1 the military in a democracy: a u.s. perspective
TRANSCRIPT
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Why Civilian Control in U.S.?
• Colonial immigrants victims of military
oppression in native countries
• French and Indian/Seven Years War
• American Revolution
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Role of the MilitaryU.S. Constitution
– form a more perfect union
– establish justice
– insure domestic tranquility
–provide for common defense
– promote general welfare
– secure the blessings of liberty
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1781-1917
• Militia Act of 1792
• The “Age of Free Security”- 1815-1917– few external threats– no reason to challenge civilian control
• The Civil War 1861-1865– President Lincoln– “citizen-soldier” concept in action
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1918 - 1949
• 1945 - 1992 every U.S. President had served in the armed forces
• Military conscription only in major wars
• Post-WWII defense strategy shifted
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The Cold War
• New policy of “containment”
• No military demobilization after WWII
• U.S. maintained large standing forces
• Reserve system was implemented
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New Military Roles• Military enters into law enforcement arena in 1980’s in
support role• 1986 drug trafficking designated a national security
threat• Military begins support for counter-drug law
enforcement:– equipment– facilities– training– intelligence
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Today’s Military• Composed of a volunteer force • Roles include:– National security– Humanitarian actions– Multinational operations– Peace operations– Fighting non-state terrorists– Law enforcement support– Environmental protection
Executive Function
• President - Commander in Chief
–National Command Authority
–National Security Council (NSC)
• Secretary of Defense
– Joint Chiefs of Staff
–Departments = Administration
–Combatant Commanders = Operations
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President = an Elected Civilian
• Appoints officers and Secretary of Defense
• Submits budget
• Balances Foreign Policy and use of military
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Congress~ Senate and House of Representatives ~
• to raise and support armies
• to provide and maintain a navy
• to provide for state militias when called into federal service
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Legislative Function• War Powers
• Regulation of military
• Promotions
• Budget
• Advise and Consent
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War Powers Resolution
• requires consultation with Congress by President
• requires report by the President on specified deployments
• places a 60-90 day limit on deployments absent express Congressional consent
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Judicial Branch and the Military
• Supreme Court may hear appeals from Court of Military Appeals
• Suits may be brought against the U.S. government after exhausting administrative remedies
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Defense Organization• President– Commander in Chief of Armed Forces
• National Security Council– President– Vice President– Secretary of State– Secretary of Defense+ others
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Department of Defense
• Headed by Secretary of Defense– cabinet level status– directly controls the three service Secretaries
• A true civilian– must not have served in military during the
past ten years
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Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
ChairmanVice ChairmanChief of Staff – ArmyChief of Naval OperationsChief of Staff – Air ForceCommandant of the Marine Corps
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Operational Chain of Command
C om b atan t C om m an d ers
S ec re ta ry o f D e fen se
P res id en t
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Departmental Roles
• OSD tasks military departments
• Military Departments train and equip forces
• Chairman JCS plans and coordinates deployments and operations
• Unified Combatant Commands conduct the operations
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Unified Combatant Commands
• The operational command of the U.S. forces
• Forces from 2 or more services
• Broad and continuing missions
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Secretary of DefenseDeputy Secretary of Defense
CENTCOM
SOCOM TRANSCOM STRATCOM
PACOM NORTHCOM SOUTHCOM EUCOM AFRICOM
President
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Coast Guard
• Under the Dept. of
Homeland Security
• Dept. of Defense
in times of war
• Primary role as a law enforcement agency
• Also a military service
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Conclusion
“…a Japanese politician was heard to remark that [General MacArthur’s] firing taught the Japanese more about democracy than anything else America had said or done because no Japanese citizen ever thought anyone could fire Douglas MacArthur, a god-like figure in Japan.”
…Joseph R. Farrell