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Chapter 14Chapter 14
Stress, Health, and Well-Being
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009
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What Causes Stress?What Causes Stress?
Traumatic events, chronic lifestyle conditions, major life
changes, and even minor hassles can all cause stress.
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StressStress
Stress –
• A type of emotional response
• Cognitive appraisal plays a role• Leads to individual differences
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Traumatic StressorsTraumatic Stressors
A situation that threatens one’s physical safety, arousing feelings of feel, horror, or helplessness • e.g., sudden life changes
Catastrophic Events-
Sudden violent calamities• e.g., natural disasters, terrorist attacks
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Psychological Response to Psychological Response to CatastropheCatastrophe
Cohen and Ahearn (1980) identified five stages that occur in the wake of natural disasters.
1. Psychic numbness
2. Automatic action
3. Communal effort
4. Letdown
5. Recovery
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Working Through CatastrophesWorking Through Catastrophes
Narratives-
• Formulate accounts of what happened
• Stories help explain ourselves to others
Trauma in the Media-
• news coverage expands the experience
• Can create second-hand traumatizatione.g., perceived greater personal risk and threat
Vicarious Traumatization-
Severe stress caused when one is exposed to others’ accounts of trauma
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GriefGrief
• Emotional response to loss
• Painful complex of feelings• Sadness, anger, helplessness, guilt, despair
• Attempt to make sense of loss
• Normal process of adapting to major life changes
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Posttraumatic StressPosttraumatic Stress
Posttraumatic stress disorder – (PTSD)
• delayed stress reaction
• individual involuntarily re-experiences mental and physical responses that accompanied the trauma• e.g., natural disasters, life-threatening
accident, witness to a murder
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Symptoms of PTSDSymptoms of PTSD
• Distracted
• Disorganized
• Memory difficulties
• Emotionally numb
• Less likely to feel pleasure
• Feel alienated by others
• Trouble sleeping
• Guilt about surviving
• Difficulty concentrating
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Chronic StressorsChronic Stressors
Stressful conditions with a gradual onset, lower intensity, and long lasting
1) Social stressors-Pressures in our social, cultural, and economic environment (e.g., unemployment, racism)
2) Burnout – A syndrome of emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue, and cognitive weariness
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Chronic StressorsChronic Stressors
3) Major Life Events-e.g., beginning of end of a relationship, new job, starting college
4) Daily Hassles – Situations that cause minor irritation or frustration
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A Model of StressA Model of Stress
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Change Can Be Hazardous to Your Change Can Be Hazardous to Your HealthHealth
Social Readjustment Ratings Scale – A psychological rating scale designed to measure stress levels by means of values attached to common life changes
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How Does StressHow Does StressAffect Us Physically?Affect Us Physically?
The physical stress response begins with arousal, which
stimulates a series of psychological responses that – in short term- are adaptive, but which can turn harmful
after prolonged stress
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The Physiological Response to StressThe Physiological Response to Stress
Fight-or-flight response –
• A sequence of internal processes that prepares the organism for struggle or escape
Acute stress –
• A temporary pattern of arousal caused by a stressor with a clear onset and offset
Chronic stress –
• A continuous state of stressful arousal persisting over time
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The Physical Stress ResponseThe Physical Stress Response
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) – A pattern of general physical responses that takes essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009
1818Resistance
Resistance– the body
seems to adapt to the
presence of the stressor
Alarm Reaction
Alarm reaction – the body
mobilizes it’s resources to cope with a
stressor
The General Adaptation SyndromeThe General Adaptation Syndrome
Exhaustion
Illness/death
Exhaustion– the body
depletes it’s resources
Level ofnormal resistance
Successful Resistance
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Tend-and-befriend modelTend-and-befriend model
Stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to stress by nurturing and protecting offspring and seeking social support
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Stress and the Immune SystemStress and the Immune System
Immune system –
• bodily organs and responses that protect the body from foreign substances and threats
Immunosuppresion-
• impairment in the function of the immune system
Psychoneuroimmunology-
• Multidisciplinary field that pulls together psychologists, neurologists, and immunologists
• Interest in mind-body connection
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Who is Most Vulnerable Who is Most Vulnerable to Stress?to Stress?
Personality characteristics impact our individual responses
to stressful situations and, consequently, the degree to
which we feel exposed to potential stressors
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Personality and StressPersonality and Stress
Type A –
• behavior pattern characterized by intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic responses to challenging situations
Type B –
• behavior pattern characterizedby a relaxed, unstressedapproach to life
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Locus of ControlLocus of Control
Individual’s expectations about our ability to influence the outcomes in our life.
• Internals-belief that one has the ability to gain the outcomes desired
• Externals-factors outside one’s control will determine outcomes
Influence on health-
• Comparison of internal vs. external
• Research with seniors varying level of control
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Psychological Responses to StressPsychological Responses to Stress
Learned helplessness –
• Pattern of not responding to noxious stimuli after an organism learns that its behavior has no effect
Hardiness –
• Mental quality of resistance to stress, based on a sense of 3 characteristics:• challenge, commitment, and control
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Psychological Factors Related Psychological Factors Related to Stress and Healthto Stress and Health
Optimism-
• See a future of bright possibilities
• Fewer physical symptoms of illness
• Recover more quickly from certain disorders
• Live longer
Resilience –
• Capacity to adapt, achieve well-being, and cope with stress, in spite of serious threats to development
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Healthy coping strategies reduce the impact of stress on our health, and lifestyle choices reduce both our perceived stress and its
impact on our health
How Can We Reduce How Can We Reduce the Impact of Stress the Impact of Stress
on Our Health?on Our Health?
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Psychological Coping StrategiesPsychological Coping Strategies
Defending– • reducing the symptoms of stress• reducing one’s awareness of stress
Coping – • taking action to reduce or eliminate
cause of stress• Problem-focused• Emotion-focused coping
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Psychological Coping StrategiesPsychological Coping Strategies
Emotion-focused coping – Responding to stress by controlling one’s emotional responses
Problem-focused coping – Responding to stress by identifying, reducing, and eliminating the stressor
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009
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Psychological Resources For Coping Psychological Resources For Coping With StressWith Stress
Cognitive restructuring –
• reappraising stressors
• goal to create a less-stressful perspective
• seeing a situation in a more positive light
• cornerstone of cognitive-behavioral therapy
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Psychological Resources For Coping Psychological Resources For Coping With StressWith Stress
Social Comparison –
• Type of cognitive restructuring
• Compare oneself to others in similar situation
• Downward social comparison• Compare to those worse off
• Upward social comparison• Compare to those better off
Positive Emotions –
• Health inducing
• Increases longevity
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Psychological Resources For Coping Psychological Resources For Coping With StressWith Stress
Psychological Debriefing
• Brief, immediate counseling focused on venting emotions and discussing reactions to the trauma
• Based on belief it is best to express negative feelings
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)
• Group sessions to trauma survivors
• Few studies to test its effectiveness
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Psychological Resources For Coping With Psychological Resources For Coping With StressStress
Social support – • Emotional support, tangible assistance,
informational support
• Resources others provide to help an individual cope with stress
• Reduces physical and psychological ailments
• Increases longevity
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Physical Coping StrategiesPhysical Coping Strategies
Physical coping strategies include
• Exercise
• Nutrition and diet
Using drugs as stress relievers is more of a defense than a coping strategy
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Happiness and Well-BeingHappiness and Well-Being
Subjective well-being (SWB) –An individual’s evaluative response to his or her life, including cognitive and emotional reactions
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Health Psychology and Behavioral Health Psychology and Behavioral MedicineMedicine
Behavioral medicine – Medical field specializing in the link between lifestyle and disease
Health psychology – Psychological specialty devoted to understanding how people stayhealthy, why they become ill, andhow they respond when ill
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009
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Prevention: The Example of Heart Prevention: The Example of Heart DiseaseDisease
Knowledge of cardio-vascular disease risk factors was greater among residents of Town BTown B, who were exposed to a two-year two-year mass media campaignmass media campaign, than among residents in Town ATown A, who were not not exposed to the campaignexposed to the campaign
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Prevention: The Example of Heart Prevention: The Example of Heart DiseaseDisease
Per
cen
tag
e o
f ch
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Media campaign in progress
50
40
30
20
10
00 1 2 3
Good
Years
Town A(Control)Town A
(Control)
Town B(media only)
Town B(media only)
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Per
cen
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e o
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led
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Media campaign in progress
50
40
30
20
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Good
Years
Town A(Control)Town A
(Control)
Town B(media only)
Town B(media only)
Town C(media and workshops)
Town C(media and workshops)
Prevention: The Example of Heart Prevention: The Example of Heart DiseaseDisease
Knowledge gain was greater still in residents of Town Town CC, who participated in intense intense workshops and workshops and instruction sessionsinstruction sessions for several months during the media blitz
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Prevention: The Example of Heart Prevention: The Example of Heart DiseaseDisease
As knowledge increased, bad health habits decreased, with town Ctown C leading the way, followed by town Btown B