1 vitamins and minerals powerpoint originally prepared by shanta adeeb
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Vitamins and Minerals
PowerPoint originally prepared byShanta Adeeb
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The Nature of Vitamins
Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance.
Vitamins are cofactors, they don’t do anything by themselves.
They are not a source of calories.
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The Nature of Vitamins
Organic cofactors – what is a cofactor?– Water analogy, scissor analogy
Physiological role – specific metabolic function Prevents disease – unlike “supplements” which
may promote “some thing” or have general metabolic effect
(ex. Omega 3s, fibers)
Natural = Synthetic (except Vitamin E)
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The Nature of Vitamins
Nutritional Value lost by:– Light– Heat– Oxidation– Bacteria– Enzymes– Insects– (Nutritional value of baby
food must be assured.)
Effect of packaging on nutrient loss in milk.
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The Nature of Vitamins
Food processing can preserve nutrients.
Vitamin Requirements Daily Values (DV): standard nutrient intake values
developed by FDA– Includes DRIs (Daily Recommended Intakes for
Individuals) and (DRVs) Daily Recommended Values (Proteins, etc.)
– Disease prevention– Best met through a consumption of a wide
variety of foods
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Vitamin Requirements
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI): recommendation for individuals (more accurate, but would be impossible to label)– Age– Gender– Pregnancy– Lactation
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Vitamin Requirements
Daily Reference Values (DRV): standards established for protein and other dietary components lacking a RDA or nutrient standard
Constitute part of the Daily Values (DV) used on food labels
Dietary Supplements $6 Billion Market
They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements” They are not foods, and not drugs.*
Supplements are “Product intended to supplement the diet and contains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and their extracts.”
NOT consumed as a food replacement Loosely regulated, “not evaluated by FDA”
By definition a “drug” is used to “prevent, treat or cure” disease. These terms cannot be used with supplements.
Use of some supplements is backed by scientific data.
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Dr. Montville’s Favorite Supplements
Glucosamine Omega 3 Folic acid Ginko baloba Ground rhino’s horn.
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant
D – we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes rickets, in milk, regulates Ca:P ratios
E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant
K – contributes to blood clotting factor
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Vitamin A
Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant
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Vitamin A
Carrotinoids Used in food industry as a colorant (orange) (label friendly)
Antioxidant (label friendly) Stored in liver Important for sight
– Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide
Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A can prevent night blindness
Carrotenosis
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Vitamin D
Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption
Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels
It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make- in the presence of sunlight
Can be made from cholesterol
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Vitamin D
Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat soluble vitamins)
Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enough sunlight We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal Toxicity is very dangerous
– Occurs only from excess supplementation– Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart
and blood vessels
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Vitamin D
Rickets can be caused by lack of sunlight, but also from insufficient
calcium. Vitamin D linked to calcium absorption.
(Rickets reported in NYC.)
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Vitamin E
A family of eight naturally occurring compounds Used as an anti-oxidant in foods Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction,
many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary supplements
Deficiencies are not well understood Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune response Americans spend $300 million per year on vitamin E
supplements
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Vitamin K
Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors
Can be reactivated to continue biological action
Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins
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Water Soluble Vitamins
Relatively cheap to add to food
Only Vitamin C is used for its functionality
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Water Soluble Vitamins
B1, thiamine B2, riboflavin B6, pyridoxamine B12
Biotin Panothenic acid Niacin Folacin Vitamin C
Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B1
– Thiamine– Involved in carbohydrate metabolism– Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central
nervous system– Deficiency causes Beri beri (Singlese, “I can’t, I can’t”)
B2- riboflavin– Energy metabolism
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Water Soluble Vitamins
B6 - Pyridoxamine– Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100
reactions
B12 – – Development of red blood cells– Lack of it makes one anemic– Hard for vegans to get
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Water Soluble Vitamins
Biotin – – Involved in fatty acid synthesis– Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss
Panthothenic acid– Found in many foods– Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates,
protein, alcohol and fat
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Water Soluble Vitamins
Choline– A major component of cell
membranes– Folacin = Folate = Folic
acid– Deficiency causes neural
tube defects – in utero– Took Rutgers Professor 20
years to for FDA approval as enrichment Why?
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Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing
tool. Antioxidant Deficiency leads to bleeding gums,
hemorrhages High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)
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Vitamin C - Scurvy
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Niacin (B3)
Energy metabolism Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s
– Dermatitis– Diarrhea– Dementia– Death
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Minerals
Issues– Absorption– Bioavailability
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Minerals
Percent of Body weight– Calcium
2%– Phosphorus 1%– Potassium 0.3%– Sulfur 0.2%– Sodium 0.1%– Chloride
0.1%– Magnesium 0.05%– Iron 0.04%
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Minerals
Calcium– 99% is structural– ~25% absorption– Vitamin D aids absorption– 75% is obtained from 75% is obtained from
dairy productsdairy products– Many products are
fortified with it– Built in youth, lost in
maturity Very hard for vegans to get enough calcium
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Calcium
Osteoporosis – a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences
– 1.5 million fractures each year- major cause of subsequent mortality (25% within one year)
– 14 billion in direct health cost– 25 million women at risk– DRI women 600 – 800
mg/day
National Osteoporosis Foundation www.nof.org
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Calcium
Risk Factors- By Mayo Clinic staff
Your gender. Age. Race.
Frame size. Eating disorders.
Low calcium intake.Excess soda consumption (Ca:P ratio).
The link between osteoporosis and caffeinated sodas isn't clear, but caffeine may interfere with calcium absorption and its diuretic effect may increase mineral loss. In addition, the phosphoric acid in soda may contribute to bone loss.
Bone density can be improved at any time.
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Soda is the devil’s drink
Extra calories Poor nutrient
density Interferes with
calcification Replaces more
nutritious drinks
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Minerals
Phosphorus – Easily absorbed by the body– Enhanced by Vitamin D– Deficiency are rare– Soda, phosphoric acid
Potassium– A primary electrolyte in blood– Associated with lower blood pressure– Athletes
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Minerals
Sodium and Chloride– Added during processing– Enhances flavor– We consume 2X of what we need (DV = 2.4
grams, 1/10 ounce) (show)– Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension
High blood pressureSalt sensitivity – genetics and race
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Salt – Uses in Food
Enhances other flavors, cuts cost Salty taste, per se Increases consumer acceptance Raises boiling point of liquids (pasta) Masks bitter tastes Food safety Water binding
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Minerals
Sulfur– Necessary for collagen formation
Magnesium– Abundant in plants
Minerals Iron
– Most common and easily preventable deficiency– Needed for oxygen absorption, immune function,
developmental performance– Poor absorption from plant sources– Low iron causes anemia, especially in menstruating
women– Toxicity
6 – 12 vitamins with 100% iron content will kill a small child
(The dose makes the poison.)
Fortification vs Enrichment Fortification - restores lost nutrients due to processing
Enrichment – adds nutritional value to meet a specific standard
Old London Restaurant Style Croutons. Seasoned Sourdough.
Enriched Bread, [Enriched Flour (Flour, Niacin, Ferrous Sulfate, Thiamin Mononitrate, Riboflavin, Folic Acid),Water,Yeast,Sugar,Salt,Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil ,Vinegar,Ascorbic Acid] Bean Oil with BHT added as a Dextrin
“Enriched UraniumEnriched Uranium