1 wayne caswell cazitech consulting wireless 101 considerations for the networked building these...

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Wayne Caswell

CAZITech Consulting

Wireless 101Considerations for the Networked Building

These charts are from a 90-minute class, taught at the

Networked Building Systems Forum (April 13-16 in Dallas).

Call if you’d like a similar class for your organization.

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Wireless 101 Topics

• Glossary of Terms, Resources• Industry, Spectrum Allocation & Value Chain• Tradeoffs, Challenges & Issues

– Security & Control– Compatibility & Upgradeability– Performance & Scalability

• Infrastructure Complexity• Range & Coverage• Interference & QoS• Roaming & Session Mgt.

• Q & A

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Glossary

1G, 2G, 3G802.11 (a, b, g)802.16, 802.20 Access PointAsymmetricAttenuationAuto sensingBandwidthBluetoothBroadbandCDMACDMA 2000CellularDHCPDiffractionDongle

DNSDSSSDual-modeEDGEEncryptionFDMAFHSSFirewallFTPGPRSGSMHandoffHertz (MHz, GHz)

HotspotHubsIEEE

InterferenceISM bandJitterLAN / WLANLatancyLine of sightLMDSMANMDT / MTUMESHMMDSMultimodeMulti-pathNICOSI modelPacket

PAN / WPANPBCCPingProtocolQoSReflectionRefractionRepeaterRoamingRouterSecuritySmart MobsSnifferSoftware radioSpectrumSSID

SwitchesSymmetricTCP/IPTDMATri-modeUltra-widebandVoIPVPNWAN / WWANWardrivingWCDMAWEPWi-FiWISPWMLWPA

Wireless Terms & Jargon(http://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/blglossary.htm)

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Industry Growth

2001 2002 200520042003 2006

More DevicesMore Apps

Network ConvergenceWork w/ Legacy Systems

Stage IIAcceptance

Stage IEarly Adoption

2007 2008

WL

AN

Ad

op

tio

n R

ate

WEP security flaws

Wi-Fi ProtectedAccess

Stage IIIManagement, Control,

and Integration

ConsumerEnterprise

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Industry Growth

Source: Myths of Rich & Poor, W. Michael Cox, 2000

Spread of Technology into American Households

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WLAN Value Chain

ComponentsH/W & S/W

NetworkEquipment

End UserDevice

ServiceProvider Aggregator Application

& Content

Chips

Antennas

Software

Agere

Atheros

Broadcom

Intersil

Intel

TX Instr.

Access Points

Routers, Hubs

Repeaters

Chipsets

NICs

Aruba

Cisco/Linksys

D-Link

Intel Centrino

Microsoft

Netgear

Proxim

PC, Tablet

PDA

STBs, TVs

Ind.Verticals

Dell, HP, IBM

Panasonic, Sony

Symbol

Fee vs. Free

Cingular

Cometa

EarthLink

Sprint

Surf and Sip

T-Mobile

Verizon

Wayport

Boingo

GRIC

iPass

Ind.Vertical

Location Based

Productivity

e-Mail

MM Messaging

MM Streaming

Multicasting

Remote Access

VoIP

Representative Sample Only

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Spectrum Allocation

VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY

1014 Hz 1015 Hz 1016 Hz 1017 Hz 1018 Hz 1019 Hz 1020 Hz 1021 Hz 1022 Hz 1023 Hz 1024 Hz 1025 Hz1013 Hz1 THz

INFRAREDINFRARED

THE RADIO SPECTRUM3 KHz 300 GHz

100 GHz10 GHz1 GHz100 MHz10 MHz1 MHz100 KHz10 KHz1 KHz100 Hz10 Hz0

VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF) LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Microwave

Growth Drivers:Internet, Mobility, Moore’s Law, and Unlicensed Spectrum

Note the Logarithmic scale

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Spectrum Allocation

Source: www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf

2.4 GHz900 MHz

Detail Charts Follow

5.8 GHz

FCC

Fre

quen

cy A

lloca

tion

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Spectrum Allocation

6.78 MHz ± 0.15 MHz

13.56 MHz ± 0.007 MHz

27.12 MHz ± 0.163 MHz

915 MHz ± 13 MHz

2.45 GHz ± 50 MHz

5.8 GHz ± 75 MHz24.125 GHz ± 125 MHz

61.25 GHz ± 250 MHz

122.5 GHz ± 500 MHz

245 GHz ± 1000 MHz

Source: www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf

Aeronautical Mobile

Aeronautical Mobile Satellite

Aeronautical Radionavigational

Amateur

Amateur Satellite

Broadcasting

Broadcasting Satellite

Earth Exploration Satellite

Fixed

Fixed Satellite

Inter-Satellite

Land Mobile

Land Mobile Satellite

Maritime Mobile

Maritime Mobile Satellite

Maritime Radionavigation

Meteorological Aids

Meteorological Satellite

Mobile

Mobile Satellite

Radio Astronomy

Radiodetermination Satellite

Radiolocation

Radiolocation Satellite

Radionavigation

Radionavigation Satellite

Space Operation

Space Research

Standard Frequency and Time Signal

Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite

Government Exclusive

Non-Government Exclusive

Government / Non-Government Shared

Color coded by Application

FCC

unl

i cen

sed

( ISM

/ U

- NII )

ban

ds

B A C K U P

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Spectrum Allocation

ISM - 26 MHz wide

Cordless PhonesBaby MonitorsAudio SendersHead PhonesSpeakersModemsWLANKeyboardsMice. . .“Too crowded, so move to 2.4 GHz”

915 MHz

B A C K U P

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Spectrum Allocation

ISM - 100 MHz wideU-NII - 83.5 MHz wide

Microwave OvensvensVideo Senderss

LightingMedical802.11b802.11g

Bluetooth. . .

“Too crowded so move to 5 GHz”

2.4 GHz

B A C K U P

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Spectrum Allocation

5 GHz

Up to 455 MHz wide depending on region

802.11aSatellite

NavigationSpace Researchh

. . .

It too will get crowded.

B A C K U P

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Wireless Tradeoffs

Time-to-MarketCompatibility & Upgradeability

QoS &..Interference

Performance & Scalability

Range & Coverage

Size & Battery Life

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Tradeoffs = Positioning

Cellular Cellular NetworkNetwork

WANWAN

PCS, GSM, TDMA, CDMA

• Mobile Phone, PDA, Laptop• Roaming, Size, Talk Time

OfficeOffice

LANLAN

HomeHome• MDU, Neighbors• Multimedia (QoS)• No N/W Admin.• More Absorption• More Interference• Single Access Pt.

HotspotHotspot

• MTU, Corporate• Data Only• N/W Admin.• More Reflections• Less Interference• Campus Roaming

IEEE 802.11b, g, a, nIEEE 802.11i, e, f, h, j, …

DeviceDeviceConnectivityConnectivity

PANPAN

• Low Power (short distance)• Cable Replacement• Ad-hoc Connection

Ultra-widebandZigBee

LMDS, MMDS,802.16 / .20

MANMAN

Last MileLast Mile

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UWB110-480 MbpsWireless USBWireless 1394

Personal Area Networks

Bluetooth750 Kbps

Printer

PDA

APLAN

802.15.3Faster than BT

Less Interference~ Same CostZigBee

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Personal Area Networks

3.1 GHz 10.6 GHz5.725-5.825 GHz2.4 GHz

FREQUENCY

X-M

IT P

OW

ER

FCC Part 15 Limit(-41.3 dBm/MHz)

UWB (7.5 GHz)

802.11a (100-300 MHz)

SOURCE: T.S. Rappaport, K. Mandke, L. Yerramneni, and C. Zuniga, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32

UWB

802.11b/g (83.5 MHz)

Two Competing ProposalsFCC Uncertainties

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WLAN Challenges & Issues

• Security & Control

• Compatibility & Upgradeability

• Performance & Scalability– Infrastructure Complexity– Range & Coverage– Interference & QoS– Roaming & Session Mgt.

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WLAN Security

Internet

SQL D/B, e-mail, etc

Data on Device Over Internet Behind Firewall

In Application Code

The Weakest Link?

Over WLAN or Airwaves

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WLAN Security

FREE Network Access Here!• CIA – Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability• AAA – Authentication, Authorization, Audit• WEP – Wired Equivalent Privacy

– Personal Records (Palo Alto High School)– Credit Card Numbers (BestBuy)– National Security (RIAA sues grandpa)

• WPA & 802.1x – Wi-Fi Protected Access• 802.11i – Standardization

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WLAN Security

MINIMUM RECOMMENDATIONS• End-to-End Policies & Enforcement

– Think like a Hacker– Separate N/W with VPN– Turn on WEP, even expand beyond WEP– Avoid standard names– TeleWork program– Awareness & Education

• Remaining Issues– DoS attacks– Lurkers

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WLAN Comparison

STANDARD FREQ (Channels)

RANGE SPEED (Throughput)

TECH COMMENT

Bluetooth (PAN)

2.4 GHz 30 feet 720 Kbps FHSS Disrupts Wi-Fi at close range

802.11b, .11b+ (Wi-Fi)

2.4 GHz (11/3)

300 feet 11 Mbps (4-7 Mbps)

DSSS Other 2.4GHz devices may disrupt connection (e.g. cordless phones)

802.11g, .11g+ 2.4 GHz (11/3)

300 feet 54Mbps (16-25 Mbps)

DSSS OFDM PBCC

Other 2.4GHz devices may disrupt connection (e.g. cordless phones)

802.11a, .11a+ 5 GHz (12/8)

300 feet 54Mbps (27-30 Mbps)

OFDM Not compatible with 802.11b, 802.11g

802.11n (2006)

2.4 / 5 GHz (11/3 + 1/8)

300 feet 100-250 Mbps

OFDM Compatible with .11g and .11a

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Cellular WAN ComparisonB A C K U P

STANDARD FREQUENCY RANGE SPEED PURPOSE / DEVICES COMPATIBILITY

GSM (Global System for

Mobile Communications)

900MHz, 1,800MHz, 1,900MHz

Determined by host network


GSM cell phones, PDAs, pagers Not compatible with CDMA, TDMA networks

3GSM 1,920-1,980MHz and 2,110-2,170MHz


2Mbps data rate 3rd generation GSM phones, PDAs, pagers

Not compatible with CDMA networks

GPRS (General Packet

Radio Service)



Theoretical maximum speed of 171Kbps; reality is 40-50Kbps

GSM overlay for Internet access (GSM/GPRS phones)

Does not support CDMA networks

CDMA (Code Division

Multiple Access)

800MHz, 900MHz, 1,700MHz, 1,800MHz, 1,900MHz

Coverage area of host network

14.4Kbps data rate; a revised CDMA standard offers 64Kbps

CDMA cell phones, PDAs, pagers

Not compatible with GSM, TDMA networks

CDMA2000 Any existing band Coverage area of host network

144Kbps; future speeds estimated as high as 4.8Mbps

3rd generation CDMA phones, PDAs, pagers

Not compatible with GSM, TDMA networks

CDPD (Cellular Digital

Packet Data)

800MHz, 1,900MHz Coverage area of host network

19.2Kbps data rate Transmit data over analog cellular (phones, PDAs, pagers)

N/A

TDMA (Time Division

Multiple Access)

800MHz, 1,900MHz Coverage area of host network

64Kbps to 120Kbps data rates

TDMA cell phones, PDAs, pagers

Not compatible with GSM, CDMA networks

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WLAN Capacity & Coverage

Advertised Speed vs. Maximum Throughput

11 Mbps

54 Mbps 54 Mbps

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APPLICATION SPEED REQUIRED

Text 300 bps

Telephone 8 – 64 Kbps

Color Image 25 KB – 2,500 KB

Digital Photo 1,000 – 10,000 KB

Digital Music 128 – 700 Kbps

Video Conferencing 384 – 2,000 Kbps

MPEG-4 (Internet VoD) 250 – 750 Kbps

MPEG-2 (DVD, Satellite) 4,000 – 6,000 Kbps

HDTV (1080i compressed) ~20,000 Kbps

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RANGE: – Signal Strength (and throughput)

diminish with distance (and when going through materials)

– Low Frequencies cover more distance and penetrate materials

– High Frequencies do better with interference

5 Mbps 2.5 1 Mbps

~50’ 150’ 300’

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13

2


13

2

3

3

221

1 1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

133

2

2

2

3

3

33

3

3

32

2

2

2 2 2

12

3

5

72

46

10

5 8

1411

8

10

134

1076

4

13

8

1

15

69

10

16

143

12

13

15 3 9

1

1

802.11a16 non-overlapping channels and 408.5 MHz of spectrum at 5 GHz makes it possible to set up networks with with more capacity.

802.11b/g3 non-overlapping channels and 83.5 MHz of spectrum at 2.4 GHz make co-channel interference and performance degradation inevitable.

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Professional Site Survey

SOURCE: T.S. Rappaport, University of Texas

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Typical WLAN Installation

PoE Switch and terminal server

Site Survey

IntrusionPrevention

MobileIP Router

$3K

$6K

$10K

$15K

$50KVPN

Concentrator

Packet capture $2K

LAN-speedFirewall $20K ~$106K

SOURCE: Aruba Wireless Networks

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Typical WLAN Installation

$ / Unit # Units Cost # Units Cost # Units CostCapital ItemsVPN box $5-10,000 1 $10,000 1 $7,000 1 $5,000DHCP Server $3,000 1 $3,000 1 $3,000 1 $1,000Network Analyzer $5,000 1 $5,000 0 $0 0 $0Network Switch $2-3,000 8 $24,000 1 $3,000 1 $2,000Power-over-Ethernet $1,500 8 $12,000 1 $1,500 0 $0Spares / Backups $3,000 $500 $500Expense ItemsAccess Points $449 96 $43,104 12 $5,388 2 $898Cable/Install Aps $1,000 96 $96,000 12 $12,000 2 $2,000Client NICs $90 800 $72,000 150 $13,500 32 $2,880Install/Config NICs $175 800 $140,000 150 $26,250 32 $5,600

Total Cost $408,104 $72,138 $19,878Cost / User $510 $481 $621

Large Building(800 users)

Medium Building(150 users)

Small Building(32 users)

SOURCE: Intel, “Deploying Wireless LANs,” April 2003

B A C K U P

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Antenna Basics

SOUND WAVES

1 FIRECRACKER

31 REFLECTIONSREFLECTIONS

Antenna Basics

OVERLAPPING SOUND WAVES

REFLECTIONSMulti-path REFLECTIONSREFLECTIONS

REFLECTIONS

SIGNAL STRENGTH OVER DISTANCE

REFRACTION

ATTENU ATION

ABSORP

NOIT

CTIONCTIONCTION

DIFFRA CTION

3 FIRECRACKERS

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Antenna Basics

Smart Antenna Subsystem

Coverage Patterns

Omni-directionalAntenna

3600

DirectionalAntenna

900

MESH TOPOLOGY

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Antenna Basics

Wired (DSL + Ethernet)$27K / mo.

Mesh (802.16 + 802.11)$14K / mo. (saves $13K /mo)

Cell SiteCentral Office

MESH Deployment – Sample Savings

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WLAN Switch

CorporateBackbone

802.11 a/b/g

Mobile IP, IPSec, Certs

802.1x, 802.11i, 802.11e, 802.11f, 802.11h

Antenna

Typical Access Points

Site Surveys

Self-Healing

CorporateBackbone

Per-user Firewall

RF Management

Rogue Wireless Protection

Thin Access Points

Antenna

802.11 a/b/g

User Access Air Monitor

Mobile IP, IPSec, Certs

802.1x, 802.11i, 802.11e, 802.11f, 802.11h

Session Mgt.

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Real-time calibration characterizes the indoor propagation to determine the actual channel and transmit power settings of each AP

WLAN Switch


Self-calibrating

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WLAN switch automatically balances traffic among any type of AP to compensate for congestion

Move 1, 2 and 3

2

3

1

WLAN Switch


Load Balancing

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Outside intrusion Blocked

WLAN Switch

AP

AP

AP

Nearest infusion pump? Rooms 253, 270

253 270

Rouge AP alert Room 408 Mktg. Dept Installed 4/3, 9:00am

408

Location-Sensing

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Location-Sensing

Corporate Offices

Manufacturing & Warehousing

Healthcare

Laptops, PDAs Laptops on Forklifts

Networked Medical Dvcs.

Printers Networked Mfg. Equipment

Clinician Tablets, PDAs

High-value Inventory

High-value Inventory, Pallets

Wheel Chairs

Personnel Cars, Trucks, Containers

Misc. Medical Dvcs.

Security

IT Management

Asset Tracking

Location-based Content

Guest Services

Mapping

One-on-one Marketing

Wi-Fi devices & Other tagged equipment

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Software turns PC, Tablet, or iPAQ into Phone- Make/Answer Calls- Shared Line Support- Hold- Transfer- Auto Answer- Call Forwarding- DTMF Pad- Calling Party Name Display- Last Party Number Display- Last Number Redial- Last 10 Number Redial- Multiple Ring Tones- Message Waiting Indication- Missed Calls Indicator- Mute Mic- Mute Speaker- Speed Call List- Time Display- Transfer- Tune In Multicast Paging- Volume Control

VoIP over WLAN

ISSUES:Cost, Battery Life, Interference (CSMA/CA)

Feature-richSpeech Recongnition:“Call Dr. Shostak”“Find a cardiologist”“Find a 3rd floor manager”“Record a message for clerks” “Block calls except Dr. Klien” “Transfer call to reception” “This is Brent Lang”

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MultiMode

Wired

802.11b

802.11g

802.11a

802.16 / .20

3G Cellular

Ultra-wideband

Bluetooth

ZigBee

Proprietary

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Wayne CaswellPrincipal & Chief Visionary

CAZITech [email protected]

www.cazitech.com1-512-335-6073

1 wayne caswell cazitech consulting wireless 101 considerations for the networked building these...

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