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THE SIX KINGDOMS

Bacteria Arachea

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Bacteria Arachea

General Characteristics:

•Prokaryotes•One celled•Smaller cells (Compared to other types of cells)

•Most have cell walls•Asexual reproduction (Fission)

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BACTERIA

Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment

They are found almost everywhere:

-water -air

-soil -food

-skin -inside the body

-on most objects

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Bacteria Survival – Food sources

producers – make their own food

decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals

parasites – bacteria that feed on living things

important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them

Producers – make their own food

• Earths ocean contain Cyanobacteria that produce much of the worlds oxygen

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Decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into

simple chemicals

important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them

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Parasites – feed on living things

• These bacteria harm the organims they live on (the host)

7Staphylococcus infection

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Spiral:spirilla

rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus

Round: cocci

3 Shapes of 3 Shapes of BacteriaBacteria

Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:

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Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

•Capsule

•Cell wall

•Ribosomes

•Nucleoid

•Flagella

•Pilli

•Cytoplasm

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Capsule

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells

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Cell wall

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell

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Ribosomes

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

cell part where proteins are made

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Nucleoid

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

a ring made up of DNA

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Flagella

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion

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Pilli

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

hollow hair-like structures made of protein

allows bacteria to attach to other cells.

Pilli-singular Pillus-plural

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Cytoplasm

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell

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BINARY FISSION•the process of one organism dividing into two organisms

a type of asexual reproduction

Bacteria dividing Completed

Reproduction of Reproduction of BacteriaBacteria

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•The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are

•Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions

•Some can reproduce every 20 minutes

•(one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours)

Reproduction of Reproduction of BacteriaBacteria

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Bacteria Survival

Endospore- •a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell

•they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions•it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm

•allows the bacteria to survive for many years when the conditions for life are not good

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Harmful Bacteria

•Some bacteria cause diseases/illnesses•TB, cholera, strep throat and plague (to name a few)

Many Communicable Diseases are caused by bacteria.– Disease passed from one organism to another

Bacteria produce chemicals that damage cells and tissues.

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Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

Harmful Bacteria

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Helpful Bacteria

•help make nutrients in the soil available for other organisms to grow (Nitrogen)

nodules on soybean

roots

•Used to treat sewage, digest the waste

 

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E.coli on small intestines

Helpful Bacteria

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•Helps to make foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk

Helpful Bacteria

• Are similar in size to bacteria .

• They can survive in a large range of environments.

• They are classified by where they live.

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Archaea

Methanogens

They make methane (natural gas) as a waste product.

They are found in swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills.

26The city of Oslo is converting 80 municipal buses to run on biomethane captured from human waste

Halophiles

These are salt-loving grow in places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah.

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Thermophiles Live in hot springs and

other high temperature environments. Some can grow above the boiling temperature of water.

Some have been found in very cold conditions “Polar Ice.”

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Hot springs in Yellowstone

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Controlling Bacteria3 ways to control

bacteria:1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria

•endospores are killed during this process

2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria

3) Dehydration- removing water from food•Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is

removed •example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

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Controlling BacteriaAntiseptic vs. Disinfectants

Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things•means – “against infection”

Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash

Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

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Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium)Image Number: 21185A

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Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium)Image Number: 97214E

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Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete)