(1) topics discussed in this lecture plosives: aspiration

Törkenczy BBN-ANG-241_04 <EngPhonBA_241_04_2015s.wpd> of 10

BBN-ANG-241 Phonology: The Rules of English Phonology

4. Consonants 02

Törkenczy MiklósDept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University

(1) Topics discussed in this lecture

— Plosives: aspiration

— Plosives: flapping

— Plosives: affrication

— Plosives: glottal reinforcement & replacement

— Plosives: release (lateral, nasal, unreleased)


Zoç\ Zjqfi\

(2) Aspiration of fortis stops p, t, k

(2.1) phonetics: aspiration = delay in Voice Onset Time (positive VOT)partial devoicing of the following vowel/sonorant


(2.2) Distribution complementary

#__(C) V ! –__ (C)V ! #__(C) V – __ (C)V __ C ….k+ q+ i+ v.

_V Zoç\án aZoç\éal Zoç\aráde léoZo\ard

_C [okfi\áy re[okfi\áce [okfi\acídity ÁZo\ril cáZo\tain,

hyZo\nótic

_# máZo\

ASPIRATION [fortis stop] = [aspirated] / when a stressed vowel follows

when [l, r, w, j] and a stressed vowel follows

word-initially

!NOT after [s] sZo\ít, misZs\áke, másZs\er

.o.fortis stops have an aspirated and an unaspirated allophone:

Zoç\ Zo\


3(3) Flapping of /t, d/

(3.1). phonetics: one-tap "r", "a very rapid articulation of a stop"

(3.2) flapping accents: AmE, Ireland, some northern UK, Australia, New Zealand

(3.3) distribution

a. V_V b. C_V c. V_C

á[3]om atómic míster mystérious flótsam itsélf

wrí[3]er áltar altérnative átlas Atlántic

rí[3]er sén[3}]ence senténtial chútney Vietnám

pár[3]y partítion métric attráct

d. #_ e. _#

tomórrow tíme pást

púnt

párt

cút

N_ nasalised flap or deletion of stop

!rd3}?mr !rdm?mr

winter = winner


(3.4) .s.FLAPPING

s.c = 3 / V(Cnon-lateral sonorant)__ Vunstressed

[ ... ] [ t ] Z3\

(3.5) across words: I hate Eric `H gdH3 !dqHj

(3.6) neutralisation: when an otherwise active contrast is suspended in some environment (phonemic overlapping)

Adam Z!z3?l\ = atom Z!z3?l\ although bad Zazc\ ≠ bat Zazs\

.s. .c.

Z---\ Zs\ Z3\ Zc\ Z---\

Compare Hungarian mészben = mézben although mész ≠ méz


>o+ >s+ >j+ >sR

ts dz(4) Affrication of t/d (especially London): t more often than d

tíme tomórrow hat

dó píty bed

retáin ríding

adóre

(5) Glottal reinforcement of o+ s j+ sR (optional)

syllable-final: YES not syllable-final NO YES

top helps pie leper

cat football too better

like act kill kicker

much fetched choose Thatcher

GLOTTAL REINFORCEMENT

[voiceless stop] = [>+voiceless stop] / syllable finally & _C

[voiceless affricate] = [>+voiceless affricate] / syllable finally & _C & word medially at the beginning of an unstressed syllable


(6) Glottal replacement of t (Glottaling)

a. Environments: where it never applies

__Vstressed #__

tíme tomorrow

retáin tobacco

b. Environments: where it can hierarchy of contexts (X > Y = it is more likely to apply in environment X than in Y)

1 2 3 4

__ (#) C > > __Csyllabic > __ V__ # V

__ 5

Scotland rjP>k?mc quite easy jv`H>h9yh bottle aP>4ÿ better ad>?quite nice jv`H>m`Hr Quite! jv`H> button aU>mÿ water vN9>?

c. Variation (accents) division of the hierarchy is made on the basis of region (accents), social status, style

e.g. London, working class, informal Glottaling 1, 2, 3, 4

Upper middle class, formal (RP) Glottaling 1 NO Glottaling: 2, 3, 4

GLOTTALING

s = > optional


o´+ a´+ s´+ c´+ j´+ f´

(7) Plosives: release

(7.1) plosive articulation: closure - hold - release: >–<

(7.2) lateral & nasal release

__V/Csome __ l __ [nasal]normal release lateral release nasal release

pony atlas topmost

baby medley chutney

cry at last madness

[homorganic] [homorganic]

(7.3) unreleased stops (‘incomplete plosion')

__[stop] __5compulsory optional

dropped /pt/ hat

rubbed /bd/ snob

good boy /db/ wig

(1) topics discussed in this lecture plosives: aspiration

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