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Udai Pareek’s Understanding

Organizational BehaviourThird Edition

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Dr. Udai Pareek

Revised and Updated by Prof. Sushama Khanna

EMPI, New Delhi

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Chapter 5

Personality and personal

effectiveness

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:1. Elaborate psychometric theories of personality2. Enumerate psychodynamic theories of personality, and

their main features3. Distinguish between Type A and Type B personalities

and between enlarging and enfolding lifestyles4. Relate Holland's personality types to occupational

groups5. Discuss the three-dimensional model of personal

effectiveness6. Enumerate theories of emotion

Theories Of Personality

Psychometric Theories Of Personality • Sixteen Personality Factors (16 P-F) (Cattel) • Big Five• FIRO-B

Psychometric Theories Of Personality • Sigmund Freud• Carl Jung and MBTI• Transactional Analysis

Life Styles based Theories of Personality• Type A vs Type B• Enlarging vs Enfolding• Personality-Job Fit

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S. No Factors’ Bipolar Dimensions of Personality’

1 Warmth:

Outgoing vs reserved

2 Reasoning: More intelligent vs less intelligent

3 Emotional stability:

Emotionally stable vs unstable

4 Dominance:

Assertive vs humble

5 Liveliness:

Happy-go-lucky vs sober

6 Rule-consciousness Conscientious vs expedient

7 Social boldness:

Venturesome vs timid

8 Sensitivity:

Tough-minded vs sensitive

9 Vigilance:

Suspicious vs trusting

10 Abstractedness: Imaginative vs practical

11 Privateness: Shrewd vs forthright

12 Apprehension Apprehensive vs self-assured

13 Openness to change:

Experimental vs conservative

14 Self-reliance Self-sufficient vs group dependent

15 Perfectionism Controlled vs casual

16 Tension: Relaxed vs tense

Sixteen Personality Factors (16 P-F) (Cattel)

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The Big Five Model of Personality (Digman)

Extroversion: One’s comfort level with relationships: talkative, outgoing, Sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agreeableness: One’s inclination to defer to others:, Good-natured, cooperative, warm, caring,. and trusting

Conscientiousness: One’s reliability regarding responsibility Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.

Openness to Experience: One’s range of interests and fascination with novelty: Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism creative, curious.

Emotional Stability: One’s ability to withstand stress Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

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Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation–Behavior (FIRO-B)

• Developed by William Schutz in late 1950s • Based on theory of interpersonal relations. • Interpersonal needs are very important to understand and

predict behaviour of human beings.

Three main basic needs people have:

1. To give and receive affection;

2. To control others and be controlled by others; and

3. Need to socialize and interact with people.

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Expressed and Wanted Dimensions three basic needs (William Schutz)

Inclusion Control Affection

Expressed Behavior

Expressed Inclusion

Expressed Control

Expressed Affection

Wanted Behavior

Wanted Inclusion

Wanted Control

Wanted Affection

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Freud & Personality StructureId - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives

Pleasure Principle

Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic waysReality Principle

Super Ego- voice of consciencethat focuses on howwe ought to behave

Ego SuperEgo

Id

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Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

“personality forms during the first few years of life,rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”

“personality forms during the first few years of life,rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”

Psychosexual StagesOral (0-18 months) - centered on the mouthAnal (18-36 months) - focus on bowel/bladder eliminationPhallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals (Identification & Gender Identity)Genital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others

Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3

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Freudian Personality Types

1. Erotic (Oral): Optimistic, Manipulative, Boastful, Gullible (easy to cheat)

2. Obsessive (Anal): Stingy, Stubborn, Orderly, Meticulous

3. Narcissistic (Phallic): Vain (ineffective), Brash, Courageous, Stylish

4. Detached (Genital): Democratic, Building systems, Linking with others, Situation-specific

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Ego Defense Mechanisms

The Ego has some tools to satisfy both the Id and the Superego , that help to defend the Ego., called ego defence mechanisms. Main defence mechanisms are:

• Denial:• Displacement:• Intellectualisation:• Projection:• Rationalisation:• Reaction formation • Regression• Repression• Sublimation• Suppression

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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Personality Types• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)

• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)

• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Personality Types• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)

• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)

• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)

• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

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MBTI Framework

Aspects• Source of Energy

• Extraversion (E)

• Introversion (I)

• Collecting Information• Sensing (S)

• Intuiting (N)

• Decision Making• Thinking (T)

• Feeling (F)

• Understanding the world• Judging (J)

• Perceiving (P)

Characteristics• Outgoing: speaks, and then thinks. Relates more easily to

the outer world of people and things than to the inner world of ideas.

• Reflective: thinks, and then speaks. Relates more easily to the inner world of ideas than to the outer world of people.

• Practical, concrete. Would work with known facts than look for possibilities and relationships.

• Theoretical, abstract. Would look for possibilities and relationships than work with known facts

• Analytical, head. Relates more on interpersonal analysis and logic than on personal values

• Subjective, heart. Relies more on personal values than on impersonal analysis and logic

• Structured, organized. Likes a planned and orderly way of life than a flexible spontaneous way

• Flexible, spontaneous. Likes a flexible, spontaneous way than a planned and orderly way of life.

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Combination of Four Jungian Aspects for 16 Personality Types

ISTJ ESTJ INTJ ENTJ

ISTP ESTP INTP ENTP

ISFJ ESFJ INFJ ENFJ

ISFP ESFP INFP ENFP

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LIFESTYLE APPROACHES

1. Type A Type B

2. Enlarging & Enfolding

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Type A Type B Personality TypesType A’s1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;4. cannot cope with leisure time;5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms

of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

Type B’s1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its

accompanying impatience;2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or

accomplishments;3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their

superiority at any cost;4. can relax without guilt.

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Enlarging & Enfolding Personality Types

• Enlarging: associated with career/job success; goals of motivation; self-improvement/development; growth; non-traditional; moves to influential position; likely to read, attend theatre, keep up with current events;

• Enfolding: associated with less career/job success; goals of tradition; stability; inner strength; values parental ties, is not member of any social or community gp.; does not join any program for self- improvement/development

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• Regulates• Nurtures

• Task

• Creativity• Reacting• Adjusting

P

A

C

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

Ego states

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• Analysis or Interaction between two persons• Transaction – Act of communication or Interaction

between two persons• A transaction starts with a stimulus and ends with a

response to stimulus• Berne identifies three types of transactions:

Complementary, Crossed and Ulterior or Covert.

Transactions

Complimentary Transactions(1)

    

 

  

P

A

 

C

P

A

 

 

 

P

A

 

C

P

A

 

C

   

Customer Sales Boss Subordinate

 

C

C. What is the price of the Boss. Our values are getting eroded watch?

S. Rs.400 S. Yes. We are deteriorating every day.

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P 

 

 

P

 

 

P

 

 

P

      

C 

 

C

 

C c

 

A 

A 

A 

A

S.Would you like to go to the Magic show? Boss. You are again late.

Boss. Surely, let’s go. S. I am sorry, Sir

Complimentary Transactions (2)

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Crossed Transactions

P

A

C

P

A

C

P

A

C

P

A

C

Boss: Is the report ready? Staff: I want to discuss the resources to resources I need to complete the project.

Staff: Do you think I have Boss: You are always no other work to do?. complaining

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P

A

 

C

P

A

 

C

Sales: This shirt is rather expensive, especially tailored for exclusive tastes.

• Overt message (A A):

Giving information.

• Covert message (A C):

` You can't buy this’!

Customer: I shall buy it.

(C A)

Ulterior Transaction (2)

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Holland’s Personality Types for

Occupational Groups

PERSONALIT JOB FIT THEORY

Personal Effectiveness

Areas of Personal Effectiveness

1. Self-disclosure

2. Use of feedback

3. Perceptiveness

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KNOWN TO SELF

NOT KNOWN TO SELF

KNOWN TO OTHERS

A ARENA

B BLIND

NOT KNOWN TO OTHERS

C CLOSED

D DARK

JOHARI WINDOW

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Categories of Personal Effectiveness

S. No.

Category Self- disclosure

Openness to feedback

Perceptiveness

1 Effective High High High

2 Insensitive High High Low

3 Egocentric High Low Low

4 Dogmatic High Low High

5 Secretive Low High High

6 Task obsessed Low High Low

7 Lonely-empathic Low Low High

8 Ineffective Low Low Low

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• Emotion is a neural impulse that moves an organism to action.

Emotions

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MoodsFeelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus

MoodsFeelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus

EmotionsIntense feelings that are directed at someone or something

EmotionsIntense feelings that are directed at someone or something

AffectA broad range of emotions that people experience

AffectA broad range of emotions that people experience

Emotions

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• Emotion is a neural impulse that moves an organism to action. Emotions have three components: cognitive, physiological component, and conative or expressive.

1. Cognitive component includes the conscious experience of emotions, and the way we 'label' our emotions.

2. Physiological component includes emotional arousal. Different emotions have different arousals. For example, fear, anger, and sadness increase heart rate; anger raises blood pressure; embarrassment is shown in blushing.

3. Expressive component includes body language (gaze, gestures, posture, and walk).

Emotions

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Primary and Secondary Emotions

• Primary emotions are those that we feel first, as a first response to a situation, e.g. fear, anger, sadness, and happiness etc.

• Secondary emotions appear after primary emotions. They may be caused directly by them—for example, where the fear of a threat turns to anger that fuels the body for a fight reaction.

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• James-Lange theory• Cannon-Bard theory• Two-factor theory

Theories of Emotion

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• Healthy emotional life requires us to learn how to experience emotion and how to express feelings.

Experiencing and Expressing Feelings

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• Emotional intelligence is a type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions.

• It may be categorized into five domains:1. Self-awareness 2. Managing emotions 3. Motivating oneself 4. Empathy5. Handling relationships

Emotional Intelligence