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Organization of the Organization of the Human BodyHuman Body

Organization of the Organization of the Human BodyHuman Body

Chapter 1

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DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitions

• Anatomy: Science of Structure

• Physiology: Science of body functions

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• Chemical: atoms->molecules

• Cellular: cells with organellesBasic unit of life

• Tissue: groups of cells & surround4 basic types: epithelial, connective,

muscular, nervous

• Organ: groups of tissues performing a common function

• System: group of organs with a common function

• Organism

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Example:Example:Example:Example:

• Tissue cardiac

• Organ heart

• System cardiovascular sys.

• Organismal person

Figure 1.1

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Body SystemsBody SystemsBody SystemsBody Systems1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

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Integumentary Integumentary Integumentary Integumentary

• Major organsSkinHairNails

• Major functionProtects the body

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SkeletalSkeletalSkeletalSkeletal

• Major organsBonesJointsCartilage

• Major functionSupports body and shapeAids in movement

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MuscularMuscularMuscularMuscular

• Main organsSkeletal musclesCardiac musclesSmooth muscles

• Main functionMovement

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NervousNervousNervousNervous

• Main organsBrainSpinal cordNerves

• Main functionDetecting and responding to stimuli

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EndocrineEndocrineEndocrineEndocrine

• Main organsThyroidPancreasAdrenal gland

• Main functionRegulates body activities through hormones

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CardiovascularCardiovascularCardiovascularCardiovascular

• Main organsBloodHeartBlood vessels

• Main functionCarries nutrients, oxygen, and chemicals to

body while removing carbon dioxide and wastes away from body

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LymphaticLymphaticLymphaticLymphatic

• Main organsSpleenThymusLymph nodes

• Main functionLike a sewer system for the bodyImmunity- fighting diseases

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Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory

• Main componentsLungsPharynx (throat)Trachea (windpipe)

• Main functionsGas exchange, oxygen in and carbon dioxide

out

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DigestiveDigestiveDigestiveDigestive

• Main organsEsophagusStomachIntestines

• Accessory organsLiverGallbladderPancreas

• Main functionsBreaks down foodAbsorbs nutrientsEliminates waste

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UrinaryUrinaryUrinaryUrinary

• Main componentsKidneysBladderUrethra

• Main functionsProduces, stores and eliminates urine

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ReproductiveReproductiveReproductiveReproductive

• Main organsGonads (testes or ovaries)Uterus and vagina in femalesPenis in males

• Main functionSexual reproduction

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Anatomical TermsAnatomical TermsAnatomical TermsAnatomical Terms

1. Head- cephalic

2. Skull- cranial

3. Face-facial

4. Eye- orbital

5. Ear-otic

6. Nose- nasal

7. Mouth- oral

8. Neck- cervical

9. Chest- thoracic

10.Breastbone-sternal

11.Breast- mammary

12.Shoulder- acromial

13.Armpit- axillary

14.Shoulder blade- scapular

15.Arm- brachial

16.Forearm- antebrachial

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17.Wrist- carpal

18.Knuckles- metacarpals

19.Hand- manual

20.Palm- palmer

21.Fingers and toes- phalangeal or digital

22.Abdomen- abdominal

23.Navel- umbilical

24.Back- dorsal

25.Spine- vertebral

26.Loin (lower back)- lumbar

27.Back in-between hips- sacral

28.Genital- pubic

29.Groin- inguinal

30.Buttocks- gluteal

31.Thigh- femoral

32.Kneecap- patellar

33.Back of knee- popliteal

34.Hip- coxal

35.Pelvis- pelvic

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36.Shin-crural

37.Calf- sural

38.Ankle- tarsal

39.Foot- pedal

40.Ball of foot- metatarsal

41.Heel- calcaneal

42.Sole- plantar

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Life ProcessesLife ProcessesLife ProcessesLife Processes

• Metabolism

• Responsiveness

• Movement

• Growth

• Differentiation

• Reproduction

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HomeostasisHomeostasisHomeostasisHomeostasis

• Maintaining a stable internal environment

• Dynamic process

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Homeostasis (Cont.)Homeostasis (Cont.)Homeostasis (Cont.)Homeostasis (Cont.)

• Maintained by feedback systems• Involves adjusting the value of a

physiological variable• Must be measured and then

changed toward some goal

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System ComponentsSystem ComponentsSystem ComponentsSystem Components

• Variable at issue=controlled variable• Receptor.

measures variable value

• Control Center. evaluates input from receptor and send output to the

effector

• Effector.System that changes the value of the controlled variable

as determined by the control center

Figure 1.2

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Negative Feedback Negative Feedback SystemSystem

Negative Feedback Negative Feedback SystemSystem

• Reverses a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”

• This is the process that maintains homeostasisE.g. blood sugar levels, blood pressure, body temperature

Figure 1.3

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Positive Feedback Positive Feedback SystemsSystems

Positive Feedback Positive Feedback SystemsSystems

• This process strengthens a change.

• Rare but important

• Must be shut down by an outside force.E.g. child birth, ovulation, blood clotting

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Clinical TermsClinical TermsClinical TermsClinical Terms

• Disorder: abnormality of structure/function

• Disease: specific illness determined by signs & symptoms

• Symptoms: subjective changes not observable form outside

• Signs: measurable observable changes

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Aging & HomeostasisAging & HomeostasisAging & HomeostasisAging & Homeostasis

Normal process that includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis

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Anatomical TermsAnatomical TermsAnatomical TermsAnatomical Terms

• Precise use of language to define position, direction and location in the body.

Figure 1.4a

Figure 1.4b

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7a

Figure 1.7b

Figure 1.7c

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Directional TermsDirectional TermsDirectional TermsDirectional Terms

• Superior- near the top of the body

• Inferior- near the bottom of the body

• Anterior- near the front of the body

• Posterior- near the back of the body

• Medial- near the middle of the body

• Lateral- near the edges of the body

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Directional TermsDirectional TermsDirectional TermsDirectional Terms

• Proximal- near the trunk

• Distal- far from the trunk

• Superficial- close to the surface

• Deep- far from the surface

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Planes and SectionsPlanes and SectionsPlanes and SectionsPlanes and Sections• Sagittal- divides the body vertically

into right and left sides

• Midsagittal- sagittal down the middle specifically

• Parasagittal- sagittal off to one side

• Frontal (also called coronal)- divides the body into front and back portions

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Planes and SectionsPlanes and SectionsPlanes and SectionsPlanes and Sections• Transverse (also called cross-

sectional or horizontal)- divides body into top and bottom portions

• Oblique- like transverse but at an angle

Figure 1.8 part 1

Figure 1.8 part 2

Figure 1.10a

Figure 1.10b

Figure 1.11