and nomenclature of

microorganisms.

Current ideas about the evolution of the microbial world. Principal differences in the

structure and functions between prokaryotes (bacteria), eukaryotes (fungi, protozoa), viruses,

viroids, prions. Archebacteria and eubacteria.

History of the development of ideas about the taxonomy of microorganisms.

Phylogenetic (natural) taxonomy and use of the genetic system approach.

Numerical systematics. Systematics by D. Bergey.

Classification of prokaryotes, taxonomic groups. Species and its definitions in

microbiology. Intraspecies categories: subspecies, variants. Taxonomic value of 16 S ribosomal

RNA.

Concept of population, culture, strain and clone in microorganisms. Binary nomenclature

of bacteria. Classification of fungi and protozoa.


Specific goals::

➢ Explain the mechanism of operation of the operon.

➢ Explain the mechanism of various forms of genotype variability (mutations and

recombinations).

➢ Conclude the presence of bacterial colonies of S- and R-forms.

➢ Know and be able to explain the mechanism of genetic methods of diagnostics and

identification of bacteria.

➢ Conclude that the studied microorganism belongs to pro-eukaryotes.

➢ Explain the relationship between genetic structures and virulence factors of bacteria.

Subject 13. Genetics of microorganisms.

Definition of genetics of microorganisms as a science. Its importance in the theory and

practice of medicine.

The difference between genomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Evolution of the

genome of microorganisms. Organization of genetic material of a bacterial cell: bacterial

chromosome, plasmids, mobile elements. The structure of the chromosome. Genes. Principles of

the bacterial genome functioning. Reparation system.

Bacteiral plasmids, their properties. Conjugative and non-conjugative, integrative and

autonomous plasmids. Classification of plasmids by functional activity: F, R, Co1, H1u, Ent and

other plasmids. Integrons, superintegrons.

Transposons, insertion sequences. General characteristics and functions of mobile genetic

elements.

The concept of the gene pool, genotype and phenotype. Types of variability in bacteria.

Modification variability, its mechanisms and forms of manifestation in bacteria.

Genotype variability. Mutations of bacteria, their varieties. Mutagens, their classification.

Types of mutations: deletions, translocations, inversions, duplications, insertions.

Genetic recombination and its types. Mechanisms of the transfer of genetic information in

bacteria and their significance for the production of strains of bacteria with specified properties

and for the compilation of genetic maps. Transformation, transduction and conjugation.

The value of mutants and recombinants in the existence of a bacterial population. Heterogeneity

of the population of microorganisms, types and mechanisms of population variability. Genetic

selection. The notion of the dissociation of bacteria, S- and R-forms of colonies. Significance of

variability in the evolution of microorganisms.

Microbiological foundations of genetic engineering and biotechnology. Use of enzymes

(restriction enzymes, ligases, polymerases, revertases) in genetic engineering studies. Vectors

used to transport genetic material. Features of genes expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic

30

cells. Practical use of the results of genetic engineering studies in medicine, biology and the

agriculture.

Genetic methods in the diagnosis of infectious diseases and in the identification of

bacteria: DNA sequences, polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid hybridization, determination

of nucleic acid fragments length, and others. Biochips, application in diagnostics.

Content module 5. Antimicrobial chemotherapy and antibiotic therapy.

Specific goals:

➢ To analyze the phenomenon of microbial antagonism.

➢ Explain the mechanism of action of antibiotics on a microbial cell.

➢ Evaluate methods for determining the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics.

➢ Conclude the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics.

➢ To interpret mechanisms of resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics.

➢ Explain the mechanisms of antibiotic therapy-caused complications.

Subject 14. Chemotherapeutic drugs. Antibiotics.

History of antimicrobial therapy ideas development. Periods of chemotherapy

development. Works by D. L. Romanovsky, P. Ehrlich, G. Domagk. The discovery of

sulfanilamides. Basic principles of rational chemotherapy. The concept of a chemotherapeutic

drug, a chemo-therapeutic index.

Microbial antagonism, its mechanisms. Microbial antagonists, producers of antibiotics.

I.I. Mechnikov doctrine of the physiological role of intestinal lactic acid bacteria. The history of

the first antibiotics discovery: O. Fleming, Z. Waxman. Antibiotics, definitions, biological role

in nature. Principles of obtaining antibiotics.

Classification of antibiotics by origin, chemical composition, mechanism and spectrum of

antimicrobial action. Natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic antibiotics. Mechanism of action of

antibiotics on a microbial cell. Antibiotics - inhibitors of the synthesis of peptidoglycan cell

walls, protein synthesis, nucleic acids, as well as those that impair the function of the

cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and fungi. Bactericidal and bacteriostatic action of antibiotics.

Units of measurement of antimicrobial activity of antibiotics. Methods of determining the

sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics. The concept of a minimum inhibiting concentration.

Antibioticogram.

Complication of antibiotic therapy. Dysbiosis. Antibiotic-resistant, antibiotic-dependent

and antibiotic-tolerant strains of bacteria.

Natural and acquired resistance to antibiotics. Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of

antibiotic resistance. The role of plasmids and transposons in the formation of drug resistance of

bacteria. Ways of preventing the formation of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Principles of

rational antibiotic therapy. Intercellular communication in bacteria (signal systems, "quorum

sensing") and the prospects for creating new generation of antimicrobial drugs on its basis.

The value of the discovery of antibiotics (XX century) for etiotropic therapy of bacterial,

spirochetous, fungal, protozoal infections.


Specific goals:

➢ To interpret the concept of „ infectious process”.

➢ To analyse forms of infectious process, their characteristic and the factors,

which are necessary for development of an infectious process.

➢ To evaluate the factors of bacterial pathogenicity.

➢ To specify the concept of „ pathogenicity”, „virulence”.

➢ To analyse the mechanisms of the infectious process development

(pathogenesis).

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Subject 15. Infectious process, its types, necessary factors for initiation and

development of an infectious process.

Definition of the terms “infection”, “ infectious process”, “ infectious diseases ”. The

history of the concept about the nature of infectious process. The factors, which are necessary for

development of an infectious process.

The role of microorganisms in an infectious process. Pathogenicity of the

microorganisms, pathogenicity assays. Pathogenicity as a consequence of the parasitism

evolution. Obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, non-pathogenic microorganisms.

Virulence, the units of virulence of bacteria and the methods of their determination. The

factors of virulence of bacteria: adhesins, invasins, pathogenicity enzymes, bacterial components

and substances, which inhibit phagocytosis. Microbial toxins, classification. Protein toxins

(exotoxins), their characteristics and mechanism of action. The units of measuring the potency

of exotoxins. Endotoxins, chemical structure, characteristics, differences between endotoxins and

protein toxins. Pathogenic Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, fungi and protozoa. Obligate

intracellular parasitism of viruses. Genetic regulation of pathogenicity and virulence factors in

microbes. Heterogeneity in microbial populations associated with virulence.

Stages of infectious process. Minimal infective dose that are required to produce the

infectious disease. Routes of invasion by pathogens in organism. Adhesion of microorganisms,

colonization, aggregation, biofilm formation, invasion. The spreading of microbes and their

toxins in an organism: bacteremia, toxemia, septicemia and its consequences. Microbial carriage.

Asymptomatic infection. The dynamics of development of infectious diseases - periods of

infectious diseases: incubation period, prodromal period, period of illness, recovery period.

Types of infection: exogenous and endogenous infection; localized and generalized

infection; monoinfection and mixed infection; reinfection, superinfection, relapse (recidivation);

acute, chronic infection, persistence of microorganisms. The concept of wound infections,

respiratory infections, intestinal infections, sexually transmitted infections, skin infections;

anthropo-, zoo-, anthropozoo- and sapronoses. The mechanisms of transmission of causative

agents of infectious diseases: inhalation (droplet spread), ingestion, sexually transmitted,

transmissible, trans-placental, directly transmitted, inoculation. The concept of pathogenesis of

infectious disease.

Bioassay technique. The use of bioassay technique to study aetiology, pathogenesis,

immunogenesis, diagnostic, therapy and prevention of infectious diseases. Laboratory animals,

genetically engineered line of animals (inbred lines).

Content module 7. Immune system of an organism. Reactions of nonspecific defence

from microorganisms.

Specific goals:

➢ To analyse the historical periods of immunology science and contribution of

scientists in the distinct periods.

➢ To interpret the term „ immune system of an organism ”.

➢ To explain the role and mechanisms of human nonspecific anti-infectious

defence.

Subject 16. The main periods of immunology science development.

Empirical phase, including of Edward Jenner's creation of the first smallpox vaccine.

Louis Pasteur – attenuating microbes for vaccines. The development of the rabies and

anthrax vaccines.

Theory of the cellular (Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov) and humoral (Paul Ehrlich) immunity.

Modern trends in immunology:

32

The contribution of the scientist from our country and foreign scientists in advancement

of immunology. The Nobel Prizes in immunology. The main branches of immunology:

immunology of infectious diseases and non-infectious immunology, clinical immunology,

transplant immunology, ecological immunology; immune genetic, immunopathology, immuno-

oncology, allergology, cytoimmunology, immuno-hematology etc. The role of immunology in

the advancement of medicine and biology, its connection with other sciences. Immunological

methods of study.

Subject 17. The organs of the immune system. Factors of nonspecific defence from

microorganisms.

Immunity as type of defence from substances, which is genetically foreign to the host,

that is realized by specialized immune system.

Development of the immune system.

Factors of non-specific defence of the organism.

Barrier and antimicrobial properties of skin and mucosa. Resident microflora. Reactivity

of the cells and tissues. Physicochemical factors, function of the excretory organs and system.

Phagocytosis. The contribution of I.I. Mechnikov in advancement of knowledge about

phagocytosis. Classification of the phagocytes cells. The main stages of phagocytosis.

Biochemical mechanisms of the bacteria injury by phagocytes. Complete and incomplete

phagocytosis. The methods of the study of phagocytosis activity: phagocytic activity, phagocytic

index. The role of the phagocytosis in the innate immunity realization and for the development

immune response . Toll-like receptors of phagocytic cells.

The system of killer cells of human organism: natural killer cells, large granular

lymphocytes (LGL), К cells, LAC – cells (lymphokine activated killer cells), their role in

immune recognition of genetically (pathologically) changed cells in human organism.

Macrophages (motile and tissue-resident), granulocytes – neutrophils, eosinophils,

basophils, (motile and tissue-resident).

Humoral factors of nonspecific immune defence: the complement system, lysines,

interferons, leukines, virus inhibitors, lysozyme, properdin, fibronectin etc.

The main components of the complement system. The role of complement in

chemotaxis, opsonization and lysis of microbial cells, development of allergy and

immunopathological processes. Methods for qualitative and quantitative detection of the

complement activation. Classical and alternative pathways of complement activation.

Interferons. Classification of interferons, inductors, the mechanism of the production,

biological functions of interferons (antiviral, anticancer, immunomodulatory, radioprotective).

Recombinant interferons.

The structure of the immune system.

Central organs of the immune system: the thymus gland, bone marrow. Peripheral organs

of the immune system: spleen, lymph nodes, lymphoid follicles of the mucosa-associated

lymphoid tissue. Immunocompetent cells. T lymphocytes, their ontogenesis: Тh0, Тh1, Тh2,

their comparative characteristics. The cell surface markers and receptors of those cells: CD4+ -

lymphocytes (helper cells), CD8+- lymphocytes (cytotoxic, effector cells), their function. В

lymphocytes, their ontogenesis. В lymphocytes subpopulations. Their cell surface markers and

receptors. Immunocompetent cell cooperation in immune response. The concept of

immunomodulators. Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants.


Specific goals:

➢ To explain the role of antigens as inductors of the immune response.

➢ To describe of antigen structure, including the antigens of microorganisms.

➢ To explain the role of antibodies in the immune response.

➢ To describe the structure of antibodies (immunoglobulins of different classes).

33

➢ To analyze the mechanisms of interaction between antibodies and antigens.

➢ To interpret the participation of the immune system cells in the immune response and

phases of the immune response.

Subject 18. Characteristic of antigens.

Antigens as inductors of the immune response.

Structure of antigens. Antigenic determinants (epitopes). Classification of antigens.

Complete and incomplete (haptens) antigens. Various types of antigenic specificity. Adjuvants.

Antigenic structure of microorganisms. Location, chemical structure and specificity of bacterial

and viral antigens, enzymes, toxins. The role of microbial antigens in an infectious process and

immune response development. Human histocompatibility antigens. Human red blood cell

(RBC) blood group antigens, autoantigens, fetal antigens, tumor and transplantation antigens.

Subject 19. Antibodies as a product of humoral immune response.

Structure and functions of antibodies (immunoglobulins).

Constant and variable regions of heavy (H chains) and light (L) chains, domains. The

structure of active sites of immunoglobulins. Molecular heterogeneity. The concept of the

valency of antibodies. Fc receptors on cells. The mechanisms of interaction between antibodies

and antigens. Immunoglobulins of different classes, their structure and properties. The antibody's

antigenic determinants: isotypic, allotypic, idiotypic determinants. Anti-idiotypic antibodies.

Pathological immunoglobulins. Genetics of immunoglobulins. Autoantibodies. The concept of

polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Principles of monoclonal antibody production.

Hybridomas as producers of monoclonal antibodies. Antibody production in human organism.

Plasmocytes: definition of “plasma cell clone”.

Content module 9. Immune reactions. Immunopathology.

Specific goals:

➢ To analyze forms and types of immune reactions.

➢ To interpret phases of immune response development.

➢ To make a summary about the use of microbial antigens in medical practice.

➢ To make a summary about the use of antibodies in medical practice.

Subject 20. Reactions of immune response. The principles of the use of antibodies as

therapeutic and prophylactic tools and for diagnostic assays.

Forms and types of immune reactions. Humoral immune response and its phases: antigen

recognition, antigen processing and presentation to T helper cells and B lymphocytes,

proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes. T- and B-dependent antigens, their influence

on the immune system, production of antibodies by plasma cells. Immunological memory,

memory cells. The primary and the secondary immune response. The interactions between cells

of the immune system in the immune response. The participation of macrophages, T and B

lymphocytes. Interleukins.

The cellular immune response and its phases: antigen recognition, antigen processing and

presentation to T helper cells, proliferation and differentiation of effector T cells (helper cells,

suppressor cells, delayed-type hypersensitivity effector cells, memory cells). Cytokines and their

role in generation of cell-mediated immune reactions.

Characteristic of the immune response development: antibody production, immediate and

delayed hypersensitivity, immunological memory, immunological tolerance, network of

idiotype/anti-idiotype interactions.

34

Serological reactions, their types, specificity, sensitivity, two-stage mode, reversibility.

The mechanism of interactions between antibodies and antigens in serological reactions. The

main components in the serological tests. The practical application of serological reactions:

antigen identification, diagnostic identification of antibodies. Immune diagnostic serums,

classification, development, titration, improving specificity by antibody absorption method of

Castellani. The use for serological identification of antigens.

Serological identification – detection of the microbes antigens in reactions with immune

diagnostic serum (to determine species and serotypes of microorganisms). The main serological

reactions for antigen identification and their assessment criterion. The use of serological

reactions for identification of microbes antigens for the purpose of rapid diagnosis of infectious

diseases.

Serological diagnosis of infectious diseases by detection of antibodies in blood serum of

patient, which are specific to causative agent of infection. Diagnosticums, obtaining and practical

using for serological diagnosis of infectious diseases (detection of antibodies in in blood serum

of patient). The concept of “antibody titer”, “diagnostic titer”, “ diagnostic antibody titer

increase” "paired serum”. Principle of differentiation of acute and past infections based on the

results of serological reactions. Criteria of serological diagnosis: detection of antibodies

specific to causative agent of infection in diagnostic titer, detection of diagnostic antibody titer

increase, detection of IgM antibodies specific to causative agent of infection.

Monoclonal antibodies, their application.

Phenomena of detection and methods of result registration of serological reactions.

Reactions based on agglutination: direct and indirect agglutination, indirect agglutination

inhibition reaction, reverse indirect agglutination reaction, the Coombs reaction – antiglobulin

test. Reactions based on precipitation: a ring precipitin test, flocculation, precipitation in gel.

Reactions based on immune lysis (bacteriolysis, spirochete lysis, hemolysis). The complement

fixation test. An immobilized microbial cell reaction. An opsonic phagocytosis reaction. A

neutralization reaction (of toxins, viruses, rickettsia). Serological reactions with labeled antibody

or labeled antigens: immunofluorescence (direct and indirect), enzyme immunoassay (direct,

indirect, solid phase, competitive), radioimmune assay (competitive, reversible, indirect).

Immuno-electron microscopy.

Treatment-and-prophylactic sera, their development, regulation and control,

classification, application. Activity units and dosage. Rules of introduction of serum. Adverse

effects after introduction (serum sickness, anaphylactic shock).

Subject 21. The principle of application of microbial antigens as prophylactic and diagnostic

preparations.

The development of study about immunoprophylaxis. E. Jenner, L. Pasteur, E.Behring,

G.Ramon and others. Active and passive immunoprophylaxis. Preparations for active

immunoprophylaxis. Modern classification of vaccines: live, inactivated, molecular, anatoxins,

synthetic, recombinant vaccines, anti-idiotypic vaccines, liposomal and capsular vaccines,

mucosal vaccines, ribosomal and RNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, vaccines from transgenic

plants. Methods of preparation, evaluation of effectiveness and control. State control of the

vaccine quality. Associated vaccines. Adjuvants. Autovaccines, vaccine therapy. Diagnosticums.

Practical using for serological diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Subject 22. Immunopathology. Study of immune reactivity.

Allergy. The concept of allergy. Allergens. Classification of allergic reactions according

to Gell and Coombs. Allergic reactions of humoral (immediate hypersensitivity) type – IH.

Reagin dependent IH. The mechanism of its development. Clinical presentations: anaphylactic

shock, urticaria, Quincke edema. Atopy: bronchial asthma, pollinosis. Cytotoxic type of IH. The

mechanism of its development, clinical presentations. Methods of prevention of the development

35

of immediate hypersensitivity. Immune-complex type of IH. The mechanism of its development.

Clinical presentations. Diagnostic tests for identication of humoral type allergy. Cell-mediated

allergy reactions - delayed hypersensitivity (DTH). The mechanism of its development. Forms of

clinical presentations: infectios and allergic contact dermatitis. Techniques for detection of

delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), skin test. Clinical determination. Immunodiagnosis.

Complex study of immune reactivity by indexes of nonspecific immune defence factors,

and by state of T and B systems. The role of study of immune reactivity in diagnosis of

infectious disease and immune system pathology.

Immunodeficiency disorders. Classification of immunodeficiency disorders as primary

and secondary, congenital and acquired.

Autoimmune processes. Autoimmune diseases associated with failure of

histohematogenous barriers of sequestered organs, induced by cross-reacting antigens.

Disruption of immune tolerance as a consequence of damage of immune system functions during

lymphoproliferative disorders and defects of the immune system. Principles and perspectives of

autoimmune disorders treatment.

Immunomodulators (polysaccharides – pyrogenal, prodigiosan), preparation of BCG

bacterial strains. Lysates (bronhovaksom, rinovak), extracts (biostim, ribomunil, bronchomunal,

imudon), yeast polysaccharides. Lymphokines.

Module 1. General and special virology.

Content module 10. General Virology.

Specific goals:

➢ To interpret morphology and ultrastructure of viruses.

➢ To analyze the features of viral interaction with living systems.

➢ Evaluate the results of virus propagation in living systems.

➢ To analyze the methods of virul cultivation under laboratory conditions.

➢ To characterize antiviral chemotherapeutic drugs and their mechanism of action.

Subject 22. Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses. Cultivation of viruses in chicken

embryos and laboratory animals.

Definition of virology as a science. Virology general, medical, sanitary. The task of

medical virology. The significance of medical virology in the activities of the physician. Features

of organization and activity of virology laboratories. Achievements of medical virology in the

fight against infectious diseases. Unresolved issues.

The kingdom of viruses. Identification of viruses as special forms of life organization.

Principles of structural organization of viruses. Virions: morphology and components.

Nucleocapsid, capsid, capsomers, envelope (peplos), peplomers. Simple and enveloped viruses,

nucleocapsid types.

The chemical composition of viruses: nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides.

Their features and functions. Viral enzymes, their role, classification.

Replication of virus within host cell. The main stages of the interaction between virus and

host cell during productive infection. Integrative and abortive types of interaction between

viruses and host cells. Persistence of the virus in cells. Viral interference, defective interfering

particles. Satellite viruses. Techniques of virus cultivation in chicken embryos, in laboratory

animals.

Indication of viral reproduction by hemagglutination assay (HA) and hemadsorption.

Antiviral chemotherapeutic agents, classification: inhibitors of adsorption, penetration

and deproteinization of viruses; reverse transcriptase inhibitors, DNA polymerase inhibitors of

DNA- viruses; polymerase inhibitors of RNA and DNA- viruses; inhibitors of viral m-RNA.

Interferons and inductors of their synthesis, mechanism of antiviral action.

36

Subject 23. Cell culture in virology. Techniques of virus cultivation in cell cultures.

Indication of viral reproduction.

Cultivating of viruses using cell culture technique. Classification and characteristics of

cell cultures used in virology. Methods of detection (indication) of viral reproduction by

Cytopathic effect, plaque formation under agar and bentonite coating, viral inclusion bodies.

Methods of quantitative determination (titration) of viruses. Genetic methods for the detection of

viruses and their nucleic acids.

Subject 24. Serologic reactions used in virology.

Features of serological reactions used in virology. Pair serum techniques. Specifics of the

virus diagnostic kits. The complement-fixation reaction. Serological tests used exclusively in

virology - hemagglutination inhibition test and hemidsorption, serum virus neutralizationassay.

Subject 25. Genetics of viruses. Bacteriophages, practical application.

Significance of viruses in the development of genetics. Viral genomes. Differences in the

genomes of RNA and DNA-viruses. Modifying variability of viruses: phenotypic mixing,

polyploidy. Types of genotype variability of viruses.

Mutations of viruses, their classification. Spontaneous and induced, direct and reverse

Mutations. Mutagens

Genetic inteructions between viruses. Recombination, transduction. Genetic reactivation.

Complementation.

Virulence of viruses as a genetic trait. Genetic markers of virulence.

Population variability of viruses. Heterogeneity of viral populations, mechanisms and

practical significance. Dissociation of viruses during reproduction in a cell. Biological properties

of dissociates. Cloning of genetic variants. The role of viruses in the exchange of genetic

information in the biosphere.

Morphotypes and structure of bacteriophages. Chemical composition. Virulent and

temperate phages. Stages of productive interaction of bacteriophages with bacterial cells.

Lisogeny and phage conversion.

Practical use of bacteriophages in microbiology and medicine in order to identify

bacteria, prevent and treat infectious diseases, and to assess the microbial contamination of

environmental objects.

Content module 11. Special Virology.

Specific goals:

➢ To analyze biological properties of human pathogenic viruses.

➢ To explain the role of viruses in human pathology.

➢ To interprete the methods of viral infections diagnosis, to draw conclusions based

on research results.

➢ To analyze drugs used for specific prevention of viral diseases.

Subject 26. Orthomyxoviruses.

Orthomyxoviruses (Orthomyxoviridae family). General characteristics and classification.

Human influenza viruses. Virion structure. Features of the genome. Cultivation. Sensitivity to

physical and chemical factors. Characteristics of antigens. Hemagglutinins, neuraminidases,

37

functional activity. Classification of human influenza viruses. Types and mechanisms of

antigenic variability. Pathogenesis of influenza in humans. Role of viral persistence in human

and animal organism for preservation of epidemically significant strains. Immunity. Laboratory

diagnostics. Specific prevention and treatment.

Subject 27. Paramyxoviruses..

Paramyxoviruses (family Paramyxoviridae). General characteristics and classification.

Virion structure. Antigens. Cultivation. Sensitivity to physical and chemical factors. Genus of

paramyxoviruses (Paramyxovirus). Human parainfluenza viruses (1st to 5th types). Mumps

virus. The role in human pathology. Immunity. Specific prevention. Genus of Morbilliviruses.

Measles virus, biological properties, pathogenesis of the disease. Immunity and specific

prophylaxis. Genus of pneumoviruses (Pneumovirus Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Biological properties. Pathogenesis of the disease. Immunity. Paramyxovirus persistence and

human pathology.

Subject 28. Picornaviruses.

Picornaviruses (Picornaviridae family). General characteristics and family classification.

Genera in the family Picornaviridae. Enterovirus genus. Classification: poliomyelitis viruses,

Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, Enteroviruses 68 - 72 types. Characteristics of virions. Antigens

Cultivation. Pathogenicity for animals. Sensitivity to physical and chemical factors. Significance

of genetic heterogeneity of enterovirus populations in the development of the disease.

The role of enteroviruses in human pathology. Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis and other

enterovirus infections. Immunity. Specific prevention and therapy. The problem of polio

eradication around the world.

Laboratory diagnosis of enterovirus infections.

Rhinoviruses (Rinovirus). General characteristics. Classification. Pathogenesis of

rhinovirus infection. Laboratory diagnostics.

A variety of aphtoviruses (Aphtovirus). Foot-and-mouth disease virus. Biological

properties. Classification. Pathogenesis of infection in humans. Laboratory diagnostics, specific

prevention.

The genus Cardiovirus (Cardiovirus). General characteristics. The role in human

pathology.

Subject 29. Retroviruses. HIV.

Retroviruses (family Retroviridae). General characteristics. Classification of retroviruses.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Morphology and chemical composition. Features of the

genome. Mechanisms of HIV variability. HIV types. Origin and evolution. Cultivation, stages of

interaction with sensitive cells. Sensitivity to physical and chemical factors.

Pathogenesis of HIV infection. Target cells in the human body, characteristic of surface

receptors. Mechanism of immunodeficiency development. AIDS-related pathology

(opportunistic infections and tumors). Laboratory diagnostics. Polymerase chain reaction in the

diagnosis of HIV infection and Western blot (immunoblot) - test. Antiretroviral

therapy and immunomodulators. Prospects for specific prevention.

Subject 30.Other RNA viruses.

Reoviruses (family Reoviridae) General characteristics. Classification. The role of human

pathology. The genus Rotavirus. Classification, properties. The role in human pathology.

Laboratory diagnostics.

38

Arenaviruses (family Arenaviridae). General characteristics and classification. The main

causative agents of human diseases: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa, Junin, and

Machuopo viruses. Laboratory diagnostics. Problems of specific prevention and therapy.

Rabdoviruses (the family Rabdoviridae). General characteristics and classification. The

genus Lyssavirus. The rabies virus. Virion structure. Cultivation. Sensitivity to physical and

chemical factors. Pathogenicity for humans and animals. Pathogenetic features of the disease.

Intracellular body inclusion (Babes-Negri bodies). Laboratory diagnostics. Specific prevention

The genus Vesiculovirus. Role of vesicular stomatitis virus in human pathology.

Diagnosis. Caliciviruses (the family Caliciviridae). General characteristics. The role in human

pathology. Laboratory diagnostics.

Coronaviruses (the family of Soronaviridae). General characteristics. Severe acute

respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV,). Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome

Virus (MERS). The role of human pathology. Laboratory diagnostics.

Togaviridae (Togaviridae family). The genus Rubivirus. Rubella virus. The role in human

pathology. Laboratory diagnostics. Specific prevention.

The Filoviridae family. Ebola and Marburg fever virus. Epidemiology. Pathogenesis of

diseases. Laboratory diagnostics.

Emerging and re-emerging infectious disease.

Subject 31. Poxviruses, papawaviruses, parvoviruses.

Poxviruses (the genus Poxviridae). The genus Orthopoxvirus. General characteristics and

classification. Smallpox virus, cowpox virus, vaccinia virus, monkeypox virus, ectromelia virus.

Virion structure. Antigens. Cultivation. Sensitivity to chemical and physical factors. Mechanism

of hemagglutination. Pathogenetic features of the disease. Laboratory diagnostics. Intracellular

body inclusion (Guarnieri bodies). Specific prophylaxis of smallpox. Global eradication of

smallpox.

The genus Parapoxvirus. Molluscum contagiosum virus. Pathogenesis of infection.

Laboratory diagnostics. Papilloma and polyoma viruses. General characteristics and

classification. Morphology of viruses. Human Papilloma- and Poliomaviruses. Pathogenesis of

diseases caused by these viruses. Oncogenicity. Laboratory diagnostics.

Parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae). General characteristics and classification. Virion

structure. Antigens. Cultivation. Sensitivity to physical and chemical factors. Role of Parvovirus

B19 in human pathology.

Adeno-associated viruses, properties, use in genetic engineering.

Subject 32. Herpesviruses.

Herpesviruses (the family of Herpesviridae). General characteristics and classification.

Virion structure. Antigens. Cultivation. Sensitivity to physical and chemical factors.

Herpes viruses pathogenic for humans: Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella-zoster

virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Human herpes viruses 6 and 7, Human herpesvirus

8, B virus. Biological properties. Role in pathology. The mechanisms of herpesvirus persistence.

Laboratory diagnostics, specific prevention and treatment of herpes infections.

Subject 33. Adenoviruses.

Adenoviruses (the family Adenoviridae). General characteristics and classification.

Human Adenoviruses. Virion structure. Antigens, their localization and specificity. Virus

cultivation. Sensitivity to physical and chemical factors. Hemagglutinum activity. Pathogenesis

of diseases. Persistence Oncogenic serotypes of adenoviruses. Intestinal adenoviruses.

Laboratory diagnostics of adenoviral infections. Specific prevention and treatment.

39

Subject 34. Viral hepatitis.

Hepatitis A virus (family of Picornaviridae), peculiarities. Approaches to specific

prevention of hepatitis A. Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis A.

Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae family). History of study. Virion structure. Antigens:

Dane particles, the surface HBs antigen. Internal antigens: НВc, НBe, their characteristics.

Sensitivity to physical and chemical factors. Features of the pathogenesis of the disease.

Persistence. Immunity. Microbiological diagnostics, detection methods and diagnostic value of

hepatitis B markers (antigens, antibodies, nucleic acids). Specific prevention and treatment.

Other pathogens of hepatitis: C, D, E, G, TTV, SENV, their taxonomy, properties, role in

human pathology, methods of laboratory diagnosis.

Subject 35. Ecological group of arboviruses.

Ecological community of arboviruses.

Flaviviruses (the family Flaviviridae), Bunyaviruses (the family Bunyaviridae),

fyloviruses (the genus Filoviridae), Togaviruses (Togaviridae family, genus Alfavirus). General

characteristics. Classification. Antigens. Cultivation. Sensitivity to physical and chemical

factors. The main representatives of the human flaviviruses: tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow

fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever. Peculiarities of

pathogenesis. Natural focus of viruses.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus. Biological properties, ecological variants of the pathogen.

Distribution in nature. The mechanism of pathogen transmission. Pathogenesis and

immunogenesis of the disease. The role of scientists in the study of flavivirus infections (L. O.

Zilber, M. P. Chumakov, A. K. Shubladze, E. N. Levkovich, etc.).

Laboratory diagnostics of flavivirus infections. Specific prevention and treatment.

Subject 36. Oncogenic viruses.

Historical origins of current concepts of viral carcinogenesis. Characteristics of

transformed cells. The mechanisms of cell transformation and viral replication by tumor viruses.

The concept of "oncogene". Theories of the oncogenes origin. The Virus-Genetic Theory of

Tumor Origins by L. O. Zilber.

Oncogenic DNA viruses: papillomaviruses, poliomaviruses, herpesviruses, and others.

General characteristics, participation in human carcinogenesis.

Oncogenic RNA viruses from the family of Retroviridae. Morphology, classification. The

role in human carcinogenesis. Oncogenic viruses of other taxonomic groups (representatives of

the families Adenoviridae, Poxviridae, Hepadnaviridae, etc.). General characteristics.

Endogenous retroviruses.

Subject 37. Prions.

Prions. Properties. Prion diseases of animals (scrapie, spongiform encephalopathy of

cows) and humans (kuru, Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, etc.). Physical and chemical properties. The

mechanism of replication in vivo.



Specific goals:

➢ To interpret the biological properties of pathogens of infectious diseases.

40

➢ Explain the pathogenetic patterns of infectious processes caused by pathogenic

prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

➢ To define methods of microbiological diagnostics, etiotropic therapy and

prevention of infections caused by pathogenic prokaryotes and eukaryotes..

Subject 1. Staphylococci and streptococci (Micrococcaceae and Streptococcaceae

families).

Evolution of the cocci group of bacteria, their general characteristics.

Staphylococcus genus (Staphylococcus). Classification. Biological properties.

Pathogenicity factors. The role of staphylococci in the development of human pathology.

Pathogenesis of the processes they cause. Role in the development of hospital infection.

Immunity and its features. Drugs for specific prevention and therapy. Methods of

microbiological diagnosis of staphylococcal infections.

Streptococcus genus (Streptococcus). Classification, biological properties. Toxins,

pathogenicity enzymes. The role in human pathology. Pathogenesis of streptococcal disease.

Immunity. Methods of microbiological diagnostics of streptococcal diseases.

Etiological and pathogenetic role of group A streptococci in respiratory infections,

erysipelas, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, acute glomerulonephritis, rheumatism, sepsis, and others.

Streptococcus pneumoniae - pneumococcus, biological properties. Pathogenicity

factors. Etiological and pathogenetic role of Streptococcus pneumonia in human pathology.

Microbiological diagnostics. Pathogenicity for humans and animals. Specific prevention of

pneumococcal disease.

Oral streptococci, their role in caries and other dental diseases.

Subject 2. Meningococci and gonococci (Neisseriaceae family).

Neisseria genus. Biological properties. Classification. Evolution of pathogenicity.

Meningococci (Neisseria menigitidis). Biological properties, classification.

Pathogenesis and microbiological diagnostics of meningococcal diseases and bacteria-carrying

state. Differentiation of meningococci and gram-negative diplococci of nasopharynx. Prevention

of meningococcal infection.

Gonococcus (Neisseria gonorrhoeae). Biological properties. Pathogenicity for human,

variability. Acute and chronic gonorrhea. Immunity. Microbiological diagnostics of gonorrhea.

Prevention and specific therapy for gonorrhea and blennorrhea.

Subject 3. Enterobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae family). Escherichia.

Classification and general characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae family members.

Modern views on the evolution of intestinal bacteria. Antigenic structure. Virulence factors and

their genetic determinism. Pathogenic and opportunistic enterobacteria. Occurence and ability to

survive in the environment.

Escherichia genus, their main properties. Physiological role and sanitary significance.

Diarrheic esherichia. Classification by antigenic structure and division into categories depending

on virulence factors, serological markers and clinical and epidemiological features. Parenteral

escherichiosis. Microbiological diagnostics of Escherichia coli.

Subject 4. Salmonella.

Salmonella genus. General characteristics of the genus. Classification by antigenic

structure (Kauffman-White). Pathogenicity for humans and animals.

Salmonella - pathogens of generalized infections (typhoid fever and paratyphoid).

Biological properties. Antigenic structure, pathogenicity factors. Pathogenesis and

immunogenesis of diseases. Bacteria carrying state.

Subject 5. Salmonella - the agents of gastroenterocolitis.

41

Salmonella as agents causing acute gastroenterocolitis. Peculiarities of pathogenesis.

Methods of microbiological diagnostics of salmonellosis. Specific prevention and

treatment.

Subject 6. Shigella.

Shigella genus. Biological properties. Classification. Shigella virulence factors.

Pathogenesis of shigellosis (dysentery). Immunity. Methods of microbiological diagnostics.

Features of Grigoriev – Shiga dysentery. The problem of specific prevention. Specific therapy.

Subject 7. Other pathogenic enterobacteria.

Klebsiella genus. Characteristics and biological properties of klebsiella. Klebsiella

pneumoniae and its role in pathology. Klebsiella ozaenae and rhinoscleromatis. Microbiological

diagnostics of klebsiellosis.

Proteus, Morganella and Providencia genera. The value of individual species in the

etiology of acute intestinal infections, purulent inflammatory processes, mixed infections,

hospital infections and food toxicoinfection. Microbiological diagnostics of diseases.

Other representatives of opportunistic enterobacteria: Hafnia, Serratia, Enterobacter,

Edwardsiella, Erwinia, Citrobacter. Biological properties. Significance in pathology. Features of

microbiological diagnostics of diseases caused by conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria.

Subject 8. Vibrio (Vibrionaceae family)

Vibrio cholerae. Biovars (classic and El Tor), their differentiation. Cholera distribution.

Morphology. Cultural properties, enzymatic activity. Classification of vibrios by Heiberg.

Antigenic structure. Virulence factors. Cholorogene, mechanism of action, methods of

cholorogene detecting. Vibrio cholerae that are not agglutinated with O-1 serum, the O-139

"Bengal" vibrio. Pathogenesis and immunity in cholera. Methods of microbiological diagnostics.

Accelerated diagnosis of the disease and indication of Vibrio cholerae in the environment.

Specific prophylaxis and therapy of cholera.

Halophilous vibrios - pathogens of toxic infections. Biological properties. Pathogenicity

for a person. Features of microbiological diagnostics.

Other vibrios as a cause of gastroenteritis, wound infection, inflammatory diseases of the

internal organs.

Subject 9. Corynebacteria (Corynebacteriaceae family).

Diphtheria causative agent (Corynebacterium diphtheriae). History of discovery and

study. Morphology. Cultural properties. Biovars. Resistance. Pathogenicity factors. Diphtheriae

toxin. Toxicity as a result of phage conversion. Molecular mechanism of action of diphtheria

toxin. Diphtheria pathogenesis. Antioxidant immunity. Bacteria carrier state. Microbiological

diagnostics of diphtheria. Immunological and genetic methods for determining the toxicity of the

causative agent of diphtheria. Differentiation of the causative agent of diphtheria with other

pathogenic and non-pathogenic for human corynebacteria, control of toxigenicity, specific

prevention and treatment of diphtheria.

Subject 10. Mycobacteria (Mycobacteriaceae family)

Pathogenic, conditionally pathogenic and saprophytic mycobacteria. Mycobacterium

tuberculosis, species, morphological, tinctorial, culture and antigenic properties. Features of the

pathogenesis of the disease. The variability of tuberculous bacteria, factors of pathogenicity.

Tuberculin. Characteristic of immunity, the role of cellular mechanisms. BCG vaccine.

Microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drugs. The problem of multiple resistance of

42

Mycobacterium tuberculosis to chemotherapeutic drugs. Epidemic distribution of tuberculosis in

modern conditions. Causative agent of leprosy.

Mycobacteriosis pathogens. Classification, properties. The role in human pathology.

Mycobacteriosis as a manifestation of HIV - infection.

Subject 11. Anaerobic infection agents (Bacillaceae family).

Clostridium genus. Classification. Ecology, properties. Evolution of clostridia.

Resistance to environmental factors. Toxicity. Genetic control of toxin formation.

Clostridia - pathogens of anaerobic wound infections. Types. Properties, Pathogenicity

factors, toxins. Pathogenesis of anaerobic wound infection. Antioxidant immunity.

Microbiological diagnostics. Specific treatment and prevention.

Clostridium tetani. Properties. Pathogenicity factors, toxins. Pathogenesis of the disease.

Immunity. Microbiological diagnostics. Specific treatment and prevention of tetanus.

Clostridium botulinum. Properties. Pathogenicity factors, botulinum toxins. Pathogenesis of the

disease. Immunity. Microbiological diagnostics. Specific treatment and prevention of botulism.

Clostridium difficile, a role in human pathology.

Subject 12. Zoonotic infection agents.

Yersinia genus. Yersinia - pathogens of intestinal yersiniosis and pseudotuberculosis.

Biological properties. Psychrophilia. Microbiological diagnostics of intestinal yersiniosis.

Causative agent of plague. History of study. Biological properties. Virulence factors.

Pathogenesis of the plague. Methods of microbiological diagnosis of plague. Criteria for

identifying a plague pathogen. Specific prophylaxis and treatment of plague.

Brucelli (Brucellaceae family) Classification. Biological properties. Pathogenicity

factors. Types of brucella and their pathogenicity for humans and animals. Pathogenesis and

immunity in brucellosis. Methods of microbiological diagnostics. Preparations for specific

prevention and therapy.

The causative agent of tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Biological properties.

Pathogenesis, immunity, methods of microbiological diagnostics. Specific prevention of

tularemia.

Anthrax causative agent (Bacillus anthracis). Properties. Resistance. Pathogenicity for

humans and animals. Factors of pathogenicity, toxins. Pathogenesis of a disease in a human,

immunity. Microbiological diagnostics. Specific prevention and treatment of anthrax.

Subject 13. Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma.

Rickettsia (Rickettsiaceae family). General characteristics and classification of

rickettsia. Rickettsia - pathogens of epidemic typhus and Brill-Zinsser disease, endemic typhus,

causative agent of Q-fever. Biological properties. Ecology. Hosts and transmitters. Resistance.

Antigenic structure. Toxin formation. Pathogenicity for a human. Immunity. Microbiological

diagnostics of rickettsiosis. Antimicrobial drugs. Specific prevention.

Chlamydia (family Chlamydiaceae). Classification. Biological properties. Ecology.

Resistance. Intracellular parasitism. Antigenic structure. Pathogenicity factors. The causative

agent of ornithosis. Pathogenicity for humans and birds. Pathogenesis and immunity.

Microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drugs. Causative agent of trachoma. Pathogenicity

for a person. Neonatal tracheal conjunctivitis (blennorrhoea with inclusions). Urogenital

chlamydia. Pathogenesis. Microbiological diagnostics. Principles of prevention and therapy.

Mycoplasma (Mycoplasmataceae family). General characteristics of the Molliculae

class. Classification. Biological properties. The role in human pathology. Mycoplasmas -

pathogens of pneumonia, acute respiratory diseases, urethritis, endocarditis, pathologies of

43

pregnancy and fetal affection. Pathogenesis of diseases, immunity. Microbiological diagnostics.

Principles of prevention and therapy. Mycoplasmas of the oral cavity.

Subject 14. Spirochetes.

General characteristics. Classification.

Treponema genus. Syphilis causative agent. Morphological, cultural properties.

Pathogenesis and immunogenesis of syphilis. Microbiological diagnostics and specific therapy.

Pathogens of endemic syphilis - bejel, framboesia, and pinta. Properties. Ways of infecting a

person. The course of the disease in humans. Microbiological diagnostics.

Borrelia genus. Pathogen of epidemic recurrent fever. Pathogenesis, immunity.

Microbiological diagnostics. Specific prevention. Pathogens of endemic mite-borne

spirochaetosis. Pathogenesis, diagnostics. Lyme disease, pathogen, diagnosis, prevention.

Leptospira genus (Leptospiraceae family). Classification. The causative agent of

leptospirosis. Properties. Pathogenicity for humans and animals. Pathogenesis of leptospirosis.

Immunity. Microbiological diagnostics. Specific prevention.

Subject 15. Pathogenic undulate forms of bacteria.

Spirillum genus. The causative agent of fever obtained from the rat bite.

Microbiological diagnostics of the disease.

Campylobacter genus. Classification. Campylobacter, a causative agent of purulent-

inflammatory and acute intestinal diseases. Biological properties, microbiological diagnostics.

Helicobacter genus. The discovery of Helicobacter pylori - a causative agent of human

gastroduodenal diseases. Biological properties. Factors of the stomach mucous membrane

coloniztion. Urease activity. Pathogenesis of helicobacteric infection. Methods of

microbiological diagnostics: rapid (urease and histological tests), bacteriological, chain

polymerase reaction, serological diagnostics. Modern methods of treatment of helicobacter

infection.

Subject 16. Anaerobic nonclostridial bacteria.

Bacteroids (Bacteroides). Prevotella. Porphyromonas. Ecology. Biological properties.

Pathogenicity for a human. Immunity. Microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drugs.

Fusobacterium. Propionibacteria (Propionibacterium).

Anaerobic cocci, properties. Peptococcus. Peptostreptococcus. Veillonella. The role in

human pathology.

Subject 17. Pertussis causative agent.

Pertussis causative agent (Bordetella pertussis). Morphological, cultural, antigenic

properties. Pathogenesis and immunity of the disease. Microbiological diagnostics.

Differentiation of pathogens of the pertussis, parapertussis and bronchopulmonary tuberculosis.

Specific prevention of pertussis. Etiotropic therapy.

Subject 18. Gram-negative nonfermenting bacteria.

Pseudomonads (Pseudomonadaceae family). Classification. Ecology. Resistance.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biological properties. Pathogenicity factors. The role of inflammatory

processes and hospital infection. Microbiological diagnostics. Treatment.

Other gram-negative nonfermenting bacteria: acinetobacteria, moraxels.

Subject 19. Other pathogenic bacteria.

44

Legionella (Legionellaceae family). Classification. Biological properties. Legionella

culturing. Distribution of Legionella in the environment. Characteristics of legionella - pathogens

of pneumonia. Epidemiology of legionellosis. Risk groups. Pathogenesis of the disease. Clinical

forms. Immunity. Microbiological diagnostics. Methods for legionella detecting in the

environment. Treatment, prevention of legionellosis.

Pasteurella genus. Taxonomic position. Classification. Biological properties of the genus.

Pasteurella multocida, an agent causing diseases in birds, cattle and humans. Characteristic.

Microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drugs.

Haemophilus genus. Classification. Biological properties of haemophili. Growth factors

for haemophili. Haemophilus influenza, a causative agent of acute and chronic respiratory

diseases, bacterial meningitis, etc. Characteristics of the pathogen. Antigenic structure.

Sensitivity to antibiotics. Haemophilus ducreyi - the causative agent of venereal disease - soft

chancre. Characteristics of the pathogen. Microbiological diagnostics of diseases caused by

haemophili. Antimicrobial drugs.

Listeria genus. Classification. Biological properties. Pathogenicity for animals.

Epidemiology. Pathogenesis of a disease in a human. Immunity. Microbiological diagnostics.

Treatment and prevention of listeriosis.

Subject 20. Pathogenic fungi and actinomycetes.

Pathogenic fungi. Classification. Biological properties. Resistance. Pathogenicity

factors, toxins. Sensitivity to antibiotics.

Dermatophytes - pathogens of dermatomycosis (epidermophytosis, trichophytosis,

microsporiosis, favus). Properties. Pathogenicity for a human. Microbiological diagnostics.

Pathogens of deep mycoses: blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis. Properties

Pathogenicity for a person. Microbiological diagnostics.

Fungi of the Candida genus. Properties Pathogenicity for a human. Factors that cause

candidiasis (dysbiosis, etc.). Microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drugs.

Pathogens of aspergillosis and penicillinosis. Properties Pathogenicity for a human.

Pneumocysts (Pneumocystis carinii). Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with AIDS.

Actinomycetes (Actinomycetaceae genus). General description of Actinomycetes

genus. Pathogens causing actinomycosis. Ecology. Resistance. Properties. Pathogenesis of the

disease. Immunity. Microbiological diagnostics. Chemotherapeutic drugs. Immunotherapy.

Prevention of actinomycosis.

Nocardia Classification. Ecology. Biological properties. Pathogenesis of nocardiosis.

Microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drugs.

Subject 21. Pathogenic protozoa.

Classification. Ecology. Biological properties.

Plasmodia causing malaria. Development cycles. Pathogenesis of malaria, immunity.

Microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drugs. Prevention.

Toxoplasma, amoeba, lamblia, leishmania, trypanosomes, trichomonads, balantidias.

Properties, Role in pathology.

Pathogenesis and microbiological diagnostics of diseases. Principles of treatment.

Prevention.

Free-living amoeba (acanthamoeba, hartmanella, neglieria). Role in pathology.

Content module 13. Fundamentals of Clinical and Environmental Microbiology

Specific goals:

45

➢ To interpret biological properties of pathogenic and opportunistic

microorganisms and patterns of their interaction with the human organism and

the environment.

➢ To determine the methods of microbiological, virological diagnostics, etiotropic

therapy and prevention of opportunistic and hospital infections.

Subject 22. General characteristics of clinical microbiology.

Definition. The significance of clinical microbiology in the work of the physician.

Objects of study. Pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.

Heterogeneity and population variability.

Microbiocenoses of healthy and pathologically altered human biotops. Dysbiosis.

Conditions of occurrence. Consequences of development. Classification by pathogen and

localization. Methods of diagnosis and treatment.

Subject 23. Opportunistic infections.

Definition. Conditions of occurrence, especially: polyorganic tropism of pathogens,

polyetiologicity, insignificant specificity of clinical manifestations, tendency to generalization.

Distribution of opportunistic infections. Exogenous opportunistic infections

(legionellosis, pseudotuberculosis, listeriosis, serratiosis). Endogenous opportunistic infections,

the role of representatives of the resident microflora of the organism in their occurrence.

Microbiological diagnostics. Criteria of etiological role of opportunistic microbes isolated from

pathological foci.

Opportunistic infections. Etiological structure. Hospital strains and ecovars of

opportunistic microbes. Opportunistic infections associated with medical intervention. Features

of immunity. Microbiological fundamentals of prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic

infections.

Scientific substantiation of antiepidemic measures.

Subject 24. Healthcare acquired infections (clinical, hospital, nosocomial).

Definition. Classification. Conditions contributing to their occurrence and widespread

distribution in hospitals.

The microorganisms that most often cause hospital infection (staphylococci,

streptococci, proteus, escherichia, serratia, salmonella, pseudomonads, escherichia, vibrios,

citrobacter, branhamella, moraxella, listeria, mycobacteria, bacteroids, fusobacteria,

peptosterectococci, clostridia, mycoplasma, Candida genus fungi etc.). The most common

pathology: wound infections, purulent-inflammatory processes of the skin, subcutaneous adipose

tissue, respiratory organs, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system,

eyes, ears, sepsis, septicopimeemia.

Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms of a hospital infection caused by obligatory

pathogenic microbes (nosocomial toxicospecific salmonellosis, hospital colienteritis, hepatitis B,

adenovirus conjunctivitis, local and generalized forms of herpetic and cytomegalovirus infection,

chlamydial and mycoplasma urethritis, dermatomycosis, etc.). Conditions for a successful

diagnosis of intra-hospital infections. Criteria of etiological role of microorganisms isolated in

bacteriological diagnostics of intra-hospital infections. Prevention of hospital infections.

Subject 25. Ecological microbiology.

Definition. Scientific and social prerequisites for the formation of ecological

microbiology. Population, biotope, microbiocenosis. The main types of interspecies

relationships: neutralism, symbiosis (commensalism, parasitism, mutaulism), competition.

Dynamism of environmental relationships.

46

Ecological systems of microorganisms. Free-living and parasitic microbes. Soil, water

and air microflora - atmospheric and that of enclosed premises (medical institutions, dwellings,

etc.).

Microbiological aspects of environmental protection. Protection of groups of

microorganisms that take part in the substances and energy cycling from the damaging effects of

man-made factors. Biological and technogenic pollution of the environment and the role of

microbes in biodegradation. Microbial degradation of national and household materials,

medicines. Problems of protection of the biosphere from artificial mutants and "space" microbes.

Normal microflora of the human body (eumicrobiocenosis). Autochthonous and

allochthonous microflora of the human body. Microflora of the skin, respiratory tract, digestive

and urogenital systems, its anti-infectious, detoxifying, immunizational, metabolic role. Methods

of studying the role of normal microflora of the human body.

Ethology of microbes.

Gnotobiology, the significance of gnotobiological principles in clinic. Factors that

affect the quantitative and qualitative composition of the human body microflora. The concept of

colonization resistance and its role in infectious pathology. Dysbiosis. Methods for

determination. Probiotics, prebiotics - drugs for the restoration of normal human microflora

(bifidumbacterin, lactobacterin, colibacterin, bificol, aerococobacterin, biosporin, bactisubtil,

multiprobiotics of the Symbiter group, etc.). The mechanism of action. Dynamics of normal

microflora in human ontogenesis. Pathogenic role of normal microflora and mechanisms of

pathogenic properties acquisition.

Effects of chemical and physical environmental factors on microorganisms. Influence of

temperature, environmental pH, drying, radiation, ultrasound, atmospheric and osmotic pressure,

chemical substances of different classes. Mechanism of the harming effect of these factors.

Content module 14. Sanitary microbiology and virology.

Specific goals:

➢ To interpret the concept of "sanitary-indicative microorganisms" and their role

as an indicator in assessing the degree of contamination by pathogenic

microorganisms of the environmental objects: water, soil and air.

➢ To analyze the qualitative and quantitative composition of microbes in water,

soil, air, and draw conclusions about their epidemic safety.

➢ To interpret sanitary-virological and bacteriological criteria for assessing water

bodies, soil and air in enclosed spaces.

Subject 26. Fundamentals of sanitary microbiology. Sanitary microbiology of water,

soil and air.

The importance of sanitary microbiology in a physician’s work. Tasks and methods of

conducting microbiological research. Direct methods for the determination of pathogenic

microorganisms in environmental objects and indirect methods of sanitary-microbiological

research. Microbial count.

Sanitary-indicative microorganisms (SIM) of soil, water and air. Terms and conditions

for the survival of pathogenic microbes in the environment.

Sanitary microbiology of water. Methods of sanitary-microbiological research of water.

Determination of microbial count. Determination of the number of bacteria - indicators of faecal

contamination: coli-index and coli-titer (by the method of membrane filters and fermentation).

Varieties of E. coli and the issue of their sanitary significance. Fecal coliform (FCB) bacteria in

coligroup as indicators of fresh faecal contamination. The role of water in the transmission of

infectious diseases pathogens.

47

Soil sanitary microbiology. Soil sanitary microbiology in connection with infection

prevention. Pathogenic microorganisms that are identified in the soil. Microbial soil inhabitants.

Microbes that get into the soil with human and animal feces. Methods of soil sanitary-

microbiological research. Factors that affect the qualitative and quantitative composition of

microbial soils. Microbial count, coli titer, titer-perfringens of soil.

Air sanitary microbiology. The role of air in the transmission of infectious diseases.

Methods of determining air microbial count. Factors that affect the microbial composition.

Methods of sanitary-bacteriological study of air (sedimentation and aspiration). Estimation of the

sanitary condition of the enclosed premises for general microbial contamination, the presence of

SPM (staphylococci, B - and V - hemolytic streptococci), which are indicators of air

contamination with the nasopharynx microflora.

Subject 27. Sanitary virology.

Subject, task, importance of sanitary virology in the activities of the physician.

The role of water, soil, air in the transmission of pathogens of viral infections. Viruses

that are most often detected in environmental objects.

Sanitary virological study of water. Sampling, methods of detection, concentration.

Viruses, bacteriophages in drinking and sewage waters. Methods of detection.

Methods of detecting pathogenic viruses in the soil. Investigation of the soil for the

presence of enteroviruses.

Role of the air environment in the spread of pathogens of respiratory viral infections.

Methods for air sampling and respiratory viruses indicating.

LIST OF QUESTIONS TO THE FINAL MODULE ASSESSMENT OF THE

RELEVANT MODULES AND THE DISCIPLINE IN GENERAL

MODULE 1: MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS.

INFECTION. IMMUNITY. GENERAL AND SPECIALIZED VIROLOGY.


1. Definition of microbiology as a science. Fields in microbiology. Subject and objectives of

medical microbiology. Main features and trends of modern microbiology development.

2. The discovery of microorganisms by A. Leeuwenhoek. Stages of microbiology development.

Contribution of L. Pasteur and R. Koch to microbiology.

3. Formation of the main directions of microbiological science. The role of D. Samoylovich,

E. Jenner., I. I. Mechnikov, D. I. Ivanovsky, P. Ehrlich, S. M. Vinogradsky, E. Bering, G.

Ramon, F. O. Lesh, G. Daggk, O. Fleming, D.K. Zaboltny, L.O. Zilber, V. M. Zhdanov, M.P.

Chumakov, F. Burnet and other scientists. Microbiology development in Ukraine.


eukaryotes. Microorganism staining. Microscopy.

1. The main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Forms of bacteria with a defect in

the synthesis of cell walls, protoplates, spheroplasts. L-form bacteria.

2. Morphology and structure of bacteria. The role of individual structures for the life of bacteria

and the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Vegetative forms and spores.

3. Morphology and classification of protozoa.

4. Classification and morphology of fungi.

5. Methods of microscopy. Preparation of bacteriological smears. Dyes and dye solutions, simple

and complex staining methods.

6. Principles of organization, equipment and operation of bacteriological, serological and

virological laboratories.

48

7. Bacterioscopic method of investigation. Stages

Content module 3. Physiology of microorganisms (prokaryotes). Evolution and

classification of microorganisms.

1. Types and mechanisms of microorganisms nutrition. Mechanisms of nutrients penetration into

bacterial cells. Chemical composition of microorganisms. The value of component components.

Growth media, requirements for them. Classification of growth media used in microbiology.

2. Respiration in microorganisms. Aerobic and anaerobic types of respiration. Enzymes and cell

structures involved in the process of respiration. Methods of culturing anaerobic bacteria.

3. Enzymes of microorganisms, their role in metabolism. Use for differentiation of bacteria.

Pathogenicity enzymes.

4. Bacterial growth and reproduction. The mechanism of cell division, the phases of bacteria

culturing under stationary conditions.

5. Bacteriological method of study. Principles for the pure bacterial cultures isolation and

identification.

6. Influence of physical, chemical and biological factors on microorganisms. Sterilization,

methods, control of sterilization efficiency. Asepstics. Antisepstics.

7. Origin and evolution of microorganisms. Modern classification of prokaryotes. Main taxa.

Systematics and nomenclature of bacteria. Species as the main taxonomic unit. Systematics and

nomenclature of bacteria. Basic principles of taxonomy. Classification of bacteria.

Characteristics of a species.


1. Material basis of heredity in microorganisms. Genotype and phenotype. Types of variability.

Nonhereditary variability.

2. Hereditary variability. Mutations, their types. Mutagens: physical, chemical, biological.

Genetic recombinations: transformation, transduction, conjugation. Dissociation in bacteria.

3. Post-chromosomal factors of heredity in bacteria. Plasmids, their main genetic functions.

Mobile elements. Integrons and superintegrons. The role of mutations, recombinations and

selection in the evolution of microbes. The main factors of evolution.

4. The significance of genetics in the development of general and medical microbiology,

virology, molecular biology. Microbiological fundamentals of genetic engineering. Scheme for

obtaining genetic structures and genetaiclly modified organisms. Achievement of genetic

engineering, use of genetically engineered drugs in medicine.

Content module 5. Microbiological fundamentals of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

1. Chemotherapy and chemotherapeutics. Chemotherapeutic index. Mechanism of

antibacterial action of sulfanilamides. The role of P. Ehrlich and G. Domagk in the development

of the doctrine of chemotherapy.

2. The phenomenon of microbial antagonism. The role of native microbiologists in the

development of the theory of microbial antagonism. Antibiotics, characterization, principles of

obtaining, units of measurement. Classification by mechanism of action on microorganisms.

3. Medicinal stability of microbes, mechanism of stable forms formation. Methods of

determining the sensitivity of microbes to antibiotics. Minimal suppressive (MSC) and minimal

bactericidal (MBC) concentrations. Practical meaning. Principles of overcoming drug resistance

in microorganisms.


1. Infection. The factors, which are necessary for development of an infectious process. The

role of microorganisms in development of an infectious process. Pathogenicity, virulence, the

units of virulence of bacteria and the methods of their determination. The factors of virulence

of microorganisms, their characteristic.

49

2. Toxins of microorganisms (exotoxins, endotoxins). Features and chemical structure,

isolation, measurement of potency of exotoxins. The role in pathogenesis and

immunogenesis of infection diseases.

3. Phases of infectious process development. Mechanisms of infection transmission.

Bacteremia, toxemia, septicemia. Periods of infectious disease.

4. The role of macroorganism in an infectious process. Immune reactivity of the child’s

organism. The influence of the environment and social factors on the appearance and

development of the infectious process in human. Persistence of bacteria and viruses. The

notion of relapse (recidivation), reinfection, superinfection.

Content module 7. Immune system of an organism. Reactions of nonspecific defence

from microorganisms.

1. Study of immunity. The periods of immunology development. Types of immunity and forms

of immunity.

2. Nonspecific factors of host defence from pathogenic microorganisms. Complement, its

features, pathways of complement activation. Cytokines. Phagocytosis, types of phagocytic

cells. Stages of phagocytosis. Complete and incomplete phagocytosis. Toll-like receptors of

phagocytic cells.

3. The immune system of an organism, organs of the immune system. The role of the thymus

gland in the immune response. The cells of the immune system, their types, interactions of T-

lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and macrophages. Their role in the cellular and humoral

immunity.

4. Principles of the immune response of an organism. Phases of immune response. Immune

reactions. Immune tolerance, The cause of immune tolerance induction. Immune memory, its

mechanism.

5. Immediate hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity, their mechanisms, differences.

Practical importance.

6. The three-cell cooperation scheme of induction of the immune response. The role of

different cells of the immune system, their interaction. Interleukins.


1. Antigens, their characteristic. Complete and incomplete antigens. Bacteria antigenic

structure. Practical importance of the study of bacterial antigens. Autoantigens.

2. Antibodies, their properties. The location of their production, dynamics of antibody

production.

3. Plasmocytes: definition of “plasma cell clone”. Autoantibodies.

4. Antitoxins, their properties, mechanism of action. The principles of obtaining of antitoxic

immune sera. The units of their activity, practical use.

5. Serological reactions, their characteristic, main types, practical use. Agglutination reaction,

its mechanism, types. Practical use.

6. Serological reactions. Precipitation reaction, its mechanism. Used in medical practice.

Precipitation reaction in gel.

7. Serological reactions. Lysis reactions. The complement-fixation reaction, practical use.

8. Serological reactions with labeled antibody or labeled antigens. Practical use of

immunofluorescence reaction (RIF), enzyme immunoassay and radioimmune assay.

9. Genetic methods of research (PCR, DNA probe method, immunoblotting, molecular

hybridization method).

Content module 9. Reactions of immunity. Immunopathology.

1. The forms and types of immune response. Humoral immune response and its phases.

2. Primary and secondary immune response. Immune cell cooperation in immune response.

50

3. Reactions of immune response, their characteristic. Cell-mediated immune response.

4. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity. Mechanisms of their inductions.

5. Monoclonal antibodies, their production and the use in medical practice.

6. Immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune processes. Complex assessment of immune status.

7. Live vaccines, methods of their obtaining. Regulation, practical use of live vaccines,

determination of their effectiveness.

8. Vaccines. History of vaccine development. Classification of vaccines. Subunit (chemical)

vaccines, synthetic vaccines, recombinant vaccines, anti-idiotypic vaccines, liposomal and

capsular vaccines, mucosal vaccines, ribosomal and RNA vaccines, vaccines from transgenic

plants.

9. Chemical vaccines and anatoxins, principles of their obtaining. Combined vaccine. Adsorbed

vaccines, “depot” effect.

10. Anatoxins, their obtaining, purification, activity units, practical use, value.

11. Corpuscular vaccines obtained from killed microorganisms. The main principles of their

manufacture, regulation, determination of their effectiveness.

Content modul 10. General virology.

1. History of discovery and the main stages in the development of virology. The contribution of

national scientists. Methods of study of viruses and their evaluation.

2. Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses. Symmetry types of viruses. Chemical composition

and function of components of the virus

3. Bacteriophage, the history of studying. Structure, classification of phages by morphology.

Methods of qualitative and quantitative determination of bacteriophages. Practical use of

bacteriophages.

4. Forms of interaction between bacteriophage and bacterial cell. Virulent and moderate phages.

Characteristics of productive interaction. Lysogenity and phage conversion.

5. Modern views on the nature and origin of viruses. Place of viruses in the live system.

6. Principles of viruses classification. Basic properties of human and animal viruses.

7. Methods of cultivation of viruses and their evaluation.

8. Reactions of viral hemagglutination and hemadsorbtion. The mechanism, practical

importance, use and diagnostic value.

9. Serological tests that are used in virology. Reaction of virus neutralization, mechanism,

principles of use, diagnostic value.

10. Hemagglutination inhibition test, its mechanism, principles of use, diagnostic value.

11. Complement fixation test, its essence, evaluation. Features of complement fixation test in

viral infection diagnosis.

12. Reactions with labeled antibodies and antigens in virology. Immunofluorescence reaction

(IFR).

13. Usage of cell cultures in virology. Classification of cell cultures. Growth medium for cells

culturing.

14. Types of interaction between viruses and cells. Characteristics of productive interaction,

phases.

15. Features of the pathogenesis of viral infections. Acute and persistent viral infections.

16. Immunological features of viral infections. Factors of antiviral immunity.

17. Detection of viruses in cell culture and their evaluation. Cytopathogenic action of viruses, its

form.

18. Nonspecific factors of macroorganism protection from viral agents and their characteristics.

Interferons, mechanism of action, interferon-stimulated genes.

19. Viral vaccines, classification, principles receiving, the requirements for them, control,

evaluation of effectiveness.

51

Content modul 10. Spesial virology.

1. Orthomyxoviridae family. History of discovery, biological properties, classification.

2. Methods of laboratory diagnosis of influenza and its estimation.

3. Antigenic structure and types of antigenic variability of influenza virus. Modern hypotheses

explaining antigenic variability orthomyxoviruses.

4. Pathogenesis and immunity during influenza. The role of specific and nonspecific

mechanisms of immunity to influenza.

5. The problem of specific prophylaxis and therapy of influenza. Preparation their evaluation.

6. Paramyxoviridae family, the general characteristics. Parainfluenza viruses, their biological

properties. Role in the development of human pathology. Laboratory diagnosis of

parainfluenza infections.

7. Measles virus biological properties and cultivation. Pathogenesis of infection. Laboratory

diagnosis and specific prophylaxis.

8. Mumps (epidemic parotitis) virus. Pathogenesis of infection. Laboratory diagnosis and

specific prophylaxis of mumps.

9. Paramyxoviridae family. General characteristics. Respiratory syncytial virus. Biological

properties, role in the development of human pathology. Methods of diagnosing of diseases

caused by RS-virus.

10. Picornaviridae family, general characteristics. Antigenic structure. Biological features of

Coxsackie viruses, properties. The value in the development of human pathology.

11. Polioviruses, characteristics, classification. Pathogenesis and immunogenesis of infection.

Laboratory diagnosis and specific prophylaxis. The problem of polio worldwide eradication.

12. Enterovirus genus, general characteristics, classification. Laboratory diagnosis of infections

cauaed by enteroviruses.

13. Rhinovirus genus, biological properties. Classification. Role in human pathology. Methods

of laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by rhinoviruses.

14. Rabdoviridae family. Rabies virus, biological properties. The pathogenesis of the disease.

Laboratory diagnosis. Differentiation of fixed and wild rabies virus. Specific prophylaxis of

rabies.

15. General characteristics of the arbovirus ecological group. Tick-borne and japanese

encephalitis viruses. History of discovery and study of these viruses. Biological properties,

methods of laboratory diagnosis, specific prophylaxis.

16. Rubivirus genus. Rubella virus. Biological properties. Pathogenesis of disease. Immunity.

Laboratory diagnosis and specific prophylaxis.

17. Retroviridae family, biological properties. Classification. The mechanism of viral

carcinogenesis.

18. Herpesviridae family, biological properties, the value in the development of human

pathology. Laboratory diagnosis of diseases. Genetic methods for diagnosis.

19. Adenoviridae family. Biological properties. Antigenic structure. Cultivation. Pathogenesis

and laboratory diagnosis of infection caused by adenoviruses. Immunity. Specific prevention.

20. Variola virus. Pathogenesis of infection. Methods of diagnosis and specific prophylaxis.

Vaccinia virus. Smallpox eradication worldwide.

21. Causative agents of viral hepatitis, properties and classification of viruses. Pathogenesis of

diseases. Laboratory diagnosis. Prospects of specific prevention.

22. Oncogenic virus classification. Virus-genetic tumor formation theory by L.A. Zilber.

Mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis.

23. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Properties. Role in human pathology. Pathogenesis

of AIDS. Methods of laboratory diagnosis (immunological, genetic). Prospects for of specific

preventive and therapy.

24. Cardioviruses. General characteristics.

52

25. Coronaviruses. General characteristics. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related

coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Virus (MERS). Laboratory

diagnostics.

26. Family Filoviridae. Ebola virus and Marburg virus. General characteristics. Prevention and

therapy.

27. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

28. Prions. Properties. Prion diseases of animals (scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy)

and human (Kourou, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, etc.). Pathogenesis of prion diseases.

Diagnostics.

MODULE 2: SPECIAL, CLINICAL AND ECOLOGICAL MICROBIOLOGY.

Content module 13. Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukaryotes

1. Evolution of cocci, their general characteristics. Staphylococci, biological properties,

classification, practical significance.

2. The role of staphylococci in the development of human pathology, the pathogenesis of

staphylococci –caused processes. Characteristics of pathogenicity toxins and enzymes. The role

in the occurrence of hospital infection.

3. Methods of microbiological diagnostics of staphylococcal processes and their

evaluation. Immunity in staphylococcal disease. Drugs for specific prevention and therapy,

evaluation.

4. Streptococci, biological properties, classification. Toxins, pathogenicity enzymes.

5. Streptococcus pneumoniae, biological properties. Pathogenicity for humans and animals.

Microbiological diagnostics of pneumococcal diseases.

6. Streptococci. The role in the development of human pathology. Pathogenesis of

streptococcal disease. Toxins and enzymes are pathogenicity of streptococci. Immunity Methods

of microbiological diagnostics of streptococcal diseases.

7. Meningococci, biological properties, classification. Pathogenesis and microbiological

diagnosis of meningococcal diseases and bacteria carrier state. Differentiation of meningococci

from gram-negative diplococci of nasopharynx.

8. Gonococci. Biological properties, pathogenesis and microbiological diagnostics of

diseases. Prevention and specific therapy for gonorrhea and blenorrhea.

9. Enterobacteriaceae, their evolution. Importance in the development of human pathology.

Microbiological diagnosis of colienteritis. Escherichia genus, their properties. Pathogenic

serovars of the Escherichia, their differentiation. Microbiological diagnostics of coli-enteritis.

10. Pathogenetic fundamentals of microbiological diagnostics of typhoid and paratyphoids

A and B. Methods of microbiological diagnostics, their evaluation.

11. Salmonella - pathogens of typhoid and paratyphoid A and B. Biological properties,

antigenic structure. Pathogenesis of diseases. Immunity. Specific prevention and therapy.

12. Salmonella - pathogens acute gastroenteritis, their properties. Principles of

classification. Pathogenesis of salmonella-born food toxicoinfections. Microbiological

diagnostics.

13. Shigella genus, biological properties, classification. Pathogenesis of dysentery.

14. Shigella. The role in human pathology. Pathogenesis of dysentery, the role of toxins

and enzymes of pathogenicity. Immunity. Methods of microbiological diagnostics of dysentery,

their evaluation.

15. Vibrio cholerae, biological properties, biovars. Pathogenesis and immunity in cholera.

Methods of microbiological diagnostics of cholera and their evaluation. Specific prophylaxis and

therapy of cholera.

53

16. Yersinia. Pathogen, history of study, biological properties. The role of native scientists

in the study of plague. Pathogenesis, immunity, methods of microbiological diagnostics and

specific prophylaxis of plague. Yersinia - pathogens of pseudotuberculosis and enterocolitis,

properties, microbiological diagnosis of yersiniosis.

17. The causative agent of tularemia, biological properties. Pathogenesis, immunity,

methods of microbiological diagnostics and specific prevention of tularemia.

18. Brucella, species, differentiation. Pathogenesis and immunity in brucellosis. Methods

of microbiological diagnosis of brucellosis, their evaluation. Drugs for specific prevention and

therapy.

19. Klebsiella, their role in human pathology. Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae,

ozaenae and rhinoscleromatis. Microbiological diagnostics, specific prevention.

20. Bordetella, their properties. Pertussis causative agent, morphological, cultural,

antigenic properties. Microbiological diagnostics and specific prevention of a pertussis.

21. Bacillus anthraxis. Biological features, pathogenesis, microbiological diagnostics and

specific prophylaxis of anthrax. The role of native scientists in obtaining drugs for specific

anthraxis prophylaxis.

22. General comparative characteristics of anaerobic bacteria, their importance in the

development of human pathology. Features of microbiological diagnostics of diseases caused by

anaerobes. Anaerobic non-clostridial bacteria (bacteroids, etc.), their biological properties.

23. Clostridium tetani, properties. Toxin formation. Pathogenesis of tetanus in humans.

Microbiological diagnostics, specific prophylaxis and therapy, their theoretical substantiation

and assessment.

24. Clostridium botulinum. Morphological and cultural features, antigenic structure, toxin

producing, classification. Pathogenesis, microbiological diagnostics and therapy of botulism.

25. Pathogens of anaerobic wound infection, properties, classification. Pathogenesis and

microbiological diagnostics. Methods of specific prophylaxis and therapy of anaerobic wound

infection.

26. Corynebacteria, characteristics. Evolution of corynebacterium. Corynebacteria biovars.

Toxin producing, genetic determinants of toxigenicity. Measuring the severity of toxin action.

27. Stages of the development of diphtheria causative agent doctrine. Theoretical

fundamentals of specific prevention of diphtheria. Anti-diphtheria drugs.

28. Diphtheria pathogenesis, immunity. Microbiological diagnostics of bacterial carriers.

Differentiation of the diphtheria pathogen and saprophytic corynebacteria.

29. Diphtheria causative agent, biological properties. Characteristics of exotoxin. Specific

prevention and therapy of diphtheria. Detection of antitoxic immunity.

30. Microbiological diagnosis of tuberculosis. Immunity in tuberculosis. Specific

prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. The causative agent of leprosy, biological features.

31. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, properties. Types of tuberculosis-causing bacteria.

Tinctorial and cultural properties. Differentiation of tuberculosis pathogens. Atypical

mycobacteria. Importance in the development of human pathology.

32. Pathogenic fungi and actinomycetes (pathogens of candidiasis, dermatomycosis,

actinomycosis, their characterization). Principles of microbiological diagnosis of mycosis.

33. Syphilis causative agent. Morphological, cultural properties. Pathogenesis and

immunity. Microbiological diagnostics and specific therapy for syphilis.

34. Leptospira, their characterization, classification. Pathogenesis, immunity and

microbiological diagnosis of leptospirosis. Specific prevention and therapy.

35. Borrelia, biological properties. Role in the development of human pathology.

Pathogens of epidemic and endemic recurrent fever. Pathogenesis, immunogenesis and

microbiological diagnostics of rotary typhus. Specific prevention and therapy of recurrent fever.

The causative agent of Lyme disease. Pathogenesis of the disease, microbiological diagnostics,

therapy and prevention.

54

36. Rickettsia, biological properties. Classification. Rickettsia - pathogens of human

diseases.

Q-fever causative agent. Pathogenesis of the disease, laboratory diagnosis, specific prevention.

37. Typhus causing pathogens, properties. Pathogenesis of the disease, evaluation of

methods. Specific prevention, evaluation of drugs. Laboratory diagnostics.

38. Mycoplasma, classification. Biological properties, methods of cultivation. Role in the

development of human pathology. Microbiological diagnostics of mycoplasmosis.

39. Chlamydia, classification, biological properties. Methods of cultivation. Role in the

development of human pathology. Microbiological diagnostics of chlamydia.

40. Malaria plasmodia, their characteristics. Pathogenesis of malaria. Microbiological

diagnostics. Specific prevention and therapy.

41. Toxoplasma, morphology, peculiarities of cultivation. Pathogenesis of diseases.

Microbiological diagnostics. Specific therapy.

42. Pathogenic protozoa, biological properties. Classification. Role in the development of

human pathology. Leishmania, properties, pathogenesis of diseases. Microbiological diagnosis of

leishmaniasis.

43. Pathogenic spirilli. The causative agent of rat bit caused fever . Microbiological

diagnostics of the disease.

44. Campylobacter - pathogens of acute intestinal diseases. Biological properties,

microbiological diagnostics.

45. Helicobacter pilori - a causative agent of human gastroduodenal diseases. Discovery,

biological properties, pathogenesis. Methods of microbiological diagnostics. Modern methods of

helicobacter infection treatment.

46. Modern methods of laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases.

Content module 14. Fundamentals of Clinical and Environmental Microbiology.

1. Opportunistic pathogens, biological properties, etiological role in the development of

opportunistic infections. Characteristics of diseases caused by opportunistic pathogenic

microorganisms.

2. Hospital infection, conditions of its occurrence. Properties of hospital ecovars of

microorganisms. Microbiological diagnostics of purulent-inflammatory, burn infections and

wound infections caused by hospital strains.

3. Clinical microbiology. Object of study. Subject, task, methods. Criteria of etiological

role of opportunistic pathogens isolated from the pathological foci.

Content module 15. Sanitary microbiology and virology.

1. Ecology of microorganisms. Propagation of microbes in nature. The value of S.M.

Vinogradsky works.

2. Normal microflora of the human body, its role in physiological processes in human

pathology. Age-related features of normal microflora of the nose, skin, oral cavity, genitals,

intestines. Gnotobiology. Dysbiosis and the causes of its occurrence.

3. Probiotics and eubiotics, their characteristics, mechanism of action.

4. Sanitary microbiology, subject, task. The importance of sanitary microbiology in the

activities of a physician.

5. Sanitary-indicative microorganisms, requirements, their importance for the

characterization of the objects of the environment.

6. Principles of sanitary-microbiological study of objects of environment, their estimation.

Sanitary and bacteriological control of drinking water quality. Requirements of the State

Standard for drinking water.

7. Water microflora. Factors of self-purification of water. Survival of pathogenic

microorganisms in water. The role of water in the transmission of infectious diseases.

55

8. Water as an environment of habitat and storage of microorganisms. Autochthonous and

alochthonous microflora of open water reservoirs. Saprability. Microorganisms - indicators of

the process of water self-purification.

9. Ecology of microorganisms. Microflora of the environment: air, water, soil. Study

methods.

10. Sanitary-indicative microorganisms used in water quality assessment.

11. Methods of sanitary-bacteriological study of water and their estimation.

12. Soil microflora. The role of soil in the transmission of infectious diseases. Factors that

affect the survival of pathogenic microorganisms in the soil.

13. Sanitary-indicative microorganisms that are used in the assessment of soil

contamination. Methods of soil sanitary-microbiological study.

14. Air microflora, its characteristics. The role of air in the transmission of infectious

diseases.

15. Microbial count and sanitary-indicative microorganisms of enclosed premises air,

determination methods, their evaluation.

16. Sanitary-indicative microorganisms of air, methods of their detection. Indoor air purity

assessment criteria.

17. Food poisoning of microbial etiology. Classification of food poisonings and pathogens

that cause them.

18. Pathogens of food toxicoinfection. Principles of food products sanitary-bacteriological

study.

19. Sanitary and bacteriological study of food products for botulinum toxin detection.

20. Sanitary and bacteriological study of food products for detecting salmonella -

pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis.

21. Sanitary and bacteriological study of food products for pathogenic staphylococci

detection.

22. Sanitary virology, subject, tasks, importance of sanitary virology in the activities of the

physician.

23. The role of water, soil, air in the transmission of pathogens of viral infections. Viruses

that are most commonly detected in environmental objects.

24. Methods of pathogenic microorganisms detection in the soil. Soil study for the

presence of enteroviruses.

25. Sanitary-virological study of water. Sampling, methods of concentration. Viruses,

bacteriophages in drinking and sewage waters. Methods of detection.

26. The role of the air environment in the spread of pathogens of respiratory viral

infections. Methods of sampling air and indicating respiratory viruses

LIST OF PRACTICAL CLASSES AND TASKS FOR MODULE ASSESSMENT

MODULE 1: MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS.

INFECTION. IMMUNITY. GENERAL AND SPECIALIZED VIROLOGY.

1. Perform microscopy of the smear using an immersive lens, conclude on the

morphological properties of the studied microorganisms.

2. Prepare a bacterial smear, stain according to Gram method, perform a microscopy using

an immersion lens, draw a conclusion on the purity of the culture of microorganisms studied.

3. Describe the properties of colonies of microorganisms grown on Endo medium. Find

colonies characteristic of E. coli. Explain the essence of the use of differential diagnostic media

containing carbohydrates.

4. Substantiate the basics of vaccine prophylaxis. Pick up 2-3 live vaccines, explain the

principles of their manufacture and use.

56

5. Substantiate the basics of vaccine prophylaxis. Pick 2-3 non-live vaccines, explain the

principles of their manufacture and use.

6. Explain the basics of antitoxic immunity. Pick up medications for obtaining active

antitoxic immunity.

7. Explain the basics of antitoxic immunity. Pick up medications for obtaining passive

antitoxic immunity.

8. Select the drugs used for specific prevention and therapy of diphtheria, explain the

aspects of their use.

9. Explain the basics of the immunoassay method of study. Record the IFA delivered for

serological diagnosis of HIV infection.

10. Explain the basics of serological identification of microorganisms. Pick up drugs that

are used for this purpose. Principles of their receipt.

11. Explain the basics of serological diagnostics of infectious diseases. Choose the

preparations used for this purpose, their reception.

12. Explain the basics of the virological diagnosis of influenza. Record the

hemagglutination assay (HA), set for virus detection. Make a conclusion about the presence and

titre of the virus.

13. Explain the basics of the virological diagnosis of influenza. Record the

hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) for serological identification of the selected virus. Conclude

the type of virus.

14. Serologic diagnosis of influenza. Conduct an account of the reaction of

hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), set with paired serums of the patient. Make a substantiated

conclusion.

15. Explain the basics of the virological diagnostics of poliomyelitis. Establish the

presence of a virus in cell cultures infected with a patient's material, a cytopathogenic effect

(CPE) and a phenomenon of plaque formation. Conclude.

16. Explain the basics of the virological diagnostics of poliomyelitis. Record the reaction

of the virus neutralization (RN), set for the purpose of serological identification of the virus

isolated from the patient. Conclude the type of virus.

17. Explain the basics of the virological diagnosis of viral diseases. Perform microscopy of

a smear made of brain tissue to detect the Babes-Negri bodies.

MODULE 2: SPECIAL, CLINICAL AND ECOLOGICAL MICROBIOLOGY.

1. Perform bacterioscopic diagnostics of acute gonorrhea. Perform a microscopy of the

stained smear from the patient's material and draw a conclusion.

2. Carry out a bacterioscopic diagnostics of tuberculosis. Perform a microscopy of the

specifically stained smear from the patient material. Conclude.

3. Carry out a bacterioscopic diagnostics of diphtheria. Perform a microscopy of the

specifically stained smear from the patient material. Conclude.

4. Serologic diagnostics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid. Conduct an account of indirect

hemagglutination reaction (IHA), conclude.

5. To carry out serological diagnostics of abdominal typhoid and paratyphoid. Conduct an

account of Vidal's reaction, conclude.

6. Serologic diagnostics of syphilis. Conduct the recording of the Wasserman reaction

(WR), conclude.

7. Explain the basics of bacteriological diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Record

biochemistry and carry out serological identification of hemoculture isolated from the patient.

Conclude.

1. Explain the essence of bacteriological diagnosis of dysentery. Record biochemistry and

carry out serological identification of coproculture, obtained from the patient. Conclude.

2. Carry out serologic diagnostics of brucellosis. Account the Wright's reaction results.

Conclude.

57

16. Recommended literature

Main:

1. Medical microbiology, virology and immunology: textbook for university students

/Adrianova T.V., Bobyr V.V., Vynograd V.O. [et al.]; ed. by V.P. Shyrobokov. – Vinnytsia:

«Nova knyga», 2011 – 951p. – ISBN 978-966-382-200-6.

2. Medical microbiology, virology and immunology: textbook for university students:

translated from Ukrainian / Adrianova T.V., Bobyr V.V., Vynograd V.O. [et al.]; ed. by V.P.

Shyrobokov. – Vinnytsia: «Nova knyga», 2015. – 856 p.

3. Borisov L.B. Medical microbiology, virology and immunology / L.B. Borisov. — 5th

Edition, — М.: «Medical information agency» Co Ltd, 2016. — 792 p.:

4. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 12 edition/ Warren E. Levinson /

McGraw-Hill Prof Med.-Tech., 2012. – 688 p.

5. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology, 26th Edition, 2012, English. –

880 р. – ISBN-13: 978-0071790314

Additional:

1. Danyleychenko V.V. Microbiology and basic immunology: textbook for medical higher

education institution /V. V. Danyleychenko, Y. M. Fedechko, О.P. Korniychuk . – 2nd edition,

rebised and developed. – Кyiv : Medicine, 2009 . – 391 p. : ISBN 978-966-10-0066-6 .

2. Practical microbiology: textbook /S.І. Klymniuk, І.О.Sytnyk, М.S. TVorko, V.P.

Shyrobokov. – Ternopil, Ukrmedknyga, [2004]. – 440p. – ISBN 966-673-059-6.

3. Shyrobokov V.P. Human microbial ecology with coloured atlas. Textbook. / V.P.

Shyrobokov, D.S.Yankovskii, G.S.Dyment. – К: «Chervona Ruta-Тurs» Co Ltd, 2010, - 340 p.

(with coloured illustrations) – ISBN 978-966-8607-28-8.

4. Vorobyov А.А. Medical and sanitary microbiology. Textbook for students of higher

education institutions /А.А. Vorobyov, Yu.S.Кryvoshein, V.P. Shyrobokov – М: publishing

center «Аkademia», 2010. – 464 p. – ISBN 978-5-7695-5081-2.

5. Medical microbiology, virology and immunology. Textbook for students of higher

education institutions/ ed. by А.А. Vorobyov. – 2nd Edition. – М: «Medical information agency»

Co Ltd, 2008. – 704 p. ISBN 5-89481-394-8.

6. Jawets. Medical microbilogy /Jawets, Melnick, Adelberg. – The McGraw-Hill

Companies, Inc, 2011. – 919 p. – ISBN 13: 978-0-07-147666-9.

7. Shyrobokov V.P. Microbes in biochemical processes, biosphere evolution and mankind

existence / V.P. Shyrobokov, D.S.Yankovskii, G.S.Dyment. – К: NPB Veres О.I., 2014. – 464 p.

8. Yankovskii D.S. Integral role of symbiotic microflora in human physiology/

D.S.Yankovskii, V.P. Shyrobokov, G.S.Dyment.. – К: «Chervona Ruta-Тurs» Co Ltd, 2011. –

169 с. – ISBN 978-966-8607-26-4.

17. Web sources

1.Official website of the President of Ukraine http://www.president.gov.ua/

2.Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine http://www.rada.gov.ua/

3.Government of Ukraine http://www.kmu.gov.ua/

4.Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine http://www.mon.gov.ua/

5.Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine http://www.menr.gov.ua/

6.The State Emergency Service of Ukraine http://www.dsns.gov.ua/

7.National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine http://www.rnbo.gov.ua/

8.Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations http://ukraineun.org/

9.North Anlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) http://www.nato.int/

10.World Health Organization http://www.who.int/en/

11.Microbiology and immunology on-line http://www.microbiologybook.org/

12.On-line microbiology note http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/

http://www.president.gov.ua/

http://www.rada.gov.ua/

http://www.kmu.gov.ua/

http://www.mon.gov.ua/

http://www.menr.gov.ua/

http://www.dsns.gov.ua/

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http://ukraineun.org/

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http://www.who.int/en/

http://www.microbiologybook.org/

http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/

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13.Centers for diseases control and prevention www.cdc.gov

http://www.cdc.gov/

1. - taras shevchenko national university of kyiv...1. annotation. program of the discipline...

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