1 water issues in the eastern europe : impact of climate change on water resources, vulnerability...
TRANSCRIPT
1
WATER ISSUES IN THE EASTERN EUROPE:
•Impact Of Climate Change On Water Resources,
Vulnerability And Adaptation To Climate Change
5TH WORLD WATER FORUM REGIONAL MEETING
July 03-04, 2008, Skopje- MACEDONIA
2
GEOGRAPHGEOGRAPHIICAL LOCATCAL LOCATIIONON
3
TÜRKİYE’S DATA
Türkiye’s Population : 70,6 million
Türkiye’s Surface Area : 78 million ha
Rural Population : 29.5 %
Urban Population : 70.5 %
GNP per Capita : 7957 USD
Arable land : 28 million ha
Irrigable land : 25,75 million ha
Economically irrigable land: 8,5 million ha
4
NEIGHBOUR COUNTRIES
7 Billion m3
NEIGHBOUR COUNTRIES
7 Billion m3
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
501 Billion m3
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
501 Billion m3 EVAPORATION274 Billion m3
EVAPORATION274 Billion m3
SURFACE FLOW
186 Billion m3
SURFACE FLOW
186 Billion m3
SURFACE FLOW
193 Billion m3
SURFACE FLOW
193 Billion m3
Infiltration to Aquifers41 Billion m3
Infiltration to Aquifers41 Billion m3
NET112 Billion m3
NET112 Billion m3
Total consumption40 Billion m3
Total consumption40 Billion m3
ANNUAL GROUNDWATER
14 Billion m3
ANNUAL GROUNDWATER
14 Billion m3ANNUAL SURFACE
WATER98 Billion m3
ANNUAL SURFACE WATER
98 Billion m3
GROSS WATER POTENTIAL
234 Billion m3
GROSS WATER POTENTIAL
234 Billion m3
WATER POTENTIAL OF TÜRKİYEWATER POTENTIAL OF TÜRKİYE
5
TTüürkrkiyiye is located in a semi-e is located in a semi- arid region; arid region;
precipitation varies according to time and regionprecipitation varies according to time and region
2500 mm
250 mm
6
MAIN SOURCE OF WATER IS MAIN SOURCE OF WATER IS PRECIPITATIONPRECIPITATION
Precipitation in Türkiye by process of hydrological cycle is quite uneven,
Annual mean precipitation in long term is 643 mm,
Minimum average in drought period is 525 mm,
Maximum average in wet period is 800 mm, Fluctuation from average occurs is about
20% in Türkiye.
7
TÜRKİYE’S ANNUAL AVAILABLE TÜRKİYE’S ANNUAL AVAILABLE WATER POTENTIAL IS VARIABLEWATER POTENTIAL IS VARIABLE
In wet period : 135 Billion m3
In drought period : 90 Billion m3
Difference : 45 Billion m3
This case indicates 50% fluctuation. It is necessary that water demand in drought
period should be satisfied by 50% less than that of wet period.
8
TÜRKİYE IS NOT A WATER RICH TÜRKİYE IS NOT A WATER RICH COUNTRYCOUNTRY
Total Available Water Volume : 112 Billion m3
Türkiye’s Population : 70,6 Million Water Availability Per Capita : 1.600 m3/year These values indicate that Türkiye is
regarded as a “water stress” country.
9
For that reason;To use water cautiously, To avoid using water excessively,To use less water consuming technologies
in irrigation and in daily life is important.
Besides, it is necessaryTo avoid polluting scare water resources.
WATER SAVING AND PROTECTIONWATER SAVING AND PROTECTION
10
Industrial% 20
Domestic% 16 Irrigation
% 64
Industrial % 11
Irrigation % 74
Domestic % 15
Irrigation : 29,5 billion m3 (%74) Irrigation : 72 billion m3 (%64)
Domestic : 6,2 billion m3 (%15) Domestic : 18 billion m3 (%16)
Industrial : 4,3 billion m3 (%11) Industrial : 22 billion m3 (%20)
TOTALTOTAL : 40 billion m: 40 billion m33 TOTALTOTAL : 112 billion m: 112 billion m33
WATER CONSUMPTIONS WATER CONSUMPTIONS
BY SECTORSBY SECTORS
Year 2007Year 2007 Year 2023Year 2023
11
USAGE OF WATER POTENTIALUSAGE OF WATER POTENTIAL
Unused 64%
Used 36%
In order to harness unused In order to harness unused 64%64% water potential, water water potential, water storing facilities (Dams) are to be constructed. storing facilities (Dams) are to be constructed.
71,5 Billion m3
40,5 Billion m3
%36
%64
12
IMPORTANCE OF DAMS
In Türkiye;
Dams are necessary so as to mitigate the impacts of droughts and floods resulted from climate change. The number of Dams constructed according to ICOLD standard is 592.
Active storing capacity of dams in operation is 66 billion m3.
Atatürk Dam
13
Water needs can only be satisfied if water resources are properly managed.
To this end, three precautions are significant; Increasing water supply Decreasing water demand Protection water quality
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN WATER RESOURCES IN WATER RESOURCES
14
PRECAUTIONS PRECAUTIONS TO INCREASE WATER SUPPLYTO INCREASE WATER SUPPLY
1.1. Increasing water storage capacityIncreasing water storage capacity 2.2. Transferring water between basinsTransferring water between basins
3.3. Increasing forestIncreasing foresteded areas. areas.
15
Since Türkiye is located in semi-arid climate zone, Since Türkiye is located in semi-arid climate zone,
it is vital to consume water in agricultural irrigation it is vital to consume water in agricultural irrigation
for food security and in domestic water supply for for food security and in domestic water supply for
sanitation.sanitation.
Therefore, it is essential for water supply in arid Therefore, it is essential for water supply in arid
periods to increase the number of existing dams periods to increase the number of existing dams
and the active storage capacity of the water and the active storage capacity of the water
storage facilities, which is 66 billion mstorage facilities, which is 66 billion m33. .
INCREASINCREASE INE INWATER STORAGE CAPACWATER STORAGE CAPACIITYTY
16
Drought and global climate change result in Drought and global climate change result in
changes of precipitation regime of basins.changes of precipitation regime of basins.
It has been forecasted that the precipitation It has been forecasted that the precipitation
level may decrease in some basins while level may decrease in some basins while
increasing in other basins. increasing in other basins.
For that reason, water transfer between For that reason, water transfer between
basinsbasins is crucialis crucial..
WATER TRANSFERWATER TRANSFER BETWEEN BASBETWEEN BASIINSNS
17
INCREASINCREASE INE IN FOREST FORESTEDED AREAS AREAS
TTürkiyeürkiye has launched National Afforestation has launched National Afforestation
and Erosion Control Action Plan (2008-2012). and Erosion Control Action Plan (2008-2012).
Afforestation, rehabilitation of degraded Afforestation, rehabilitation of degraded
forest inforest in the 2,3 the 2,3 mmillion ha are to illion ha are to be be realized realized
by means of this action plan. by means of this action plan.
In this way, it has been targeted to regulate In this way, it has been targeted to regulate
water regime, improve water quality, control water regime, improve water quality, control
erosion, combating desertification and global erosion, combating desertification and global
warmingwarming..
18
Implementation of modern irrigation systemsImplementation of modern irrigation systems
Reduction of water losses in city water Reduction of water losses in city water
distribution network and in irrigation network distribution network and in irrigation network
Water basin managementWater basin management
DECREASE IN WATER DEMANDDECREASE IN WATER DEMAND
19
As of 2003As of 2003,, DSİ policy has been DSİ policy has been shifted from shifted from
classical open canal to closed (pipeclassical open canal to closed (pipedd) water ) water
distribution networks saving more waterdistribution networks saving more water
MODERN IRRIGATION SYSTEMSMODERN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
20
Open canal Open canal (43%)(43%)
PipePiped d ((11%)11%)
CanaletteCanalette (46%) (46%)
IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIRRIGATION SYSTEMS
21
IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN IRRIGATION METHODSIRRIGATION METHODS
SurfaceSurface Irrigation Irrigation 10,000 m10,000 m3 3 / ha/ ha
Sprinkler IrrigationSprinkler Irrigation66,,500 m500 m33 / ha / ha
Trickle Irrigation Trickle Irrigation 44,,000000 m m3 3 / ha/ ha
Amount of Amount of water consumed by means of agricultural irrigation per ha
22
REDUCTREDUCTIION OF WATER LOSSES ON OF WATER LOSSES IIN N CCIITY WATER DTY WATER DIISTRSTRIIBUTBUTIION AND ON AND IIN N
IIRRRRIIGATGATIION NETWORKON NETWORK
Especially in some cities, water losses Especially in some cities, water losses
should be minimized by means of should be minimized by means of
rehabilitation of old distribution networks. rehabilitation of old distribution networks.
40%40% water saving is possible by shifting water saving is possible by shifting
from classical irrigation to modern from classical irrigation to modern
irrigation networks. irrigation networks.
23
So as to determine water budget, it is So as to determine water budget, it is
essential to manage the watershed area essential to manage the watershed area
as a whole, taking into account as a whole, taking into account its its
surface and ground water resourcessurface and ground water resources . .
RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENTRIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
24
It is It is significantly significantly important to protect important to protect
the quality of water. the quality of water.
Waste water sources threaten fresh Waste water sources threaten fresh
water resources. Each drop of water water resources. Each drop of water
used used is is transformed as waste water. For transformed as waste water. For
that reason, reduction amount of water that reason, reduction amount of water
by means of saving also decreases by means of saving also decreases
amount of waste water. amount of waste water.
PROTECTION OF WATER QUALITYPROTECTION OF WATER QUALITY
25
Water Management Policies are revised by taking into account in Türkiye; European Union Approaches
Global and Regional Developments Sustainability
Present and future needs : - urbanization - industrialization - agricultural production.
NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT
26
In additionIn addition to to the public sector the public sector
involvementinvolvement, , private sector is private sector is
encouraged encouraged in realization of water related in realization of water related
infrastructure. infrastructure.
Besides, the operationBesides, the operation, , managementmanagement and and
renovation renovation of these facilities are of these facilities are
transferred to the beneficiaries. transferred to the beneficiaries.
NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT
27
NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT
Legal arrangements haLegal arrangements haveve been completed so as been completed so as
to develop Tto develop Tüürkiye’rkiye’ss renewable energy renewable energy
resources in short time by means of resources in short time by means of
participation of private sector in construction participation of private sector in construction
and management of Dam and HEPPsand management of Dam and HEPPs..
As a result of these legal arrangements, private As a result of these legal arrangements, private
companies have applied to realize companies have applied to realize 11.432.432 HEPPs HEPPs
having having 1818.764.764 MW installed capacity MW installed capacity..
The total The total amount of the amount of the investment investment ofof these these
projects projects areare above above 2255 bbillion US Dollars. illion US Dollars.
28
The Operation and Management responsibilities of irrigation networks developed by DSI have been
transferred to Water User Organizations.
Water User Organizations:
1- Local Authorities2- Water User Associations3- Village Authority4- Groundwater irrigation Cooperatives
Transferred area96%
Operated area by DSI4% (0,12 million ha)
NEW TRENDS IN WATER MANAGEMENT
( 2,9 million ha )
29
Water Related Integrated projects plays important Water Related Integrated projects plays important
role in sustainable development role in sustainable development of of countries.countries.
GAP Project in TGAP Project in Tüürkiye and rkiye and Vardar Vardar Valley Valley
Development Project in Macedonia are Development Project in Macedonia are good good
examples that both countries attaches importance to examples that both countries attaches importance to
integrated development projectsintegrated development projects..
Within the scope of these development projects, a Within the scope of these development projects, a
number of dams and HEPPs, irrigation networks, and number of dams and HEPPs, irrigation networks, and
flood control structures flood control structures will bewill be realized. realized.
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
30
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
Policies towards effective use and protection Policies towards effective use and protection
of all natural resources, especially water of all natural resources, especially water
resources are to be devised and resources are to be devised and
implemented by taking into account vital implemented by taking into account vital
needs of future generations. needs of future generations.
This would be the greatest service to human This would be the greatest service to human
being. being.
31
We hope to see you We hope to see you 16-22 Mart 2009 16-22 Mart 2009 in Istanbul in Istanbul a at t
5th World Water Forum5th World Water Forum
