1. the interaction function - mhe.es€¦ · worksheet – student a 1. the interaction function 1....

The interaction function I. Stimuli, responses, receptors and effectors

© McGraw-Hill Education

Biology and Geology 3. Unit 4. The interaction function I. Stimuli, responses, receptors and effectors

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Worksheet – Student A

1. The interaction function

1. Solve the cryptogram and complete the diagram below it.

Processes of the interaction function




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2. Identify and correct the false statements.

The responses of living things to stimuli are non-

adaptive. ___

The same type of stimulus only leads to one kind of

response. ___

The ability to respond to stimuli of various kinds is an

exclusive characteristic of living things. ___

Stimuli are changes or variations in the environment

that a living organism can perceive and respond to. ___

Chemical stimuli are due to energy variations in our

environment. ___

Physical stimuli are produced by the presence of

molecules of substances that break off from an

object. ___

Physical stimuli include mechanical, light and thermal

stimuli. ___

Biological stimuli are caused by other living things. ___

3. Match the terms and definitions.

Sensory receptors

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Interoceptors

Nociceptors

Internal receptor organs that are sensitive to stimuli within

the body.

Sensory receptors that are stimulated by light and are

associated with the sense of sight.

Sensory receptors that are stimulated by chemical substances

and take part in the senses of taste and smell.

Sensory receptors that are stimulated by vibrations, pressure

and mechanical stimuli and take part in the senses of touch

and hearing.

Sensory receptors that encode and process stimuli that can

be harmful to tissues.

Sensory receptors that are stimulated by temperature and

are associated with the sense of touch.

Nerve endings or specialised cells through which living things

perceive stimuli and the information that they provide in the

form of sensations.




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4. Working in pairs, fill in the missing information.

5. Answer the multiple choice questions about the information in the previous

activity.

Sensory transduction is possible thanks to these properties of receptors…

a) Irritability, excitability and adaptation.

b) Excitability, specificity and adaptation.

c) Excitability, specificity and homoeostasis.

Excitability means that a receptor is able to…

a) Perceive a stimulus and generate action potentials.

b) Adjust the response given a persistent impulse.

c) Respond to a specific stimulus.




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The bioelectric impulse …

a) Is a bioelectric current produced in sensory transduction.

b) Reaches the brain through the sensory routes, producing sensations.

c) a) and b).

The threshold is…

a) The strongest stimulus that an organism can sustain.

b) The weakest stimulus that an organism can detect.

c) None of the above.

Collecting information about changes or modifications in the external environment…

d) Allows an organism to adapt.

e) Keeps the internal equilibrium or homoeostasis constant.

f) Determines the survival of an organism.

2. Senses and sensory organs

6. Fill in the gaps in the text with the terms below it.

The sense of touch

Senses are the set of physiological processes of ______ and recognition of stimuli that are carried

out through ______ organs. 5 senses are recognised: touch, ______, taste, sight and ______.

The sense of ______ is located in the skin. It informs us of variations in temperature and ______,

pain, and the texture, ______, shape and size of nearby objects. Receptors associated with this

sense perceive ______ stimuli.

The ______ is the largest organ of the body. It ______ the body from the external environment,

yet allows it to communicate with it. It receives and processes information from the ______

through the sense of touch. Fundamentally, it is made up of 3 layers: the epidermis, which is the

______ layer and has ______ functions, the dermis and the ______.

In the skin, there are 5 different types of ______ associated with the sense of touch, as well as

______, which detect temperature. They transmit information to sensory ______.

The number of skin receptors is not ______ distributed throughout the body. We have many more

receptors per centimetre of skin in our ______ or our lips than in our ______.

back – sensory – physical – outermost – protective – evenly – skin – reception – pressure – hypodermis – mechanoreceptors – isolates – fingertips – hearing – presence – Environment – thermoreceptors – smell – neurons – touch




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7. Find the names of the parts of human skin in the word search on the left. Then label the picture with those terms.

8. Classify the features in the cloud.

SKIN LAYERS

EPIDERMIS DERMIS HYPODERMIS

9. Match the information.

Stimulus Tactile receptor

Pressure

Heat

Cold

Pain

Touch

End-bulbs of Krause

Tactile corpuscles

Free nerve endings

Ruffini corpuscles

Lamellar corpuscles




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10. Complete the concept map.




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11. Solve the cryptogram.

The sense of smell

12. Label the picture using the terms below it.

Olfactory bulb – Respiratory epithelium – Olfactory receptor neuron – Olfactory tract – Olfactory epithelium – Olfactory receptor – Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone




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13. Classify the features in the cloud. Then use the terms and phrases to fill in the gaps in the texts.

NASAL CAVITIES

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

Respiratory epithelium

It is ______ in colour due to the presence of ______that ______ and ______ the air. It is ______,

which are in charge of retaining dust particles and germs in the air. It also has ______ that secrete

______. Odorous substances dissolve in the mucus, and their smell is perceived thanks to this.

Olfactory epithelium

It contains the ______, which are made up of ______ (the olfactory cells). These cells have

extended ends which project into a series of tiny hairs called ______. At one end, cilia are in

contact with the nasal mucus. At the other end, their axons join to form the fibres that make up

the ______ which reach the olfactory bulb, in the frontal lobe of the brain.

14. Read the text and circle the correct option. The sense of smell and emotions

Smell has very close connections with some basic/complex functions of the nervous system.

Olfactory signals are closely connected to the areas of the brain/cerebellum related to emotion,

which could explain why smells can trigger sensations/feelings. Smell is also connected to the

brain structure in which the memory is fixed/stored. It is probably for this reason that smells are

not remembered/forgotten.

Experts have pointed out that smell is a modern/primitive sense, with little influence on human

consciousness/unconsciousness but with a powerful effect on the conscious/unconscious

functioning of the brain and instinctive behaviour.

As a thermoreceptor/chemoreceptor organ, the sense of smell has developed in different ways

depending on the species/genus. For example, mammals/insects recognise chemicals in order

to search for specific foods, and for reproduction. In vertebrates, the perception of chemicals

allows/forbids recognising foods and territories, attracting sexual partners or defence.




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15. Listen and fill in the gaps in the text.

The sense of taste

The sense of taste is sensitive to chemicals that are ______

in saliva. The sense of taste and the sense of ______ make

up the ______ organs.

The sense of taste is located in the ______, inside the

mouth. The sensation perceived by the chemoreceptors of

this sense is called ______.

The ______ cells that receive the ______ are located in

specialised structures in form of taste ______.

On the top of the tongue you can see the lingual ______,

made up of several taste buds. There are several types of

papillae and their ______ determines the areas where the

______ of the different ______ is clearer.

16. Match the terms and definitions. Then label the picture.

Types of lingual

papillae

Definitions

Foliate

Fungiform

Circumvallate

Filiform

Papillae shaped like fungi

that perceive salty,

sweet and sour flavours.

They also detect

temperature.

Papillae that specialise in

the perception of

different flavours.

Papillae shaped like a

cone or a cylinder which

end in a crown of pointed

filaments that have a

thermal and tactile

function.

The least numerous

papillae, but the most

voluminous and the most

important ones.




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17. Label the picture using the terms in the cloud.

The sense of sight

18. Solve the crossword.

General structure and function of the human eye

Across

4. Hole through which light enters the eyeball. 5. It contains the aqueous humour. 8. Ring of muscle fibres that dilate or contract to regulate the amount of light that reaches the eye. 11. Biconvex flexible lens that focuses images on the retina. 13. Middle layer of the human eyeball. Down

1. Transparent region of the outer layer of the human eyeball whose curvature enables light to be refracted and directed to the retina. 2. Photoreceptors located in the retina that are sensitive to colour. 3. Portion of the human eyeball that corresponds to the location of the optic disc, where the fibres of photoreceptors lead to the optic nerves. 6. Nerve through which photoreceptors send information to the brain. 7. Opaque and relatively rigid part of the outer layer of the human eyeball that protects it. 9. Area in the retina with the greatest concentration of rods. 10. Innermost layer of the human eyeball where photoreceptors are found. 12. Photoreceptors located in the retina that are sensitive to light intensity.




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19. Label the picture using the given information. Then complete the flow chart.

Correct image – Inverted image on the retina – Real object – Refraction of light – Optic nerve

20. Identify and correct the false statements.

Visual pathways

Light produces a chemical reaction in the chemoreceptors of the retina. ___

Through this chemical reaction the images received are transformed into electrical

impulses. ___

The optic nerves start at the crystalline lens. ___

The fibres from the photoreceptors come together at the blind spots. ___

The optic nerves end at the left visual cortices, before crossing at the optic chiasma. ___

At night we see in colour. ___

In low light levels we only use the rods, but to detect colours we need the cones. ___




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21. Label the picture with the terms below it. Then put the blocks of text in the correct order.

Eye protection systems

Eyelids – Lacrimal apparatus – Eye socket

Annexes – in charge of – the eyeball – are structures – nourishing, – moving – protecting, – or cleaning ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The annexes – the protection system – include – and – the oculomotor system

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

The oculomotor system – that make it – 6 external muscles – for the eyeball – possible – consists of – to move ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The protection system – the eyelids, – the eye socket – comprises – and the lacrimal apparatus ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The eyelids – their edges – muscle – upper and lower folds – are – with eyelashes – made up of – and skin, – along

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Its purpose – is – and foreign bodies – the eye – to protect – dust – from light, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Blinking – and it moistens – acts as– the cornea – a cleaning method, –

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The eye sockets – of the cranium, – bone cavities – the eyes – are – located on – where – are located – either side ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Their role – these organs – is – to protect ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The lacrimal apparatus – the lacrimal ducts – consists of – and the lacrimal glands

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Tears – remove – of the eye – moisten – and – the surface – small foreign bodies ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

They contain – against infections – some defensive enzymes ___________________________________________________________________________________________________




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22. Fill in the gaps in the text using the terms below it.

The senses of hearing and balance

The sense of hearing responds to ______ stimuli of the mechanical type: sound waves, caused by

the ______ of the particles in the ______. The ear converts a ______ stimulus into a ______

impulse. The sense of ______ is also found inside the ______.

______ or sense of balance is one of the ______ senses of animals, including ______, and it is

what allows them to walk without ______ over.

vibration – falling – mechanical – air – nerve – equilibrioception – physical – balance – physiological – humans – ear

23. Match the information.

Areas and organs Function

Outer ear

Middle ear

Inner ear

Auricle

Ear canal

Eardrum

Bony semicircular canals

Vestibular duct

Cochlea

Malleus, incus and

stapes

Eustachian tube

Collects sound waves.

The balance receptors are located inside it.

Regulates the pressure on either side of the eardrum and

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

Collects sound waves from the outside and leads them inside.

A spiral organ containing the mechanoreceptors of the ear,

such as the organ of Corti.

Directs the waves and prevents the passage of germs.

Also called the ‘labyrinth’, it is filled with the endolymph and

perilymph fluids.

In that order, they pass on the mechanical vibration from the

eardrum to the inner ear.

Semicircular interconnected tubes located in the inner ear.

Membrane of fibrous connective tissues that vibrates when it

receives the impact of sound waves and transmits the

vibrations to the middle ear.

Made up of the malleus, incus, stapes and the Eustachian tube.




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24. Label the picture using the terms from the previous activity.

25. Complete the flow chart. Then label the picture on the right.

The mechanisms of hearing and balance




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Healthy habits for our sensory organs

3. Response and effector organs

27. Read the text and circle the correct option.

Living organisms interact when we are capable/incapable of responding to stimuli. Stimuli are

events that are collected/perceived by one of our sensory/effector organs. The information

received is misinterpreted/interpreted by the coordination systems of the body (either the

lymphatic/nervous system, the digestive/endocrine system or both). These develop a

response that travels to the sensory/effector organ in charge of carrying it out.

Two general types of response associated with the interaction/nutrition function are known: the

motor response in charge of location/position and movement, carried out by the

muscular/locomotor system, and the glandular/nerve response, in which the different types of

nerves/glands in our body produce a secretion/impulse.

28. Label the picture using the terms in the cloud.




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Locomotor system and motor response: General structure of the skeletal system

The human locomotor system is responsible for the ______ and posture of the body, as well as its

______. It consists of the skeletal system, the ______ system and the ______.

The skeletal system, or ______, takes part in movement. It is also responsible for the protection of

the ______ organs such as the ______ and the spinal ______. ______ are the organs that make

up the skeletal system. They are ______ structures formed by bone ______ tissue, which are

organised into the diaphysis and the ______.

The ______ comprises compact bone, the ______, the medullary cavity and ______ and red bone

______. The epiphysis is made up of ______ bone.

Bone connective tissue is made up of bone ______ surrounded by bone ______, a substance that

is rich in ______ fibres and minerals, mainly ______ phosphate and ______.

Calcium – Cells – Skeleton – Shape – Diaphysis – Muscle – Compact – Protein – Soft – Movement – Periosteum – Spongy – Brain – Bones – Joints – Cord – Carbonate – Marrow – Connective – Matrix – Yellow – Epiphysis

30. Complete the concept map.

The skeletal system




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31. Fill in the gaps in the texts using the terms below them. Then label the pictures using those terms.

The human skeleton is divided into two

regions: the ______ skeleton and the

______ skeleton.

The function of the axial skeleton is to

protect the soft areas of the body. It

consists of the ______, which contains

the ______, and the ______, formed by

the sternum and ribs, and the ______,

which protects the brain and the sensory

organs.

skull – appendicular – vertebral column – thorax – axial – spinal cord

The appendicular skeleton is found in the

appendices or extremities.

In humans, the ______ (______) perform grabbing

movements and help provide balance when we walk

or run. Among others, the ______, the ______, the

______, and the ______ are part of it.

Our ______ (______) coordinate standing and

travelling movements. Among others, the ______,

the ______ and the ______ are part of them.

lower extremities – upper extremities – ulna – clavicle – femur – tibia – arms – humerus – fibula – legs – radius




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32. Identify and correct the false statements. Healthy habits for our skeletal system

The most common bone injuries include fissures and fractures. ___

Fractures occur when a crack forms in the bone without breaking it, while fissures occur

when the bone fully breaks. ___

Some of the healthy habits for having proper posture are related to everyday activities. ___

Scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis are genetic malformations or malfunctions in our vertebral

column. ___

In osteoporosis the bone becomes denser and it rarely fractures. ___

A backpack’s length and width should not exceed the length and width of the back. ___

The backpack’s straps should be adjusted at the same height. ___

The backpack does not need a lumbar belt that supports most of the weight. ___

Sandals should not be worn to run or to drive a car. ___

A healthy diet should contain foods that provide calcium and phosphorous salts as well as

foods rich in vitamin D. ___

We obtain active vitamin D with our diet. ___




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33. Label the picture using the given terms. Then put the blocks of text into the correct order.

The muscle system: structure and function

Skeletal muscle Nucleus Smooth muscle Muscle fibre Cardiac muscle

Along with – the muscle system – posture – is – movement – responsible for – the skeletal system, – and maintaining _________________________________________________________________________________________________

The organs – are – and the tendons – the muscles – of the muscle system _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Muscles and tendons – that allows them – through a mechanism – to carry out – to stimuli – respond – their function – of contraction and relaxation – from the nerve fibres _________________________________________________________________________________________________

The mechanism – of muscles – the bones – of contraction and relaxation – involves

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Muscles – movement – attached – by tendons. – to bones – is – are – Thus, – produced _________________________________________________________________________________________________

The human muscle system – 3 types – includes – of muscles _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cardiac muscle – works autonomously – or myocardium – with involuntary contractions _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Smooth muscle – the walls of internal organs – is – involuntary stimuli – the autonomic nervous system – found on – controlled by – and responds to _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Skeletal – responsible for – is – controlled by – or striated muscle – voluntary movements, – the central nervous system _________________________________________________________________________________________________




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Muscle contraction

Muscles are made up of skeletal or ______ muscle tissue,

which is able to contract thanks to a repetitive structure, the

______. Sarcomeres are made up of ______ that create long

structures, which are ______ and rich in two proteins, ______

and ______, capable of ______.

The contraction of this tissue, controlled by the ______

nervous system, occurs in a ______ and quick manner.

contraction – sarcomere – voluntary – actin – striated – fibres – central – myosin – multinucleated

35. Label the pictures using the terms in the cloud.




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36. Solve the cryptogram.

Joints

37. Read the text and circle the correct option.

Joints are made up of the following elements: the articular surface/area is the contact surface

between two muscles/bones; the articular tendon/cartilage is the cartilage that covers the

surface of the joint/bone and prevents the bones from touching/rubbing against each other;

and articular ligaments are stripes/bands of fibrous adipose/connective tissue that connect the

different bones of the joint. Some joints, such as the knee/wrist, also have a synovial capsule

and menisci.

Based on the degree of movement that the joints allow, they are classified into limited/freely

movable, slightly/completely movable and immovable.

There are several types of human joints: variable/fixed joints, such as the elbow/cranium,

cartilaginous joints, such as the vertebrae/hip, hinge joints, such as the elbow, ribs and the

vertebrae, and ball and socket/synovial joints, such as the hip.





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39. Label the pictures using the information in the clouds.

Response mechanisms

Reflex arc

Voluntary

action

40. Listen and fill in the gaps in the text. The interaction function allows ______ things to develop ______ responses to stimuli from their

______ and internal environment.

In general, two types of response occur, depending on the ______ organ considered, although the

______ is common to both.

A response is considered a ______ response when it involves movement, whether it is ______ or

not. It occurs when the ______ stimulus reaches a muscle through an ______ neural pathway,

making the muscle ______.

A ______ response occurs when the organ that is stimulated, either by an efferent neural pathway

or a ______ (in the case of a gland), ______ a substance. Examples include the ______, lacrimal

and ______ glands.

1. the interaction function - mhe.es€¦ · worksheet – student a 1. the interaction function 1....

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