1

What is a Network?What is a Network?

ComputerComputer

LAN Local Area NetworkLAN Local Area Network

Area NetworkMAN Metropolitan MAN Metropolitan Area Network

Area NetworkWAN Wide WAN Wide Area Network

2

What is the What is the InternetInternet??

– The The InternetInternet, or “the Net,” is a worldwide , or “the Net,” is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).directly to users at other computers).

3

What is the What is the InternetInternet??

– Gearhead viewGearhead view• Infrastructure - Protocols, bridges, routers, firewalls, Infrastructure - Protocols, bridges, routers, firewalls,

backbones, nodes, clients, servers, packets, switches,...backbones, nodes, clients, servers, packets, switches,...

– Alternative viewsAlternative views• Network of NetworksNetwork of Networks

• Community of peopleCommunity of people

• Collection of shared resourcesCollection of shared resources

• Connected enterprisesConnected enterprises

4

What is an What is an IntranetIntranet??

Company A’s Network(Intranet)

Company A’s Network(Intranet)

The rest of the InternetThe rest of the Internet

SecurityAccessSecurityAccess

5

What is an What is an ExtranetExtranet??

SecurityAccessSecurityAccess

Company A’s Network(Intranet)

Company A’s Network(Intranet)

The rest of the InternetThe rest of the Internet

SecurityAccessSecurityAccess

Company B’s NetworkCompany B’s Network

6

A Brief HistoryA Brief History

– RAND Corporation study - 1964RAND Corporation study - 1964

– ARPANET - 1969 ( to 1990)ARPANET - 1969 ( to 1990)

– European connections - 1973European connections - 1973

– Usenet - 1979Usenet - 1979

– BITnet, CSnet - 1981 (to 1991)BITnet, CSnet - 1981 (to 1991)

– NSFnet - 1986 (to 1997)NSFnet - 1986 (to 1997)

– World Wide Web - 1992World Wide Web - 1992

– Electronic Commerce - 1996Electronic Commerce - 1996

7

Number of Internet HostsNumber of Internet Hosts

Jan 2001 - 109,500,000Jan 2001 - 109,500,000

8

Growth by YearGrowth by Year

2000-2001 37,000,0002000-2001 37,000,000

9

Countries with Internet AccessCountries with Internet Access

10

The Internet in the U.S.The Internet in the U.S.

11

http://www.http://www.cscs.bell-labs.com/~.bell-labs.com/~chesches/map/gallery/index.html/map/gallery/index.html

12

Internet StatisticsInternet Statistics

• 250 Million ‘connections’ worldwide250 Million ‘connections’ worldwide

• Number will reach 500M by 2003; 800M by 2005Number will reach 500M by 2003; 800M by 2005

• Traffic doubling every 100 daysTraffic doubling every 100 days

• U.S. users account for 47% of all usersU.S. users account for 47% of all users

• 25% of U.S. households are online25% of U.S. households are online

• The #1 Killer App -The #1 Killer App -– EmailEmail

• 275M worldwide send or receive email275M worldwide send or receive email

• 46% of U.S. adults use email46% of U.S. adults use email

13

Internet StatisticsInternet Statistics

• HostsHosts

– 1992 - 992K; 1996 - 12.8M; 1998 - 36.7M; 2001 - 110M1992 - 992K; 1996 - 12.8M; 1998 - 36.7M; 2001 - 110M

• DomainsDomains

– 1992 - 16.3K; 1996 - 488K; 1998 - 4.3M 2001 - 36.2M1992 - 16.3K; 1996 - 488K; 1998 - 4.3M 2001 - 36.2M

• World Wide Web sitesWorld Wide Web sites

– -1992 - 50; 1996 - 300K; 1998 - 4.3M; 2001 - 153.5M-1992 - 50; 1996 - 300K; 1998 - 4.3M; 2001 - 153.5M

14

Internet Design PrinciplesInternet Design Principles

– Assume unreliable at all timesAssume unreliable at all times• Design to transcend thisDesign to transcend this

– No central authority No central authority

– All nodes equal in statusAll nodes equal in status

– Divide messages into Divide messages into “packets”“packets”• Each contains source/destination informationEach contains source/destination information

– Distribute packets along different pathsDistribute packets along different paths• Packet switchingPacket switching

15

How is this Done?How is this Done?

– Decentralized structureDecentralized structure allows for easy expansion allows for easy expansion• Independent nodes integrated into the networkIndependent nodes integrated into the network

– ProtocolsProtocols allow for machine independence allow for machine independence

– Most important: Most important: TCP/IPTCP/IP• TCP - Transmission Control ProtocolTCP - Transmission Control Protocol

– converts/reassembles packetsconverts/reassembles packets

• IP - Internet ProtocolIP - Internet Protocol

– handles correct addressinghandles correct addressing

• Other protocols Other protocols

– Email (SMTP), file transfer (FTP), etc.Email (SMTP), file transfer (FTP), etc.

16

Q: How is a Q: How is a nodenode identified? identified? A: IP AddressA: IP Address

– dot - quaddot - quad• 128.146.31.14:80128.146.31.14:80

– 128.146 - net address 128.146 - net address (Ohio State Sonnet - Bevis Hall - OSC)(Ohio State Sonnet - Bevis Hall - OSC)

– 31 - subnet (cgrg)31 - subnet (cgrg)– 14 - node (my computer (tres))14 - node (my computer (tres))– 80 - port (which access point on the server)80 - port (which access point on the server)

– Fully Qualified Domain Name Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)(FQDN)• tres.cgrg.ohio-state.edu.us:80tres.cgrg.ohio-state.edu.us:80• affleck.pepsico.com.usaffleck.pepsico.com.us• freenet.oh.usfreenet.oh.us

17

Number of DomainsNumber of Domains

2001 - 36.2M (22.4M are .com)2001 - 36.2M (22.4M are .com)

18

FQDN FQDN tres.cgrg.ohio-state.edu.us tres.cgrg.ohio-state.edu.us

– Country code (ISO 3166) - TLDCountry code (ISO 3166) - TLD• .ca : Canada .ca : Canada .jp : Japan .uk : United Kingdom .jp : Japan .uk : United Kingdom

.au : Australia .us : USA .au : Australia .us : USA etc. etc.

– Organization hierarchy - TLDOrganization hierarchy - TLD• .com : commercial businesses • .edu : educational institutions .com : commercial businesses • .edu : educational institutions

• .org : nonprofit orgs.org : nonprofit orgs • .int: Int’l orgs • .int: Int’l orgs

• .net : network admin •.biz - business.net : network admin •.biz - business

• .gov : government.gov : government • .mil : military installations • .mil : military installations

– Gateway subdomainGateway subdomain

– Node machineNode machine

www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm

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New TLDsNew TLDs

• .firm - commercial entities (extends .com).firm - commercial entities (extends .com)• .store - e-commerce sites.store - e-commerce sites• .web - web related activities.web - web related activities• .arts - arts related sites.arts - arts related sites• .rec - recreational sites.rec - recreational sites• .info - informational sites.info - informational sites• .name - personal sites.name - personal sites• .museum.museum - museums- museums

Registrar: http://www.networksolutions.com

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3 Letter Domain Extensions3 Letter Domain Extensions

21

2 Letter Domain Extensions2 Letter Domain Extensions

22

Access to the InternetAccess to the Internet

– Who charges for access?Who charges for access?• The “Internet” doesn’t charge for anything. Each group The “Internet” doesn’t charge for anything. Each group

accessing it controls their own computers, lines and access accessing it controls their own computers, lines and access procedures.procedures.

– Competing interest groups are maneuvering to “control” Competing interest groups are maneuvering to “control” the Internetthe Internet

– Who oversees proceduresWho oversees procedures• InterNIC - Internet Network Information CenterInterNIC - Internet Network Information Center

• ICANN - Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and ICANN - Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers (top three domains)Numbers (top three domains)

• IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers AuthorityIANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

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Internet Service Providers (ISPs)Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

– CommercialCommercial• Major Dial-in systems (AOL, Compuserve)Major Dial-in systems (AOL, Compuserve)

• Small, local providers (Intelinet, iwaynet)Small, local providers (Intelinet, iwaynet)

• Major direct access providers (OARnet, RoadRunner)Major direct access providers (OARnet, RoadRunner)

– Community Information SystemsCommunity Information Systems• Free-Nets (Columbus Free-Net)Free-Nets (Columbus Free-Net)

• Other civic networks (prairieNET)Other civic networks (prairieNET)

• Local BBS services (limited internet services)Local BBS services (limited internet services)

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Access to the InternetAccess to the Internet

– Level One Connectivity (34.8M)Level One Connectivity (34.8M)• Access through a Gateway (service provider)Access through a Gateway (service provider)

– Level Two ConnectivityLevel Two Connectivity• Remote Modem AccessRemote Modem Access

– Access a “host” and act like a terminalAccess a “host” and act like a terminal

– Level Three Connectivity (6.8M)Level Three Connectivity (6.8M)• Direct Internet Access (Broadband)Direct Internet Access (Broadband)

• On-demand Direct AccessOn-demand Direct Access

– ISPs provide dial-in service, but provide SLIP or PPP ISPs provide dial-in service, but provide SLIP or PPP connections that mimic direct accessconnections that mimic direct access

25

What is the World Wide Web?What is the World Wide Web?

– The World Wide Web is a practical implementation of The World Wide Web is a practical implementation of Internet technology Internet technology

• other examples: gopher, ftp, email, ... other examples: gopher, ftp, email, ...

– it is an application that relies on the Internet network it is an application that relies on the Internet network infrastructureinfrastructure

– It allows users at different sites to share information It allows users at different sites to share information using accepted protocolsusing accepted protocols

– It provides a logical structure for users to interface with It provides a logical structure for users to interface with the networkthe network

26

What are the basic Web What are the basic Web technologies?technologies?

– Client/Server architectureClient/Server architecture– HTML, HTTP, and URLHTML, HTTP, and URL

• HTML - the Hypertext Markup Language is the protocol HTML - the Hypertext Markup Language is the protocol for writing the documents to be distributed, displayed for writing the documents to be distributed, displayed and editedand edited

• HTTP - the Hypertext Transfer Protocol provides the HTTP - the Hypertext Transfer Protocol provides the rules for distributing these documentsrules for distributing these documents

• URL - the Uniform Resource Locator provides the URL - the Uniform Resource Locator provides the means for referencing these documents, and the address means for referencing these documents, and the address where they can be found, in a format consistent with where they can be found, in a format consistent with HTMLHTML

28

The URLThe URL

• Part1: protocol designator (http://)Part1: protocol designator (http://)• Part2: subdomain name (www)Part2: subdomain name (www)• Part3: actual domain namePart3: actual domain name• Part4: port number (usually not required)Part4: port number (usually not required)• Part5: file access path (valid extensions: htm, Part5: file access path (valid extensions: htm,

html, shtml (and some others))html, shtml (and some others))

http://www.prolotherapy.com:80/prolohelp.htmlhttp://www.prolotherapy.com:80/prolohelp.html

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Protocol designatorsProtocol designators

• http://http://– Used for hypertext encoded documentsUsed for hypertext encoded documents

• ftp://ftp://– Used to provide access to documents using the File Used to provide access to documents using the File

Transfer Protocol - files appear in a list of file namesTransfer Protocol - files appear in a list of file names

• gopher://gopher://– Similar to FTP, but the server provides menu-based Similar to FTP, but the server provides menu-based

listing of resourceslisting of resources

30

What is a Web Browser?What is a Web Browser?

– an application program that provides a way to look at and an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web... interact with all the information on the World Wide Web... it interprets the HTML files and displays them in a it interprets the HTML files and displays them in a graphical user interfacegraphical user interface

• Mosaic was the first Mosaic was the first (Marc Andreesen of Univ of Illinois)(Marc Andreesen of Univ of Illinois)

• AOL, CompuServe and Prodigy developed their ownAOL, CompuServe and Prodigy developed their own

• Netscape and Internet Explorer are the most widely usedNetscape and Internet Explorer are the most widely used

• Lynx (text-based) and Opera are othersLynx (text-based) and Opera are others

• SprintPCS browserSprintPCS browser

• Other wireless browsers (Palm, …)Other wireless browsers (Palm, …)

31

SprintPCSSprintPCS

32

WWW StatisticsWWW Statistics

• 150M Web sites; 300M by 2003150M Web sites; 300M by 2003• Only 46% of Web sites are activeOnly 46% of Web sites are active• 2/3 - 3/4 of users use the Web for finding 2/3 - 3/4 of users use the Web for finding

informationinformation• 2/3 - 3/4 are frustrated by not finding information 2/3 - 3/4 are frustrated by not finding information

they are afterthey are after• 31% are online > 20 hrs; 34% 10-20 hrs31% are online > 20 hrs; 34% 10-20 hrs• 57% are from US57% are from US• 50% go to the top 900 sites50% go to the top 900 sites

33

Most popular web destinationsMost popular web destinations

• The average Web user spends 8.8 hrs/week The average Web user spends 8.8 hrs/week browsing the following kinds of sites, in order of browsing the following kinds of sites, in order of popularity:popularity:– NewsNews

– TravelTravel

– WeatherWeather

– MusicMusic

– TechnologyTechnology

34

Other Web technologiesOther Web technologies

• Frames - multiple, visible, connected pagesFrames - multiple, visible, connected pages• Forms - HTML data entry mechanismForms - HTML data entry mechanism• CGI - Common Gateway Interface - allows the CGI - Common Gateway Interface - allows the

processing of information from HTML forms processing of information from HTML forms • Java - a platform independent programming Java - a platform independent programming

language (Sun Microsystems)language (Sun Microsystems)– Javascript, applet, servletJavascript, applet, servlet

• ActiveX - Like an applet, but could be written in ActiveX - Like an applet, but could be written in any language (Microsoft)any language (Microsoft)

35

Other Web technologiesOther Web technologies

• DHTML (Dynamic HTML) - rollovers, interactivity...DHTML (Dynamic HTML) - rollovers, interactivity...

• Streaming (audio/video) - broadcastingStreaming (audio/video) - broadcasting

• VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) - Interactive VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) - Interactive 3D - Web3D3D - Web3D

• QTVR (QuickTime Virtual Reality) - interacting with a QTVR (QuickTime Virtual Reality) - interacting with a visual image (also, QT Cubic VR, iPix, metastream)visual image (also, QT Cubic VR, iPix, metastream)

• Shockwave - encode Macromind Director movies for Web Shockwave - encode Macromind Director movies for Web distributiondistribution

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Plug-insPlug-ins

• Plug-in applications are programs that can easily Plug-in applications are programs that can easily be installed and used as part of your Web browser. be installed and used as part of your Web browser. They are recognized automatically by the browser They are recognized automatically by the browser and its function is integrated into the main HTML and its function is integrated into the main HTML file that is being presented. Example plug-ins file that is being presented. Example plug-ins include:include:– Adobe AcrobatAdobe Acrobat– RealAudio, RealVideoRealAudio, RealVideo– Macromedia ShockwaveMacromedia Shockwave– Apple QuickTimeApple QuickTime http://home.netscape.com/plugins/index.htmlhttp://home.netscape.com/plugins/index.html

http://browserwatch.internet.com/index.shtml

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CookiesCookies

• A A cookie cookie is information for future use that is is information for future use that is stored by the server on the client side of a stored by the server on the client side of a client/server communication.client/server communication.– Records your preferences when using a siteRecords your preferences when using a site

– Ad banner historyAd banner history

– Identification informationIdentification information

– Customize for browser typeCustomize for browser type

– Computer specificationsComputer specifications

http://www.cookiecentral.com

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Emerging TechnologiesEmerging Technologies

• WebMallsWebMalls• WebCasts, Multicasts, MBONEWebCasts, Multicasts, MBONE• NGI, Internet 2, NGI, Internet 2, IPv6IPv6 (IPng) (IPng)

– 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 computers (128 bit IP address) (vs 4,294,967,296)computers (128 bit IP address) (vs 4,294,967,296)

• Wireless networks - RF, PCS, SatelliteWireless networks - RF, PCS, Satellite• Set-Top Boxes, InternetTV, Network ComputersSet-Top Boxes, InternetTV, Network Computers• SAN - Storage Area NetworksSAN - Storage Area Networks• XML , SMIL, and other protocolsXML , SMIL, and other protocols

39

Finding information on the WebFinding information on the Web

• 950M indexable pages; 2B by 2003950M indexable pages; 2B by 2003• 2.5M Web pages added DAILY2.5M Web pages added DAILY• Links from other web sitesLinks from other web sites are effective locators are effective locators• Many users collect relevant Many users collect relevant Bookmarks Bookmarks • Web searchesWeb searches

40

Web searchesWeb searches

• Entire InternetEntire Internet– Use a “search service”Use a “search service”

• Intranet or local site searchesIntranet or local site searches– Locally developed search mechanismsLocally developed search mechanisms

– Use a commercial service with a restricted domainUse a commercial service with a restricted domain

41

Search servicesSearch services

• Five categoriesFive categories– DirectoriesDirectories - classify documents into subject scheme or taxonomy - classify documents into subject scheme or taxonomy

(eg, Yahoo, LookSmart)(eg, Yahoo, LookSmart)

– Search enginesSearch engines - index words or terms in Web documents (eg, - index words or terms in Web documents (eg, Altavista, Excite, Lycos)Altavista, Excite, Lycos)

– MetasearchMetasearch services - provide a central access point (eg, Dogpile, services - provide a central access point (eg, Dogpile, Metacrawler, SavvySearch)Metacrawler, SavvySearch)

– OS based search mechanisms - parallel search strategies (eg, OS based search mechanisms - parallel search strategies (eg, Apple Sherlock, MatiHari)Apple Sherlock, MatiHari)

– Intelligent agentsIntelligent agents - continually search the Web using customized - continually search the Web using customized and personalized strategiesand personalized strategies

42

Searching the WebSearching the Web

• DirectoriesDirectories are most useful when looking for are most useful when looking for information in clear categories, such as information in clear categories, such as makers of makers of luxury carsluxury cars, or , or distributors of building productsdistributors of building products

• EnginesEngines are most useful when the topic is more are most useful when the topic is more specialized, such as specialized, such as which luxury car uses the which luxury car uses the GPS systemGPS system, or , or who makes insulated windowswho makes insulated windows

43

How search services workHow search services work

• Engines create listings automaticallyEngines create listings automatically– A A spiderspider visits, reads and follows links visits, reads and follows links

– Results are stored in anResults are stored in an index index

– The index is searched, and results rank-orderedThe index is searched, and results rank-ordered

• Directories depend on humans to create listingsDirectories depend on humans to create listings• Hybrid systems - some engines also maintain a Hybrid systems - some engines also maintain a

directorydirectory

44

How pages are rankedHow pages are ranked

• Location/frequencyLocation/frequency– Terms in the title, or near the top, or used a lotTerms in the title, or near the top, or used a lot

• PopularityPopularity– Lots of links pointing at a pageLots of links pointing at a page

• CitationsCitations– Referenced pages get a boostReferenced pages get a boost

• Meta tagsMeta tags– Part of the HTML protocol, a place to put search keywordsPart of the HTML protocol, a place to put search keywords

• Spamming will exclude or lower rankingSpamming will exclude or lower ranking– Padded meta tags, invisible words, inappropriate titles, overuse of Padded meta tags, invisible words, inappropriate titles, overuse of

termsterms

45

Search strategiesSearch strategies

• Be specific!Be specific!– ““new planets outside the solar system discovered since 1996”new planets outside the solar system discovered since 1996”

• Use nouns and objects in queriesUse nouns and objects in queries– Planet,planetsPlanet,planets

• Use 6 to 8 keywordsUse 6 to 8 keywords– New,planet,planets,discovery,solar,systemNew,planet,planets,discovery,solar,system

• Truncate words and use wildcardsTruncate words and use wildcards– Planet*,discover*,system*Planet*,discover*,system*

46

Search strategies (cont) Search strategies (cont)

• Use synonymsUse synonyms– Discover OR findDiscover OR find

• Use phrases when possibleUse phrases when possible– ““solar system”solar system”

• Distinguish concepts with parenthesesDistinguish concepts with parentheses– (“solar system*”) (“new planet*”) (discover OR find)(“solar system*”) (“new planet*”) (discover OR find)

• Order concepts with main subject firstOrder concepts with main subject first– (“new planet*”) (“solar system*”) (discover OR find)(“new planet*”) (“solar system*”) (discover OR find)

• Use search engine mathUse search engine math

47

Search engine mathSearch engine math

• AdditionAddition - Use the plus ‘+’ symbol to request pages that - Use the plus ‘+’ symbol to request pages that have all wordshave all words– +Planet +solar +system +discover+Planet +solar +system +discover

• SubtractionSubtraction - Use the minus ‘-’ symbol to request pages - Use the minus ‘-’ symbol to request pages that exclude certain wordsthat exclude certain words– +Planet -mars -earth +new+Planet -mars -earth +new

48

Power searchingPower searching• Title searchingTitle searching

– planet title:“solar system”planet title:“solar system”

• Site searchingSite searching– planets host:www.nasa.govplanets host:www.nasa.gov– planets host:eduplanets host:edu– Exclude sites Exclude sites

• ““new planets” -host:www.nasa.govnew planets” -host:www.nasa.gov

• Link searchingLink searching– planet link:www.nasa.govplanet link:www.nasa.gov

49

Search Engines - 1Search Engines - 1

• AltaVista (AltaVista (http://www.http://www.altavistaaltavista.com.com))– Popular with researchers because of comprehensive Popular with researchers because of comprehensive

coverage and power searching commands; largest on coverage and power searching commands; largest on the Webthe Web

• Excite (Excite (http://www.excite.comhttp://www.excite.com))– Uses a medium sized index and integrates non-Web Uses a medium sized index and integrates non-Web

material (corporate information, sports scores, etc.) material (corporate information, sports scores, etc.) Most popular on the Web. Powers AOL NetFind.Most popular on the Web. Powers AOL NetFind.

50

Search Engines - 2Search Engines - 2

• HotBot (HotBot (http://www.http://www.hotbothotbot.com.com))– Favorite among researchers because of a large index. Favorite among researchers because of a large index.

Owned by Lycos. Gets results from Direct Hit and Owned by Lycos. Gets results from Direct Hit and InktomiInktomi

• Inktomi (http://www.inktomi.com)Inktomi (http://www.inktomi.com)– Large index used by many search engines, including Large index used by many search engines, including

GoTo, HotBot, Yahoo, Snap, Microsoft MSN. Index GoTo, HotBot, Yahoo, Snap, Microsoft MSN. Index not available directly. Partners can customize Inktomi not available directly. Partners can customize Inktomi resultsresults

51

Search Engines - 3Search Engines - 3

• Direct Hit (http://www.directhit.com)Direct Hit (http://www.directhit.com)– Works with other engines to refine their results; Works with other engines to refine their results;

rankings are determined from users clicking on resultsrankings are determined from users clicking on results

• Go (http://www.go.com)Go (http://www.go.com)– Used to be called Infoseek; now a search portal. Used to be called Infoseek; now a search portal.

Combination search engine and directory; good results Combination search engine and directory; good results for broad and general searchesfor broad and general searches

52

Search Engines - 4Search Engines - 4

• Lycos (http://www.lycos.com)Lycos (http://www.lycos.com)– Started as a search engine - since April is a directory. It Started as a search engine - since April is a directory. It

uses volunteer editors to catalog and supplements with uses volunteer editors to catalog and supplements with spideringspidering

• Northern Light (http://northernlight.com/)Northern Light (http://northernlight.com/)– Also popular with researchers because of large index. Also popular with researchers because of large index.

Value: special collection of documents not usually Value: special collection of documents not usually available to other search enginesavailable to other search engines

53

Search Engines - 5Search Engines - 5

• Snap (http://www.snap.com)Snap (http://www.snap.com)– Backed by C-net and NBC, it is a human-compiled Backed by C-net and NBC, it is a human-compiled

directorydirectory

• Yahoo (http://www.yahoo.com)Yahoo (http://www.yahoo.com)– Easily the Web’s most popular search service; human Easily the Web’s most popular search service; human

compiled directory listing over a million sites; also uses compiled directory listing over a million sites; also uses Inktomi to supplementInktomi to supplement

• OthersOthers– LookSmart, LookSmart, GoogleGoogle, Ask Jeeves, WebCrawler, dogpile, Ask Jeeves, WebCrawler, dogpile

54

C-net EvaluationsC-net Evaluations

• HotBot - HotBot - Easy to use, accurate - 5 usable linksEasy to use, accurate - 5 usable links

• Excite - Excite - Easy to use , accurate but limited advanced Easy to use , accurate but limited advanced search capabilities - 4.25 usable linkssearch capabilities - 4.25 usable links

• AltaVista - AltaVista - Easy to use, lots of extras - 4 usable linksEasy to use, lots of extras - 4 usable links

• Infoseek (Go) - Infoseek (Go) - better as a portal than a search engine - better as a portal than a search engine - many results out of datemany results out of date

• Lycos - Lycos - fewer relevant hits, and 3 times the duplicates fewer relevant hits, and 3 times the duplicates and out of date resultsand out of date results

55

My Personal EvaluationsMy Personal Evaluations

• Google Google • Sherlock Sherlock (Apple’s integrated FindFile, Search Disk by (Apple’s integrated FindFile, Search Disk by

Content, and Internet MetaSearch utility) Content, and Internet MetaSearch utility)

• AltaVistaAltaVista• HotBotHotBot• WebCrawlerWebCrawler• Ask Ask JeevesJeeves

56

Searching StatisticsSearching Statistics

• Links more important than search engines Links more important than search engines (54% vs 13%)(54% vs 13%)

• Active users average 40 bookmarksActive users average 40 bookmarks

• 82% sites visited are from bookmarks82% sites visited are from bookmarks

• Currently, there are about 2500 search servicesCurrently, there are about 2500 search services

• Coverage of engines is as low as 3% and as high as 34%Coverage of engines is as low as 3% and as high as 34%

• 50% cite broken links as biggest problem50% cite broken links as biggest problem

• Average user uses 1.5 words per searchAverage user uses 1.5 words per search

57

PortalsPortals

• (synonymous with access gateway) a World Wide Web (synonymous with access gateway) a World Wide Web site that is a major starting site for users when they connect site that is a major starting site for users when they connect to the Web, or that users tend to visit as an anchor site. to the Web, or that users tend to visit as an anchor site. Typical services:Typical services:– a directory of Web sites a directory of Web sites – a facility to search for other sites a facility to search for other sites – news, weather information news, weather information – e-mail e-mail – stock quotes, TV schedules stock quotes, TV schedules – phone and map information phone and map information – community forumscommunity forums

58

Personal PortalsPersonal Portals

• My.yahoo.comMy.yahoo.com• My.lycos.comMy.lycos.com• My.excite.comMy.excite.com• NBCiNBCi.com.com• Enterprise Information Portal (EIP)Enterprise Information Portal (EIP)

– Businesses or organizations can customize their own Businesses or organizations can customize their own version of either one of the above portals, or design version of either one of the above portals, or design their own to reflect the content and function of their their own to reflect the content and function of their individual Intranetindividual Intranet

59

60

Is your browser up to date?Is your browser up to date?

• http://www.http://www.duqduq..eduedu//distancelearningdistancelearning/ / browsertestbrowsertest//testmenutestmenu.html.html

61

Reasons for a Business to Reasons for a Business to Develop a Web SiteDevelop a Web Site

• To establish a network presenceTo establish a network presence• To expand marketsTo expand markets• To distribute business informationTo distribute business information

– To customersTo customers– To researchersTo researchers– To employeesTo employees

• To sell or market productsTo sell or market products• To respond to inquiriesTo respond to inquiries• To expand business hoursTo expand business hours

62

The Dirty DozenThe Dirty Dozen

– Pet peeves of business web sites Pet peeves of business web sites Scott Kirsner, The Main Attraction, Scott Kirsner, The Main Attraction, CIO Magazine (9/1/99)CIO Magazine (9/1/99)

– 1. Stale content1. Stale content– 2. Fouled-up forms2. Fouled-up forms– 3. Inconsistent navigation3. Inconsistent navigation– 4. Slo-o-o-o-w pages4. Slo-o-o-o-w pages– 5. Irrelevant or missing page titles5. Irrelevant or missing page titles

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The Dirty Dozen (continued)The Dirty Dozen (continued)

– 6. The virtual company6. The virtual company– 7. Pages that can’t be book-marked7. Pages that can’t be book-marked– 8. No response (or slow response) to e-mails8. No response (or slow response) to e-mails– 9. No prominent search options9. No prominent search options– 10. Password problems10. Password problems– 11. Subpar shopping carts11. Subpar shopping carts– 12. Channel disconnect12. Channel disconnect

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My own dirty dozenMy own dirty dozen

– 13. “Server busy ... try again later”13. “Server busy ... try again later”– 14. Overuse of irrelevant plug-ins14. Overuse of irrelevant plug-ins– 15. Required survey forms15. Required survey forms– 16. Overabundance of invasive ads16. Overabundance of invasive ads– 17. Too much design, not enough content17. Too much design, not enough content– 18. Invisible text and buttons18. Invisible text and buttons

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My own dirty dozen (continued)My own dirty dozen (continued)

– 19. The navigation cul-de-sac19. The navigation cul-de-sac– 20. W-a-a-a-y too many graphics and animation20. W-a-a-a-y too many graphics and animation– 21. Bridge pages21. Bridge pages– 22. Scrolling down the river...22. Scrolling down the river...– 23. Browser incompatibility23. Browser incompatibility– 24. Bad design24. Bad design

http://www.webpagesthatsuck.com

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Electronic Business - E-businessElectronic Business - E-business

• E-servicesE-services• E-commerceE-commerce

– B2B - business to businessB2B - business to business

– B2C - business to consumerB2C - business to consumer

• E-tailingE-tailing• E-trading E-trading (C2C?)(C2C?)

• cyberprisescyberprises

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E-business GoalsE-business Goals

• Creating or maintaining a competitive edgeCreating or maintaining a competitive edge• Improving customer satisfactionImproving customer satisfaction• Keeping pace with the competitionKeeping pace with the competition• Reducing operational costsReducing operational costs• Improving employee communications and Improving employee communications and

satisfactionsatisfaction• Establishing or expanding brand awarenessEstablishing or expanding brand awareness• Finding new markets for products or servicesFinding new markets for products or services• Generating new sources of revenueGenerating new sources of revenue

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E-business ramificationsE-business ramifications

• The role of IT departments is changed from The role of IT departments is changed from technology to business decision makingtechnology to business decision making

• Employees burdened with new skill requirementsEmployees burdened with new skill requirements• Individual employees are required to assume Individual employees are required to assume

additional responsibilitiesadditional responsibilities• Constant demands, with shorter delivery times, Constant demands, with shorter delivery times,

have increased job stresshave increased job stress

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E-servicesE-services

• Network design, engineering and managementNetwork design, engineering and management• Web design and web hostingWeb design and web hosting• Applications hostingApplications hosting• Applications managementApplications management• ConsultingConsulting• Projected at $42B by 2002 (Yankee Group)Projected at $42B by 2002 (Yankee Group)

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E-commerceE-commerce

• E-commerceE-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. Internet, especially the World Wide Web. – For online For online retailretail selling, the term selling, the term e-tailinge-tailing is sometimes is sometimes

used. used.

– e-commercee-commerce and and e-businesse-business are often used are often used interchangeablyinterchangeably

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E-commerceE-commerce

• $37.5B industry - conservative estimates are that $37.5B industry - conservative estimates are that it will grow to $300B by 2002; Some analysts it will grow to $300B by 2002; Some analysts predict $1T to $1.5T by 2002predict $1T to $1.5T by 2002

• 75% of this business is B2B75% of this business is B2B• 20 sites generated $100M; top 100 sites averaged 20 sites generated $100M; top 100 sites averaged

$12M each$12M each• 85% of the Global 1000 businesses see 85% of the Global 1000 businesses see

e-commerce as a top priority in the next 3 yearse-commerce as a top priority in the next 3 years

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Five Myths that will kill Five Myths that will kill E-commerceE-commerce

• People want plenty of selectionPeople want plenty of selection• Amazing technology will save youAmazing technology will save you• The Amazonian sell-everything model is the only The Amazonian sell-everything model is the only

one for the Webone for the Web• Focus on sellingFocus on selling• People buy on-line because they don’t want to People buy on-line because they don’t want to

deal with real peopledeal with real people

Ref: Dan Roth, Fortune MagazineRef: Dan Roth, Fortune Magazine

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E-commerce surveyE-commerce survey

• NetEffect Survey:NetEffect Survey:– 90% of e-commerce sites don’t have Web-based 90% of e-commerce sites don’t have Web-based

customer management systemscustomer management systems

– 90% don’t allow for on-line real-time assistance90% don’t allow for on-line real-time assistance

– 90% place these in the top five priorities for this year90% place these in the top five priorities for this year

– Suggestions:Suggestions:• Identify arrivalsIdentify arrivals

• Use that info to customize the user environmentUse that info to customize the user environment

• Track customer eventsTrack customer events

• Have competent on-line representativesHave competent on-line representatives

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Types of e-commerceTypes of e-commerce

• Selling tangible goodsSelling tangible goods– Taking orders for shipment to customersTaking orders for shipment to customers

• Orders are filled by human interactionOrders are filled by human interaction

• Eg, flowers, books, CDs, housewares, ...Eg, flowers, books, CDs, housewares, ...

• Selling contentSelling content– Electronic delivery of electronic goodsElectronic delivery of electronic goods

• Orders are taken, filled and shipped by the computerOrders are taken, filled and shipped by the computer

• Eg, house plans, image archives, MP3 music, publications,...Eg, house plans, image archives, MP3 music, publications,...

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IT Ingredients of E-commerceIT Ingredients of E-commerce

• The Web serverThe Web server• Web applications Web applications • Programming capabilityProgramming capability• E-mail managementE-mail management• Access restrictionAccess restriction• Access logsAccess logs• Secure transactionsSecure transactions• Credit card validation and payment mechanismsCredit card validation and payment mechanisms• EDI - Electronic Data Interchange (ANSI X12)EDI - Electronic Data Interchange (ANSI X12)

– For B2B modelsFor B2B models

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Components of e-commerceComponents of e-commerceselling tangible goodsselling tangible goods

• Market the goods - Market the goods - virtual store, web catalogvirtual store, web catalog

• Sell the goods - Sell the goods - use forms or shopping cart applicationuse forms or shopping cart application

• Provide payment options - Provide payment options - credit card, e-cash; credit card, e-cash; validationvalidation

• Process the order - Process the order - usually manualusually manual

• Verify correctness of order and send receipt for the Verify correctness of order and send receipt for the order - order - usually done via emailusually done via email

• Package and deliver the goods - Package and deliver the goods - manuallymanually

• Provide customer feedback - Provide customer feedback - web-based, or emailweb-based, or email

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Components of e-commerceComponents of e-commerceselling contentselling content

• Market the goods - Market the goods - virtual store, web catalogvirtual store, web catalog

• Sell the goods - Sell the goods - use forms or shopping cart applicationuse forms or shopping cart application

• Provide payment options - Provide payment options - credit card, e-cash; validationcredit card, e-cash; validation

• Process the order - Process the order - usually electronicusually electronic

• Verify correctness of order and send receipt for the Verify correctness of order and send receipt for the order - order - usually done via emailusually done via email

• Provide access to the secure area - Provide access to the secure area - instant or delayedinstant or delayed

• Provide customer feedback - Provide customer feedback - web-based, or emailweb-based, or email

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Issues of E-commerceIssues of E-commerce

• SecuritySecurity• Cultural sensitivityCultural sensitivity• StandardsStandards• CopyrightCopyright

– Different in a global communityDifferent in a global community

• BandwidthBandwidth• Increasing site hitsIncreasing site hits• Customer satisfactionCustomer satisfaction

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SecuritySecurity

• TargetsTargets– ContentContent– Business recordsBusiness records– Customer names and personal informationCustomer names and personal information– BandwidthBandwidth– Disruption of business (hackers, crackers)Disruption of business (hackers, crackers)

• TechniquesTechniques– Packet sniffingPacket sniffing– Password crackingPassword cracking– Shared informationShared information– Trojan horsesTrojan horses

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SecuritySecurity

• SolutionsSolutions– Unservable directoriesUnservable directories– Firewalls, Bastion hosts, Victim hostsFirewalls, Bastion hosts, Victim hosts– Access hopsAccess hops– Server certificates, Digital signaturesServer certificates, Digital signatures– Encryption Encryption

• SSL (https:// or key icon in browser)SSL (https:// or key icon in browser)• S-HTTP (shttp:// or key icon in browser)S-HTTP (shttp:// or key icon in browser)

– SET (Secure Electronic Transaction)SET (Secure Electronic Transaction)– PasswordsPasswords– Access logsAccess logs– Secure email (S/MIME)Secure email (S/MIME)

Web Security Sourcebook, Rubin et alWeb Security Sourcebook, Rubin et al

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Attracting customersAttracting customers

• Make your site aesthetically pleasingMake your site aesthetically pleasing• Make your site secure, and convince customers that it isMake your site secure, and convince customers that it is• Offer free stuffOffer free stuff• Shorten load timesShorten load times• Display text as soon as possibleDisplay text as soon as possible• Provide contact informationProvide contact information• Describe the site’s purposeDescribe the site’s purpose• Provide clear and easy ordering infoProvide clear and easy ordering info• Ask customers for feedbackAsk customers for feedback• Avoid sending e-mail unless askedAvoid sending e-mail unless asked• When in doubt, simplifyWhen in doubt, simplify

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Haven’t we met somewhere Haven’t we met somewhere before?before?

• Build a lasting on-line relationship with your Build a lasting on-line relationship with your customercustomer– Identify customers individuallyIdentify customers individually

– Differentiate one customer from anotherDifferentiate one customer from another

– Interact with customersInteract with customers

– Tailor some aspect of your product or service or Tailor some aspect of your product or service or interaction to meet their individual needsinteraction to meet their individual needs

• Link transactions over time so they never have to Link transactions over time so they never have to start over. Include links to email and telephone start over. Include links to email and telephone contacts.contacts.

Ref: Peppers and Rogers, NewMedia 10/99Ref: Peppers and Rogers, NewMedia 10/99