1 the hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to the ...the placebo effect. incorrect 5...

1

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

dismiss the value of replication. Incorrect

reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. Incorrect

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome. (True

Answer )Correct

overestimate the extent to which others share their

opinions. Incorrect

2

The perception that psychological research findings merely

verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly

facilitated by

random assignment. Incorrect

hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct

operational definitions. Incorrect

the placebo effect. Incorrect

3

Giving half the members of a group some purported

psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an

easy way to demonstrate the impact of


confounding variables. Incorrect


the double-blind procedure. Incorrect

4

Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been

found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that

drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The

fact that neither class was surprised by the information they

received best illustrates the power of

replication. Incorrect




5

Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate

their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best

illustrates



wording effects. Incorrect


6

Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has

suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife,

she angrily responds, “I could have told you that your

investment plan would fail!” Her comment best illustrates


debriefing. Incorrect



7

The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be

undermined by


correlational evidence. Incorrect



8

Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is

most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as

random sampling. Incorrect




9

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates

naturalistic observation. Incorrect


overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct

the standard deviation. Incorrect

10

Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic

and military predictions will come true most clearly

demonstrate

hindsight bias. Incorrect




11

Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her

family. However, when offered a better job in another state, she

decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates





12

Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?

operational definitions Incorrect

overconfidence (True Answer )Correct

random assignment Incorrect

the double-blind procedure Incorrect

13

The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to

overestimating the value of

intuition. (True Answer )Correct

operational definition. Incorrect

informal consent. Incorrect


14

On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or

tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably

conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy

defies the laws of statistical probability. Incorrect

illustrates the phenomenon of hindsight bias. Incorrect

is inconsistent with the placebo effect. Incorrect

is a random and coincidental occurrence. (True Answer )Correct

15

Six of the children in Mr. Myer's class were born on exactly the

same day. This strikes him as astonishing and improbable. In

this instance, he should be reminded that

random sequences of events often don't look random. (True

Answer )Correct

events often seem more probable in hindsight. Incorrect

sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations. Incorrect

the median is typically smaller than the mean. Incorrect

16

The fact that the same individual won the New Jersey lottery on

two separate occasions best illustrates

a random outcome. (True Answer )Correct



the hindsight bias. Incorrect

17

By testing their predictions with the observational method of

science, psychologists are using a(n)

correlation coefficient. Incorrect

empirical approach. (True Answer )Correct

standard deviation. Incorrect

independent variable. Incorrect

18

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are

pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity. Incorrect

ingenuity, practicality, and certainty. Incorrect

certainty, creativity, and curiosity. Incorrect

curiosity, skepticism, and humility. (True Answer )Correct

19

Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillip's theory of aggression be checked

against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific

attitude of

pride. Incorrect

skepticism. (True Answer )Correct

practicality. Incorrect

enthusiasm. Incorrect

20

The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility

because it involves a willingness to

perceive order in random events. Incorrect

reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. Incorrect

recognize the errors in our own ideas. (True Answer )Correct

respect political beliefs that contradict our own. Incorrect

21

Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves


case study. Incorrect

evaluating evidence. (True Answer )Correct

informed consent. Incorrect

22

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and

hidden values best illustrates


critical thinking. (True Answer )Correct


overconfidence. Incorrect

23

Assessing whether conclusions are warranted by the existing

evidence best illustrates





24

When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be

generalized to all people, you are applying





25

Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar

levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes.

His idea is best described as a(n)

theory. (True Answer )Correct



operational definition. Incorrect

26

The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely

linked to its capacity to generate testable

assumptions. Incorrect

correlations. Incorrect

predictions. (True Answer )Correct

variables. Incorrect

27

A hypothesis is a(n)

observable relationship between specific independent and

dependent variables. Incorrect

testable prediction that gives direction to research. (True Answer

)Correct

set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly

discovered facts. Incorrect

unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that

underlie psychological functioning. Incorrect

28

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially

attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be

more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The

professor's prediction regarding employment success is an

example of

the hindsight bias. Incorrect


a hypothesis. (True Answer )Correct

a confounding variable. Incorrect

29

A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an

anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)

hypothesis. Incorrect

control condition. Incorrect


operational definition. (True Answer )Correct

30

In a written report of their research, psychologists specify

exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers

with a(n)

hypothesis. Incorrect


operational definition. (True Answer )Correct


31

Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated by



operational definitions. (True Answer )Correct


32

Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier

research study with different participants and in different

circumstances?

replication (True Answer )Correct

random sampling Incorrect

naturalistic observation Incorrect


33

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently

reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would

best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?




the case study Incorrect

34

The case study is a research method in which

a single individual is studied in great depth. (True Answer

)Correct

a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their

opinions or behaviors. Incorrect

organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory

environment. Incorrect

an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might

affect behavior. Incorrect

35

To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical

psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life

situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational

history. Which research method has the psychologist used?

the survey Incorrect

the case study (True Answer )Correct

experimentation Incorrect


36

Little Han's extreme fear of horses was observed as part of a(n)

experiment. Incorrect

survey. Incorrect

case study. (True Answer )Correct

double-blind procedure. Incorrect

37

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

is based on naturalistic observation. Incorrect

may be unrepresentative of what is generally true. (True Answer

)Correct

overestimates the importance of operational definitions. Incorrect

leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between

events. Incorrect

38

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee

societies in the jungle are using a research method known as

the survey. Incorrect

experimentation. Incorrect

naturalistic observation. (True Answer )Correct

the case study. Incorrect

39

Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of

children in their classrooms in order to track the development of

their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly

engaged in

survey research. Incorrect




40

University of Texas students were fitted with belt-worn tape

recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample

their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific

method known as



the standard deviation. Incorrect


41

To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators

measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple

request. Which research method did this illustrate?


naturalistic observation (True Answer )Correct



42

In which type of research is a representative, random sample of

people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or

attitudes?


the survey (True Answer )Correct



43

Which research method would be most appropriate for

investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of

Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?

the survey (True Answer )Correct




44

Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support “welfare”

than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey

results best illustrate the importance of


wording effects. (True Answer )Correct



45

People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they

are unduly influenced by ________ cases.

randomly selected Incorrect

vivid (True Answer )Correct

representative Incorrect

operationally defined Incorrect

46

After noting that a majority of professional basketball players

are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans

are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's

conclusion best illustrates the danger of




generalizing from vivid cases. (True Answer )Correct

47

When every individual in a large population has a small but

equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are

using a procedure known as



random sampling. (True Answer )Correct


48

Which of the following is most useful for helping survey

researchers avoid false generalizations?



random sampling (True Answer )Correct

operational definitions Incorrect

49

Governor Donovan was greeted by large, enthusiastic crowds at

all of his political rallies. As a result, he became overconfident

about his chances of re-election. In this instance, the governor

needs to be alerted to the value of



experimental control. Incorrect


50

To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children

attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly

selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this

instance, all the children attending the school are considered to

be a(n)

population. (True Answer )Correct

representative sample. Incorrect



51

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school,

Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the

registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students.

Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using





52

In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research

participants in order to ensure that

the participants are representative of the population they are

interested in studying. (True Answer )Correct

there will be a large number of participants in the research

study. Incorrect

the study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal

values. Incorrect

the same number of participants will be assigned to each of the

experimental conditions. Incorrect

53

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

vary together. (True Answer )Correct

are random samples. Incorrect

influence each other. Incorrect

show statistically significant differences. Incorrect

54

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of

explanation. Incorrect

prediction. (True Answer )Correct

control. Incorrect


55

To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to

predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use

the case study approach. Incorrect


correlational measures. (True Answer )Correct

experimental research. Incorrect

56

Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the

direction and the strength of a relationship between two

variables?

correlation coefficient (True Answer )Correct

standard deviation Incorrect

range Incorrect

mean Incorrect

57

To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is

related to their income levels, researchers would most likely

make use of

case studies. Incorrect

correlational research. (True Answer )Correct



58

Displaying data in a scatterplot can help us see the extent to

which two variables are

random samples. Incorrect

operationally defined. Incorrect

correlated. (True Answer )Correct

replications. Incorrect

59

To represent the correlation between two variables graphically,

researchers often construct a

skewed distribution. Incorrect

scatterplot. (True Answer )Correct


bar graph. Incorrect

60

A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive

correlation between

intelligence and academic success. (True Answer )Correct

financial poverty and physical health. Incorrect

self-esteem and depression. Incorrect

school grades and school absences. Incorrect

61

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied

with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate

that wealth and marital satisfaction are

causally related. Incorrect

negatively correlated. (True Answer )Correct

independent variables. Incorrect

positively correlated. Incorrect

62

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading

ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that

there is very little statistical relationship between weight and

reading ability among children. Incorrect

low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of

children. Incorrect better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight

among children. (True Answer )Correct

body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of

children. Incorrect

63

A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating

frequency of +0.60 would indicate that

physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating

frequency. Incorrect

more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical

attractiveness. Incorrect

it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based

on knowledge of dating frequency. Incorrect

less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical

attractiveness. (True Answer )Correct

64

If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that

extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest

that the two variables depicted are

normally distributed. Incorrect


negatively correlated. (True Answer )Correct

not correlated. Incorrect

65

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and

body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body

weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?

+0.60 (True Answer )Correct

+0.01 Incorrect

–0.10 Incorrect

–0.06 Incorrect

66

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the

weakest degree of relationship between two variables?

–0.12 (True Answer )Correct

–0.99 Incorrect

+0.25 Incorrect

–0.50 Incorrect

67

Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also

particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship

would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence

influences aggressive behavior because

random sequences often don't look random. Incorrect

association does not prove causation. (True Answer )Correct

sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations. Incorrect

events often seem more probable in hindsight. Incorrect

68

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high

self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas

those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The

researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had

apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best

illustrates the danger of

perceiving order in random events. Incorrect

generalizing from extreme examples. Incorrect

exaggerating the extent to which outcomes are

foreseeable. Incorrect

assuming that association proves causation. (True Answer

)Correct

69

If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have

smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would

demonstrate that

intelligence is inherited. Incorrect

more intelligent parents provide their children with greater

educational opportunities than do less intelligent parents. Incorrect

the intelligence of parents and children is positively

correlated. (True Answer )Correct

all of these statements are correct. Incorrect

70

A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood

of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that

poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological

disorders. Incorrect people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological

disorder than are wealthy people. (True Answer )Correct

psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating

wealth. Incorrect

all of these statements are correct. Incorrect

71

Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying

cause-effect relationships?


the experiment (True Answer )Correct

correlational research Incorrect


72

Researchers use experiments rather than other research

methods in order to isolate

facts from theories. Incorrect

causes from effects. (True Answer )Correct

case studies from surveys. Incorrect

random samples from representative samples. Incorrect

73

Which research method provides the best way of assessing

whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness?





74

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one

factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental

process?



experimentation (True Answer )Correct


75

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving

skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8

hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an

example of



a case study. Incorrect

an experiment. (True Answer )Correct

76

Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a

research project involves being assigned

to that group by chance. (True Answer )Correct

to the group in which participants are representative of people in

general. Incorrect in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the

dependent variable. Incorrect

to the group in which participants all have similar

personalities. Incorrect

77

To accurately isolate cause and effect, experimenters should use

random assignment. (True Answer )Correct


case studies. Incorrect

correlation coefficients. Incorrect

78

To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort,

researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy

tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the

chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than

those in the other group, the researchers should make use of





79

Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups

in an experiment in order to

minimize chances that participants in any group know each

other. Incorrect

increase chances that participants are representative of people in

general. Incorrect

minimize any differences between groups of participants. (True

Answer )Correct

increase chances that the different groups have the same number

of participants. Incorrect

80

One research team randomly assigned some newborns and their

mothers either to a breast-feeding promotion group or to a

normal pediatric care group. Which research method did they

use?

case study Incorrect

experimentation (True Answer )Correct


the correlational method Incorrect

81

The most foolproof way of testing whether a newly introduced

method of psychological therapy is truly effective is to use



correlational research. Incorrect

experimental research. (True Answer )Correct

82

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are

ignorant about which participants have actually received a

potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a

placebo. This investigation involves the use of



the double-blind procedure. (True Answer )Correct


83

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between

experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo

effects, researchers make use of





84

The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested

in an experiment is called the ________ group.

control Incorrect

standardized Incorrect

baseline Incorrect

experimental (True Answer )Correct

85

An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug

to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a

placebo. (True Answer )Correct

median. Incorrect

case study. Incorrect


86

In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants

drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted

like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a



placebo. (True Answer )Correct

double blind. Incorrect

87

The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance

that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates




the placebo effect. (True Answer )Correct

88

The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on

feelings and behaviors.



positive expectations (True Answer )Correct

statistical significance Incorrect

89

Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control

group?

The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants'

behavior. Incorrect

The research participants are exposed to all the different

experimental treatments. Incorrect

The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels

of experimental treatment. Incorrect

The experimental treatment is absent. (True Answer )Correct

90

To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem

solving, some research participants were instructed to solve

problems by working together; other participants were told to

solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were

assigned to the ________ group.

experimental Incorrect

survey Incorrect

control (True Answer )Correct

correlational Incorrect

91

Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental

and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________

between a sample and a population.

similarities; differences Incorrect

differences; similarities Incorrect

similarities; similarities Incorrect

differences; differences (True Answer )Correct

92

In an experimental study, men with erectile dysfunction received

either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none

versus peak dose) was the

confounding variable. Incorrect



independent variable. (True Answer )Correct

93

In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is

manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable.

dependent Incorrect

independent (True Answer )Correct

control Incorrect


94

In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem,

anxiety would be the ________ variable.


dependent Incorrect

confounding Incorrect

independent (True Answer )Correct

95

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce

an effect in an experiment is called a

wording effect. Incorrect


placebo effect. Incorrect

confounding variable. (True Answer )Correct

96

If participants in the experiment group of a drug treatment

study are much younger than participants in the control group,

the age of the research participants is a



confounding variable. Incorrect

standard deviation. (True Answer )Correct

97

In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced

by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the

________ variable.

dependent (True Answer )Correct


control Incorrect

independent Incorrect

98

To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal

attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students

about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind

date. In this research, the dependent variable was

insults or compliments. Incorrect

physical appearance. Incorrect

interpersonal attraction. (True Answer )Correct

feelings of self-esteem. Incorrect

99

An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of

alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of

the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates

the independent variable. Incorrect

an operational definition. (True Answer )Correct



100

Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts

another without demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship

between the variables?


correlational research (True Answer )Correct


the experimental method Incorrect

101

The average price for different brands of toothpaste could be

visually displayed in a


scatterplot. Incorrect


bar graph. (True Answer )Correct

102

When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to

mentally transform the data into a scatterplot. Incorrect

identify the value of the standard deviation. Incorrect

note the range and size of the scale values. (True Answer

)Correct

remember that correlation facilitates prediction. Incorrect

103

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores

is the

mode. (True Answer )Correct

median. Incorrect


mean. Incorrect

104

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of

$10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000,

and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution

of annual incomes is

$10,000. (True Answer )Correct

$15,000. Incorrect

$16,000. Incorrect

$31,000. Incorrect

105

The mean of a distribution of scores is the

most frequently occurring score. Incorrect

arithmetic average of all the scores. (True Answer )Correct

least frequently occurring score. Incorrect

score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores. Incorrect

106

Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate the

average of your school grades?


median Incorrect

mean (True Answer )Correct

mode Incorrect

107

Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children ages 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and

16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is

5. Incorrect

6. Incorrect

7. Incorrect

8. (True Answer )Correct

108

The median of a distribution of scores is the

most frequently occurring score. Incorrect

difference between the highest and lowest scores. Incorrect

arithmetic average of all the scores. Incorrect

middle score in a distribution of scores. (True Answer )Correct

109

During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but

George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median

number of books read by these individuals was

2. Incorrect

10. Incorrect

12. Incorrect


110

When a statistical average is reported in the news, it is most

important for readers to

determine whether it is statistically significant. Incorrect

consider whether it is distorted by a few extreme cases. (True

Answer )Correct

be sure that it describes an experimental group. Incorrect

recognize the potential for a correlation coefficient. Incorrect

111

Seven members of a boys' club reported the following

individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10,

$4, $9, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings

the median is greater than the mean and greater than the

mode. Incorrect

the median is less than the mean and less than the

mode. Incorrect

the median is greater than the mean and less than the

mode. (True Answer )Correct

the median is less than the mean and greater than the

mode. Incorrect

112

Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following

individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8,

$2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings

the mean is less than the mode and equal to the median. Incorrect

the mean is equal to the mode and greater than the

median. Incorrect

the mean is greater than the mode and greater than the

median. Incorrect

the mean is less than the mode and less than the median. (True

Answer )Correct

113

For which of the following distributions of scores would the

median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central

tendency than the mean?

10, 22, 8, 9, 6 (True Answer )Correct

12, 6, 8, 5, 4 Incorrect

12, 15, 12, 9, 12 Incorrect

23, 7, 3, 27, 16 Incorrect

114

When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores,

he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which

measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of

these two students?



mode Incorrect

median Incorrect

115

A lopsided distribution of scores in which the mean is much

larger than both the mode and median is said to be

statistically significant. Incorrect

a random sample. Incorrect

a scatterplot. Incorrect

skewed. (True Answer )Correct

116

Median is to range as central tendency is to ________.

skewed distribution Incorrect

mode Incorrect

correlation Incorrect

variation (True Answer )Correct

117

Central tendency is to variation as ________ is to ________.

scatterplot; correlation Incorrect

range; skewed distribution Incorrect

mean; standard deviation (True Answer )Correct

median; mode Incorrect

118

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a

distribution is the

mean. Incorrect

range. (True Answer )Correct

median. Incorrect


119

During the last Central High School basketball game, the

starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points,

respectively. For this distribution of scores, the range is

7. Incorrect

11. Incorrect


21. Incorrect

120

Which measure of variation is affected most by a few extreme

scores?


mean Incorrect

median Incorrect

range (True Answer )Correct

121

Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation

among a set of scores?

mean Incorrect

scatterplot Incorrect

standard deviation (True Answer )Correct

correlation coefficient Incorrect

122

Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have

been during the past season. Which of the following measures

would tell her what she wants to know?

mean Incorrect

median Incorrect



123

The standard deviation is the square root of the average

squared deviation of scores from the

normal curve. Incorrect

median. Incorrect

mean. (True Answer )Correct

range. Incorrect

124

On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced

chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively.

For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is

equal to the square root of

4. Incorrect

5. Incorrect


9. Incorrect

125

Although Dominick's psychology class is sometimes longer or

shorter than usual, on average each class is 50 minutes. If the

lengths of these classes form a normal curve, which statistic

would enable Dominick to estimate the probability that any

single class will last somewhere between 47 and 53 minutes?

range Incorrect

median Incorrect



126

The symmetrical bell-shaped figure used to represent the

distribution of many physical and psychological characteristics

is called a

bar graph. Incorrect

normal curve. (True Answer )Correct

correlation. Incorrect

scatterplot. Incorrect

127

A normal curve would approximate the distribution of

males and females in the total American population. Incorrect

American children enrolled in each of the first through sixth

grades. Incorrect

the physical heights of all American women. (True Answer

)Correct

all of these data. Incorrect

128

Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the

normal curve fall between –1 and +1 standard deviations from

the mean?

16 Incorrect

34 Incorrect

68 (True Answer )Correct

95 Incorrect

129

If a set of standardized test scores is normally distributed,

having a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10,

approximately 68 percent of the group members receive scores

somewhere between

50 and 60. Incorrect


40 and 60. (True Answer )Correct


130

Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the

normal curve fall within ________ standard deviation(s) from

the mean.

1 Incorrect


3 Incorrect

5 Incorrect

131

Statistical reasoning can help us to generalize correctly from a

range to a standard deviation. Incorrect

standard deviation to a mean. Incorrect

sample to a population. (True Answer )Correct

scatterplot to a skewed distribution. Incorrect

132

The precision with which a sample average approximates a

population average increases as

the standard deviation of the sample increases. Incorrect

the standard deviation of the sample decreases. (True Answer

)Correct

the mean of the sample increases. Incorrect

the mean of the sample decreases. Incorrect

133

A sample average can be used to estimate a population average

with greater precision if the sample is

large. (True Answer )Correct

a skewed distribution. Incorrect

highly variable. Incorrect

vivid and memorable. Incorrect

134

Which of the following events is the most probable?

flipping 6 or more heads in 10 coin flips (True Answer )Correct

flipping 60 or more heads in 100 coin flips Incorrect

flipping 600 or more heads in 1000 coin flips Incorrect

All these events are equally probable. Incorrect

135

In a single day, 45 babies were born in hospital X, 65 babies in

hospital Y, and 25 babies in hospital Z. At which hospital is

there the greatest probability that more than 60 percent of the

babies are of the same sex?

hospital X Incorrect

hospital Y Incorrect

hospital Z (True Answer )Correct

The probability is the same at all three hospitals. Incorrect

136

As the size of a representative sample increases, the ________ of

that sample is most likely to decrease.

range Incorrect

mean Incorrect


median Incorrect

137

Differences between two sample averages are most likely to be

statistically significant if

the difference between the samples is large. (True Answer

)Correct

the standard deviations of the samples are large. Incorrect

both samples are drawn from the same population. Incorrect

the sample means are larger than the sample medians. Incorrect

138

To decide whether observed differences between samples reflect

actual differences between populations, you should determine

the ________ of the observed differences.

mean Incorrect

median Incorrect


statistical significance (True Answer )Correct

139

A statistically significant difference between two sample groups

is NOT likely to be

a reflection of differences between the populations they

represent. Incorrect

due to chance variation within and between the sample

groups. (True Answer )Correct

observed more than 5 percent of the time the groups are

compared. Incorrect

observed when the two groups are very large. Incorrect

140

The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful

in enabling psychologists to

predict human behavior in almost all situations. Incorrect

perceive order in completely random events. Incorrect

develop general principles that help explain behavior. (True

Answer )Correct

observe random samples of human conduct. Incorrect

141

The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a

large group of people constitutes their

culture. (True Answer )Correct

normal curve. Incorrect

wording effects. Incorrect

statistical significance. Incorrect

142

Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for

avoiding operational definitions. Incorrect

making psychology free of value judgments. Incorrect

discerning human similarities and differences. (True Answer

)Correct

reducing the need for random assignment. Incorrect

143

Psychological differences between the genders are

of little interest to contemporary psychologists. Incorrect

simply reflections of biological differences between the

sexes. Incorrect

no longer evident in contemporary Western societies. Incorrect

far outweighed by gender similarities. (True Answer )Correct

144

Psychologists study animals because

animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior. Incorrect

experiments on people are generally considered to be

unethical. Incorrect

the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional

guidelines. Incorrect

similar processes often underlie animal and human

behavior. (True Answer )Correct

145

The first major issue that emerges in debates over

experimenting on animals centers around the

usefulness of studying biological processes in animals. Incorrect ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of

animals. (True Answer )Correct

obligation to treat information about individual animals with

confidentiality. Incorrect

need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in

research. Incorrect

146

In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from

trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists

sometimes

obtain written promises from participants to respond

honestly. Incorrect

treat information about individual participants

confidentially. Incorrect

deceive participants about the true purpose of an

experiment. (True Answer )Correct

allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to

participate in an experiment. Incorrect

147

Potential research participants are told enough about an

upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to

participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking

a representative sample. Incorrect

informed consent. (True Answer )Correct

an operational definition. Incorrect

a placebo effect. Incorrect

148

The American Psychological Association's ethics code urges

investigators to

avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to

participate in research. Incorrect

forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses

that the research will test. Incorrect

avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research

involving human participants. Incorrect

explain the research to the participants after the study has been

completed. (True Answer )Correct

149

After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose

and about any deception they may have experienced. This is

called

debriefing. (True Answer )Correct




150

Psychologists' personal values and goals

are carefully tested by means of observation and


lead them to avoid experiments involving human

participants. Incorrect

can bias their observations and interpretations. (True Answer

)Correct

have very little influence on the process of scientific

observation. Incorrect

151

The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because

psychological knowledge can be used for destructive

purposes. (True Answer )Correct

psychologists generally believe that people are not personally

responsible for their actions. Incorrect

psychological research necessitates performing stressful

experiments on people. Incorrect

psychological research typically violates personal privacy

rights. Incorrect

152

When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology

course, she asserts that psychology is simply common sense.

Explain why your awareness of both the limits of everyday

reasoning and the methods of psychological research would

lead you to disagree with your friend's assertion.

153

The table below lists the scores of eight students on a test to

measure anxiety, as well as the typical number of cigarettes

each person smokes daily. Scores on the anxiety test can range

anywhere from a low of 0 (indicating very low anxiety) to a high

of 30 (indicating very high anxiety).

Student

Anxiety

Test Score

Cigarettes

Smoked Daily

1 8 11

2 9 3

3 15 11

4 14 16

5 21 26

6 12 10

7 22 24

8 17 18

Construct a scatterplot to represent the correlation between

smoking and anxiety. Describe the direction of the correlation

and give two possible explanations for it.

154

Speaking at Verbatim University's graduation ceremony,

Professor Robson compared college and university graduates

with adults who are less educated. She correctly noted that

people with higher-education degrees pay more taxes, vote

more frequently, engage in more volunteer activities in their

communities, and are less likely to go to jail than less-educated

adults. The professor concluded that colleges and universities

obviously do great things for society. How might you

reasonably challenge the way the professor reached her

conclusion?

155

Design an experiment to test whether drinking alcohol

influences people's tendency to become socially aggressive. Be

sure to specify your experimental hypothesis and identify your

dependent and independent variables, as well as your

experimental and control conditions. Identify any experimental

procedures that would help to ensure the reliability of your

research.

156

Five students received the following test scores: 7, 11, 5, 6, and

11. Calculate the mode, median, mean, and range of this

distribution of scores. Which measure of central tendency

would change the most if an additional test score of 2 was

included in the distribution?

157

After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI

should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of

terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates





158

When Leanne heard about experimental evidence that drinking

orange juice triggers hyperactivity in children, she questioned

whether the tested children had been randomly assigned to

experimental conditions. Leanne's reaction best illustrates




overconfidence. Incorrect

159

Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than

adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger.

Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example

of

a hypothesis. (True Answer )Correct


an operational definition. Incorrect


160

Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery

shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of

research is Professor Carter using?

survey research Incorrect




161

A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and

their marital happiness would indicate that

work-related stress has a negative impact on marital

happiness. Incorrect

marital unhappiness promotes work-related stress. Incorrect

higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower

levels of work-related stress. (True Answer )Correct

marital happiness has no causal influence on work-related

stress. Incorrect

162

Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether

athletic performance is boosted by caffeine consumption?





163

Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are

uninformed about

the experimental hypothesis being tested. Incorrect

whether the experimental findings will be statistically

significant. Incorrect

how the dependent variable is measured. Incorrect

which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving. (True

Answer )Correct

164

In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize

outcome differences between experimental and control

conditions that could be attributed to




placebo effects. (True Answer )Correct

165

To assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual

stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either

sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes

prior to watching a comedy skit. In this research, the

independent variable consisted of

reactions to the comedy skit. Incorrect

level of sexual stimulation. (True Answer )Correct

marital status. Incorrect

sense of humor. Incorrect

166

In an experimental study of the extent to which mental

alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, alertness would be

the



experimental condition. Incorrect

dependent variable. (True Answer )Correct

167

One person in a 10-person group is 10 times older than anyone

else in the group. With respect to age, it is MOST likely that the

majority of group members are younger than the group's

mode. Incorrect

median. Incorrect

mean. (True Answer )Correct


168

The ________ is a measure of ________.

standard deviation; central tendency Incorrect

mean; variation Incorrect

median; central tendency (True Answer )Correct

mode; variation Incorrect

169

The maximum height of a normal curve corresponds to the

________ of a normal distribution.

range Incorrect



statistical significance Incorrect

170

Random samples provide ________ estimates of population

averages if the samples have small ________.

good; means Incorrect

good; standard deviations (True Answer )Correct

poor; means Incorrect

poor; standard deviations Incorrect

171

Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators

to

avoid the use of animals in experimental research. Incorrect

minimize the use of the double-blind procedure with human

research participants. Incorrect

treat information about individual research participants

confidentially. (True Answer )Correct

avoid the use of financial incentives in any kind of

research. Incorrect

172

Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the

multiple-choice questions correctly because “the questions

required only common sense.” However, they each scored less

than 60% on the exam. This best illustrates

the normal curve. Incorrect




173

Psychological theories

organize scientific observations. Incorrect

explain observed facts. Incorrect

generate hypotheses. Incorrect

do all of these things. (True Answer )Correct

174

Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting

evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally

true?





175

Every twenty-fifth person who subscribed to a weekly news

magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a

survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents. The

researchers were applying the technique known as





176

A correlation of +0.70 between children's physical height and

their popularity among their peers indicates that

higher levels of popularity among peers is associated with greater

physical height in children. (True Answer )Correct

there is no statistically significant relationship between children's

height and their popularity. Incorrect

being unusually short or tall has a negative impact on children's

popularity. Incorrect

children's height has no causal impact on their

popularity. Incorrect

177

To test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups

of research participants are deprived of food for differing

lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test.

This research is an example of

correlational research. Incorrect

an experiment. (True Answer )Correct



178

Researchers control factors that might influence a dependent

variable by means of





179

In a study of factors that might affect memory, research

participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a

nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test.

Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage were assigned to

the ________ group.

survey Incorrect



correlational Incorrect

180

In an experimental study of the effects of dieting on weight loss,

dieting would be the




placebo. Incorrect

181

In a well-controlled experiment, researchers seek to minimize

confounding variables. (True Answer )Correct




182

Ahmed has five sisters who are 3, 3, 5, 9, and 10 years of age.

The number “5” represents the ________ of the sisters' ages.

mode Incorrect

median (True Answer )Correct

mean Incorrect

range Incorrect

183

The ________ can be a particularly misleading indication of

what is average for a ________ distribution of scores.

mean; skewed (True Answer )Correct

median; skewed Incorrect

mean; normal Incorrect

median; normal Incorrect

184

The ________ is a measure of ________.

median; variation Incorrect

range; central tendency Incorrect

standard deviation; variation (True Answer )Correct

correlation coefficient; central tendency Incorrect

185

Differences between two samples are LEAST likely to be

statistically significant if

the samples are small and the standard deviations of the samples

are small. Incorrect

the samples are large and the standard deviations of the samples

are large. Incorrect

the samples are small and the standard deviations of the samples

are large. (True Answer )Correct

the samples are large and the standard deviations of the samples

are small. Incorrect

186

Which of the following processes typically takes place shortly

after people complete their participation in a research study?

random assignment Incorrect

informed consent Incorrect


debriefing (True Answer )Correct

187

After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist

concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be

important for memory functions. Which type of research did

the psychologist use to deduce this?


a survey Incorrect



188

In an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on

motivation, exercise is the


intervening variable. Incorrect



189

To determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group

of people is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group

is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second

group constitutes the

random sample. Incorrect

experimental group. Incorrect

control group. (True Answer )Correct

test group. Incorrect

190

Theories are defined as

testable propositions. Incorrect

factors that may change in response to manipulation. Incorrect

statistical indexes. Incorrect

principles that help to organize observations and predict

behaviors or events. (True Answer )Correct

191

A psychologist studies the play behavior of young children by

watching groups during recess at school. Which type of

research is being used?





192

To ensure that other researchers can repeat their work,

psychologists use

control groups. Incorrect


double-blind procedures. Incorrect

operational definitions. (True Answer )Correct

193

The scientific attitude of skepticism is based on the belief that

people are rarely candid in revealing their thoughts. Incorrect

mental processes can't be studied objectively. Incorrect

the scientist's intuition about behavior is usually

correct. Incorrect

ideas need to be tested against observable evidence. (True

Answer )Correct

194

Which of the following is NOT a basic research technique used

by psychologists?

description Incorrect




195

Psychologists' personal values

have little influence on how their experiments are

conducted. Incorrect

do not influence the interpretation of experimental results

because of the use of statistical techniques that guard against

subjective bias. Incorrect

can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of

data. (True Answer )Correct

have little influence on investigative methods but a significant

effect on interpretation. Incorrect

196

If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, which of the

following is true?

People with large feet tend to have high IQs. Incorrect

People with small feet tend to have high IQs. (True Answer

)Correct

People with small feet tend to have low IQs. Incorrect

IQ is unpredictable based on a person's shoe size. Incorrect

197

Which of the following would be best for determining whether

alcohol impairs memory?



survey Incorrect

experiment (True Answer )Correct

198

Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset,

or ________, of an entire group, or ________.

population; random sample Incorrect

control group; experimental group Incorrect

experimental group; control group Incorrect

random sample; population (True Answer )Correct

199

What is the mean of the following distribution of scores: 2, 3, 7,

6, 1, 4, 9, 5, 8, 2?

5 Incorrect

4 Incorrect

4.7 (True Answer )Correct

3.7 Incorrect

200

What is the median of the following distribution of scores: 1, 3,

7, 7, 2, 8, 4?

1 Incorrect

2 Incorrect

3 Incorrect


201

What is the mode of the following distribution: 8, 2, 1, 1, 3, 7, 6,

2, 0, 2?

1 Incorrect


3 Incorrect

7 Incorrect

202

Which of the following is important when generalizing from a

sample to the population?

the sample be representative of the population Incorrect

the sample be large Incorrect

the scores in the sample have low variability Incorrect

all of these conditions exist (True Answer )Correct

203

When a difference between two groups is statistically

significant, this means that

the difference is statistically real but of little practical

significance. Incorrect

the difference is probably the result of sampling

variation. Incorrect

the difference is not likely to be due to chance variation. (True

Answer )Correct

all of these statements are true. Incorrect

204

A lopsided set of scores that includes a number of extreme or

unusual values is said to be

symmetrical. Incorrect

normal. Incorrect

skewed. (True Answer )Correct

dispersed. Incorrect

205

Juwan eagerly opened an online trading account, believing that

his market savvy would allow him to pick stocks that would

make him a rich day trader. This belief best illustrates

a placebo effect. Incorrect

a double blind. Incorrect



206

Which of the following is the measure of central tendency that

would be most affected by a few extreme scores?


range Incorrect

median Incorrect

mode Incorrect

207

Which of the following research methods does NOT belong with

the others?


survey Incorrect


experiment (True Answer )Correct

208

To prevent the possibility that a placebo effect or researchers'

expectations will influence a study's results, scientists employ

control groups. Incorrect

experimental groups. Incorrect



209

Which statement about the ethics of experimentation with

people and animals is FALSE?

The same processes by which humans learn are present in rats,

monkeys, and other animals. Incorrect

Views on whether it is right to place the well-being of humans

above that of animals are the same in every culture. Incorrect The American Psychological Association and the British

Psychological Society have set strict guidelines for the care and

treatment of human and animal subjects. Incorrect

Most psychological studies are free of such stress as the delivery

of electric shock. (True Answer )Correct

210

In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on

memory, memory is the


intervening variable. Incorrect


dependent variable. (True Answer )Correct

211

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a normal

curve?

The distribution is bell-shaped and symmetrical. Incorrect

Most scores fall near the mean. Incorrect

About 95 percent of all scores fall within one standard deviation

on either side of the mean. (True Answer )Correct

The distribution describes many types of psychological

data. Incorrect

212

Which of the following BEST describes the hindsight bias?

Events seem more predictable before they have

occurred. Incorrect

Events seem more predictable after they have occurred. (True

Answer )Correct

A person's intuition is usually correct. Incorrect

A person's intuition is usually not correct. Incorrect

213

The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and

control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the

experiment's results is called

variable controlling. Incorrect


representative sampling. Incorrect

stratification. Incorrect

214

Debriefing refers to

the perception that two negatively correlated variables are


explaining the purpose of a research study after its

conclusion. (True Answer )Correct

an insignificant correlation. Incorrect

a correlation that equals –1.0. Incorrect

215

In generalizing from a sample to the population, it is important

that

the sample be representative. (True Answer )Correct

the sample be nonrandom. Incorrect

the sample not be too large. Incorrect

all of these conditions exist. Incorrect

216

The strength of the relationship between two vivid events will

most likely be

significant. Incorrect

positive. Incorrect

negative. Incorrect

overestimated. (True Answer )Correct

217

Which of the following is true, according to the text?

Because laboratory experiments are artificial, any principles

discovered cannot be applied to everyday behaviors. Incorrect

No psychological theory can be considered a good one until it

produces testable predictions. (True Answer )Correct

Psychology's theories reflect common sense. Incorrect

Psychology has few ties to other disciplines. Incorrect

218

Which type of research would allow you to determine whether

students' grades accurately predict later income?




correlation (True Answer )Correct

219

In a test of the effects of air pollution, groups of students

performed a reaction-time task in a polluted or an unpolluted

room. To what condition were students in the unpolluted room

exposed?



randomly assigned Incorrect

dependent Incorrect

220

To study the effects of lighting on mood, Dr. Cooper had

students fill out questionnaires in brightly lit or dimly lit rooms.

In this study, the independent variable consisted of

the number of students assigned to each group. Incorrect

the students' responses to the questionnaire. Incorrect

the room lighting. (True Answer )Correct

the subject matter of the questions asked. Incorrect

221

What is the mode of the following distribution of scores: 2, 2, 4,

4, 4, 14?

2 Incorrect


5 Incorrect

6 Incorrect

222

What is the mean of the following distribution of scores: 2, 5, 8,

10, 11, 4, 6, 9, 1, 4?

2 Incorrect

10 Incorrect


15 Incorrect

223

What is the median of the following distribution: 10, 7, 5, 11, 8,

6, 9?

6 Incorrect

7 Incorrect


9 Incorrect

224

Which of the following is the measure of variation that is most

affected by extreme scores?

mean Incorrect


mode Incorrect

range (True Answer )Correct

225

The set of scores that would likely be most representative of the

population from which it was drawn would be a sample with a

relatively

large standard deviation. Incorrect

small standard deviation. (True Answer )Correct

large range. Incorrect

small range. Incorrect

226

If a difference between two samples is NOT statistically

significant, which of the following can be concluded?

The difference is probably not a true one. Incorrect

The difference is probably not reliable. Incorrect

The difference could be due to sampling variation. Incorrect

All of these conclusions can be reached. (True Answer )Correct

1 the hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to the ...the placebo effect. incorrect 5...

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