1. the study of psychology
TRANSCRIPT
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The Study of Psychology
Chapter - 1
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What is Psychology?
Definition
The science of behavior, cognition and
physiological processes
Behavior
Anything you do,
especially if its
observable
Cognition
Mental processes
like dreaming,
thinking
Physiological
Processes
Biological processes
that accompany
behavior and
cognition
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Ultimate aim To understand
behavior and help people
How does it accomplish the aim?
By meeting four basic goals:
Description
Prediction
Control
Explanation
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To observe behavior and
describe, often in minute detail,what was observed as objectively
as possible
Descriptions come from
observable dataDescription
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To speculate/guess what will
happen in the future based onobserved behavior
Predic
tion
An old saying: The best predictor of future
behavior is past behavior."
Test the prediction
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Once predictions are verified,
behaviors can be controlled
Cont
rol
To help people control over theiractions and make a positivechange
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By describing, predicting and
controlling, psychologists gaininsight into forces that motivate
people
E
xplana
tion
Then we can understand why
people behave the way they do
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Basic Concepts
StimulusA thing or event
that evokes a
specific functional
reaction in anorgan or tissue
SubjectPerson being
studied or being
experimented
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Consciousness
Individual awarenessof your unique
thoughts, memories,
feelings, sensations
and environment
Unconscious
A state lackingnormal awareness
of the self or
environment
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The Development of Psychology
Five major historical schools of thought:
Structuralism
Functionalism
Behaviorism
Gestalt Psychology
Psychoanalysis
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Proponent: Wilhelm Wundt
Subject matter: The science of
the structure of the mind
To find universal laws and principles
Methods: Introspection
Subjects would report their feelingsand whatever that comes to mind
after being subjected to a stimulus
S
tructuralism
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Criticisms:
Not reliable
Based solely on non-observable behavior
Example
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Proponent: William James
Based on Darwins Theory ofEvolution Survival of the fittest
Subject matter: The study of theadaptive nature of mental
activity (e.g. perception,memory, imagination, feeling,judgment) Individual indifferences
F
unctionalism
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Methods: Introspection, Surveys,Experimental techniques
Key question study was
What function does the specific
behavior have?
Example: Learning, motivation etc.
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Founder: John Watson
Subject matter: The study of
relationship between stimuli and
behavior Limited to observable behavior
Methods: To manipulate stimuli
and observe the effect uponbehavior
Behaviorism
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Proponent: Max Wertheimer
Subject matter: To study the
whole person
People are more than the sum oftheir parts
They argued that we perceive
the entire person and not justparts of the personG
estaltPs
ycholo
gy
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Founder: Sigmund Freud
Subject matter: Study the
unconscious motivations often
expressed in dreams or slips ofthe tongue
Methods: Hypnosis A sleep-like trance stateP
sychoanalysis
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Methods of Research
Psychology researchers use scientific method
Major research methods: Naturalistic observation
Interview
Survey
Test
Case study
Experiment
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State Problem
Develop Hypothesis
Conduct Research
How to improve the performance of the employee?
The performance of those employees which are
punished is improved
Experiment, observation, survey, test etc.
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Collect data
Interpret Data
Record observations, comparison of two groups etc
Analyze the data obtained
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Communicate Results
Draw Conclusions
Punishment, in some occasions, improves
performance
Share their results by publishing in scientific
journals
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Objective recording of what you
see and hear when watchingpeople or animals in their natural
environment
Natur
alistic
Observ
ation
Involves recording informationabout subjects in their normal
environment
An accurate description of
naturalistic behavior is extremely
important
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Subject interacts with the
psychologist by answering to
verbal questions
Interv
iew
Data gathered by
Answers given by respondents
Behavior exhibited by the subject
Types Structured
Unstructured
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Obtain extensive
information
about a topic
Time consuming
Interviewer bias
Advantages Disadvantages
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A questionnaire with writtenquestions which respondents
answer
Survey
orQuestionn
aire
Do sampling
Selecting few people
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Takes less time Answers may not
be answered
honestly
Sampling error
Advantages Disadvantages
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To measure peoples
Abilities
Interests
Personality
IntelligenceTest
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A reconstruction of a persons
life to discover the backgroundleading to the current situation
CaseS
tudy
Childhood School
Employment
Relationships etc
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Understand the
individual better
Solution cannot
be applied to
another person
Difficulty in
recalling
Advantages Disadvantages
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Conducted to specifically know
what causes a particular behavior
Experiment
See the cause-and-effect
relationships
Variables
Environmental
time, light, colorof walls, time of day etc.
Subject Age, gender, background,
personality etc.
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Independent
Variable
Condition which ischanged by the
experimenter and
it will cause a
response or behavior
Dependent
Variable
The behavior orresponse outcome
that is measured
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The amount of preparation time given
to students before exams will affecttheir grades
Independent
Variable
Amount of
preparationtime
Dependent
Variable
Grades
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Reward of a candy will affect the time
required to toilet train a toddler
Independent
Variable
Reward ofcandy
Dependent
Variable
Toilet training
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Coffee reduces the amount to time a
person sleeps
Independent
Variable
Coffee
Dependent
Variable
Sleep time
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Task
Write two cause-and-effect statements Identify independent and dependent
variables
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Experimental
Group
People who receive
the independent
variable
Control
Group
People who do notreceive the
independent
variable
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Correlation Research
Shows the degree of relationship between
two variables
Correlation coefficient
Statistical measure of relationship
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-1 0 +1
Perfect
Negative
Relationship
No
Relationship
Perfect
Positive
Relationship
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Closer to 1
Strong relationship
Closer to 0 Weak relationship
0.66
0.34
0.78
Strong
Strong
Weak
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-ve sign Inverse relationship
Variable A
Variable A
Variable B
Variable B
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Variable
A
Variable B
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Relationship between light intensityand distance
Relationship between smoking and
good health
Relationship between procrastination
and performance
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+ve sign Direct relationship
Variable A
Variable A
Variable B
Variable B
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Variable
A
Variable B
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Relationship between hours studiedand grades
Relationship between hard work andsuccess
Relationship between family income
and educational level
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+0.66
+0.34
-0.78
Strong, Direct
Strong, Inverse
Weak, Direct
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0 No relationship
The two variables are NOT related
to each other
Independent variables; not
dependent on each other
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Variable
A
Variable B
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Relationship between weight andgrades
Relationship between intelligence andsleep time
Relationship between family income
and height
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Purpose of doing correlation
To allow us to make a prediction about
one variable based on what we know
about another variable.
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Correlation does NOT show a cause-
and-effect relationship
It only tells that as one measure
changes, the other may also change