1 what is biology ? bios- =life -logy = study of study of life 2 are you alive? what are you made...
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What is BiologyWhat is Biology??•Bios- =life•-logy = study of•Study of Life
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Are you alive? What are you made of?
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Major Branches of Biology:Major Branches of Biology:1. Botany
• Plant Biology
2. Zoology• Study of animals
What makes something What makes something alive?alive?
(What do all living things have in common?)(What do all living things have in common?)
Think/Pair/Share
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Cytology:Genetics:Ecology:
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Characteristics of Living Things
1. Made up of Cells -Multi- or uni-
2. Can reproduce3. Grow and Develop4. Obtain & use material
for energy5. Maintain a stable
internal environment
Homeostasis
Metabolism
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Textbook pgs 15-19
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Characteristics of Living Things
6. Based on a universal genetic code
7. Change over time8. Response to their
Environment
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Evolution
DNA
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CellsCells
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ReproductionAsexual Asexual ReproductionReproduction
Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is the formation of is the formation of new new individuals fromindividuals from the the cell(s) of acell(s) of a single parent.
Offspring genetically the same
It is very common It is very common in plants; less so in in plants; less so in animals. animals.
Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproduction
Sexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the fusion of gametes.
Two parents
Offspring genetically different
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MetabolismMetabolism•Sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body.
•Breakdown and build up.
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Universal Genetic Universal Genetic MaterialMaterial
•DNA•Information passed from parent to offspring
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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings
1. Made Up of Cells2. Reproduce3. Are Based on a Genetic Code4. Growth and Development5. Need for Materials and Energy6. Response to the Environment7. Maintaining Internal Balance8. Evolution (change over time)
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• Scientific method Intro Clip
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Goals1.Explain the relationships between structures and function in living cells.
2.Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.
3.Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
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Organic Organic ChemistryChemistry• Study of Compounds that Study of Compounds that
contain contain CarbonCarbon..
• Why is carbon so interesting?Why is carbon so interesting?1-Carbon has 1-Carbon has 44 valence electrons. valence electrons.
2-Carbon has the 2-Carbon has the ability to form ability to form more compoundsmore compounds than any other than any other element.element.
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Organic Compounds contain Carbon.
All living things contain the element
Carbon.
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CARBON SKELETONSCARBON SKELETONS
CREATES DIVERSITY
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Organic Compounds contain Carbon.
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What are we composed of?-We have structure-
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Elements
Covalent bondsAtoms
Compounds
Macromolecules
Cell
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acid
Carbon compounds
Functional groups
Nucleus
DNA
Ribosomes
Endomembrane
Organelles
Organic Compounds contain Carbon.
make up
make up
make up
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Macromolecules of Life
4 basic Molecules4 basic Molecules
1.1.CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2.2.LipidsLipids
3.3.ProteinsProteins
4.4.Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
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Sports Tip of the Day
Carbohydrates=energy
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18Carbohydrates = Sugars
Carbohydrates=energy
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Carbohydrates2 main functions
1)1) Provide energy to living Provide energy to living cells.cells. – Main Source of energy.Main Source of energy.
2) Structural Components2) Structural Components-cell walls-cell walls
• Elements: CHO (1:2:1 ratio)Elements: CHO (1:2:1 ratio)– The name carbohydrate means The name carbohydrate means
"watered carbon" or carbon "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water molecules.with attached water molecules.
19Carbohydrates=energy
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Vocabulary Check•Monomer- Single unitMonomer- Single unit•Polymer- many unitsPolymer- many units
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Many molecules are made of up one or more smaller units.One
Monomer +One
Monomer=Polymer
Carbohydrates=energy
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This is PAUL LEMUR. This is PAUL LEMUR. He's a lemur named Paul.He's a lemur named Paul.
JOKE BREAK
21Carbohydrates=energy
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Monosaccharides
one sugar unit
•Glucose- plants make during photosynthesis
•Galactose-milk
C6H12O6
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Apple JuiceRNA
Simple sugarsCarbohydrates=energy
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DisacchridesDisacchrides•two sugars
What molecule will this make?
23Complex sugar
Carbohydrates=energy
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Sucrose•Table SugarTable Sugar•Plant transportPlant transport
DisacchridesDisacchrides 24
Carbohydrates=energy
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PolysaccharidePolysaccharidess
• Glycogen (pictured)Glycogen (pictured)• Glycogen functions as a Glycogen functions as a fuel storefuel store in in
animals. -animals. -Large amounts are stored inLarge amounts are stored in liver liver and muscleand muscle and maintain circulating blood and maintain circulating blood
glucose levels between meals.glucose levels between meals.
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•““Many sugars”Many sugars”
Complex sugar
Carbohydrates=energy
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26PolysaccharidePolysaccharidess •““Many sugars”Many sugars”
Carbohydrates=energy
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•Starch- Starch- plants plants store store sugars sugars in this in this form.form.
Viewed under a microscope, the starch Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains in these plants cells are visible as grains in these plants cells are visible as
small dots. small dots.
27PolysacchariPolysacchari
dede
Carbohydrates=energy
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Energy•Carbohydrates store energy in
their chemical bonds.•Your body breaks down the
sugars to get energy.
Animation
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PolysacchariPolysaccharidede
Carbohydrates=energy
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PlantPlant Cell Walls Cell Walls•Cellulose
29Structure
PolysacchariPolysaccharidede
Carbohydrates=Structure
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storage
storage
structure
Carbohydrates=energy & structure
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Carbohydrates Review
Used for:• Carbohydrates are the major source of energy
for most living things and include sugars, like glucose and sucrose, and starches. – Starches are long chains of sugars.
• Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes. – An example of this is cellulose, which is found in plant cell
walls, and chitin found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.
Made of:• Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen, with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
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Carbohydrate Review Clip (Std Dev)
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Long-term Energy StorageLong-term Energy StorageMore carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds More carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds than carbohydrates. than carbohydrates.
Commonly called Commonly called fats, oils, and fats, oils, and waxeswaxes.. They are They are insoluble in waterinsoluble in water due due to the nonpolarity of the to the nonpolarity of the molecules. molecules.
Make good cell membranes.Make good cell membranes.
Lipids Lipids OverviewOverview
32Elements:C, H, O
Lipids=Store energy & membranes
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Cells use lipids for:Cells use lipids for:Long-term energy storage. Long-term energy storage. Cushions & Insulation.Cushions & Insulation.Protective coatings & Protective coatings & WaterproofingWaterproofingCell membranes Cell membranes (Phospholipids).(Phospholipids).
ExamplesExamples::Fats, oils, waxesFats, oils, waxesCutin Cutin in plants. It helps plants in plants. It helps plants retain water (waterproofing).retain water (waterproofing).
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Lipids=Store energy & membranes
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StructurStructure of e of
LipidsLipids
•Glycerol Glycerol backbonbackbone w/ 3 e w/ 3 fatty fatty acid acid chainschains
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GlycerolGlycerol fatty acid chainsfatty acid chains
ENERGY stored in the C-H
bonds!
Lipids=Cushions & Protects
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•Lipids “don’t like” water.
Phospholipids & Membrane StructurePhospholipids & Membrane Structure35
Lipids=Store energy & membranes
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Saturated Fat-No double bonds,
so they lay flat."the enemy"
-Solid at room Temperature
Unsaturated Fat-Double bonds, so
they DO NOT lay flat."the good guys"!
-Liquid at room Temperature
Lipids=Cushions & Protects
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Lipids ReviewUsed for:• Lipids provide insulation, store energy,
cushion internal organs, and are found in biological membranes.
• The waterproof, waxy surface of some leaves contains lipids. – Examples of lipids include fats and oils.
Made of:• Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, &
oxygen.• The structural building block of a lipid is the
fatty acid combined with glycerol (a type of alcohol).
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ProteinsProteins FunctionsFunctions• Transport moleculesTransport molecules
• HemoglobinHemoglobin transports oxygen transports oxygen
• Storage moleculesStorage molecules• Iron stored in the liver in a protein complexIron stored in the liver in a protein complex
• Mechanical supportMechanical support• Skin, bones, hair, & nails contain Skin, bones, hair, & nails contain collagencollagen
• HormonesHormones• EnzymesEnzymes
• Speed up chemical reactionsSpeed up chemical reactions• Helps control metabolism.Helps control metabolism.
• Immune SystemImmune System• AntibodiesAntibodies in the immune system in the immune system
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C, H, O, N, S
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Proteins-Proteins-StructureStructure
•Elements: CHONSElements: CHONS•Made of small units Made of small units called called Amino AcidsAmino Acids
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Amino AcidsAmino Acids
•Amino Acids are the building blocks of
proteins.
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Bonds that
holds Amino Acids
together is called
a Peptide Bond.
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JOKE BREAK…..
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•Protein can be large complex molecules.
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Function of a protein depends
on the Amino Acid sequence, shape and its
ability to recognize and bind to some
other molecule.
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Denaturing Proteins• pH, salt, temp, etc. are altered, protein
may unravel and lose its conformation and no longer works.
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•Can have fatal consequences.
•Ex: Inherited disease, sickle cell anemia, results from a single incorrect amino acid at the 6th position of a protein chain out of 146.
When the amino acid sequesnce is wrong:Sickle Cell Anemia:
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Proteins ReviewUsed for:• Proteins include: enzymes, some
hormones, antibodies, and various structural parts of organisms are proteins. – These protein molecules differ in the number,
kinds, and sequence of amino acids they contain.
Made of:• Proteins are made up of chains of amino
acids. The 20 amino acids can be combined to form a great variety of protein molecules in living things.
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…are PROTEINS!!!!!!
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•Enzymes speed up chemical reaction.
•These reaction would take place anyway… enzymes just speed them up!
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Enzymes are biological catalysts
-A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction.
Enzymes are proteins
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Examples of an Enzyme
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Examples of an Enzyme
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Without an enzyme!
With an enzyme!
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How do ENZYMES work?1. The enzyme attaches to
one or more of the reactants in a reaction.
2. The reactants that bind to the enzyme are known as the substrates.
3. The part of the enzyme where the substrate attaches to the enzyme is called the active site.
4. The shape of the active site only fits the shape of the substrate, somewhat like a lock fits a key. In this way only the correct
substrate binds to the enzyme.
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Active Site
Animation
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Reactants/
Substrates
Enzyme
Enzymes can only bind to certain substrates this is known as the Lock-and-Key Mechanism. When the reaction is over the Enzyme is left as it was.
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Animation
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•Once the enzyme and substrate are together, the enzyme holds the substrate so the reaction can occur.
•Once the reaction is over, the enzyme unlocks the product and the enzyme can start a new reaction with an identical substrate.
•Enzymes are not permanently changed or used up in reactions
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Animation
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Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzyme
Reaction pathwaywith enzyme
Reactants
Products
Effect of Enzymes
Go to Section:
Enzymes work by LOWERING the amount of energy required for the reaction to proceed.
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How do you speed up enzymes?
1.Add more of the enzyme.
• Warm up the enzyme! Don’t warm it too much or it may denature and stop working.
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A change in the pHchange in the pH of the enzyme can cause a change in the shape of the active site, therefore changing the activity of the enzyme.
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Animation
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Each Chemical reaction in your Each Chemical reaction in your body body is helpedis helped along by a along by a different enzyme.different enzyme.
Enzymes have Enzymes have 44 special features in special features in commoncommon
1. They do notdo not make processes happen that would not take place on their own. They just make the processes take place faster!
2. Enzymes are not permanently altered or used up in reactions.
3. The same enzyme works for the forward and reverse directions of a reaction.
4 Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate.
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Enzyme pH and Conc lab animation
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Nucleic acids
are complex
macro-molecules
that store
genetic
information
in cells in the
form of a
code.
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Nucleic Acid=Store & Transmit Genetic Info
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39Function:Stores and transmits genetic information
•Two TYPES of nucleic acids –
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
– double strand of genetic information
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single strand copy of DNA used to build proteins
NUCLEIC ACIDS C, H, O, N, P
Nucleic Acid=Store & Transmit Genetic Info
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• Nucleotides (monomers) have 3 parts:
1. A phosphate group
2. A sugar3. A base.
40Polymers of nucleotides
Stores and transmits genetic information
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Nucleic Acids ReviewUsed for:• Nucleic acids contain all the information that an
organism needs to live. • Nucleic acids direct the construction of
proteins. The genetic information an organism receives from its parents is in the form of nucleic acids.
Made of:• The two types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are composed of chains of nucleotides.
• Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.
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REVIEW OF MACROMOLECULES
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From the EOCT study guide:
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EOCT Practice Question #1:
Which of these molecules are used to store energy in living things?
A) carbohydrates and lipidsB) carbohydrates and proteinsC) lipids and proteinsD) lipids and nucleic acids
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EOCT Practice Question #2:
Hereditary information is determined by
molecules of…A) carbohydratesB) lipidsC) nucleotidesD) proteins
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SMARTBOARD Review…..Now it’s your turn!
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