1. What is the meaning of the term “cross-check”?

IFH: The continuous and logical observation of instruments IFH: The continuous and logical observation of instruments for attitude and performance information.for attitude and performance information.

1-240: Observing and interpreting two or more instruments 1-240: Observing and interpreting two or more instruments to determine attitude and performance of an aircraft.to determine attitude and performance of an aircraft.

Per Flight Training Guide, paragraph 1-5b:Per Flight Training Guide, paragraph 1-5b: “ “Students will stand and answer the daily Students will stand and answer the daily questions without reference to written material.”questions without reference to written material.”

2. In developing an instrument cross-check, what are the most important instruments to watch?

Those that give the most pertinent information for any particular Those that give the most pertinent information for any particular phase of the maneuver. These are usually the instruments that phase of the maneuver. These are usually the instruments that should be held at a should be held at a constant indication.constant indication.

Straight & LevelStraight & Level = Altimeter and Heading Indicator (airspeed = Altimeter and Heading Indicator (airspeed should remain constant with cruise power set) should remain constant with cruise power set)

TurnsTurns = Altimeter and Bank Indicator= Altimeter and Bank Indicator

Climbs/DescentsClimbs/Descents = Airspeed and Heading Indicator = Airspeed and Heading Indicator

Accel/DecelAccel/Decel = Altimeter and Heading Indicator = Altimeter and Heading Indicator

3a. What are the pitch attitude control instruments?

Attitude indicatorAttitude indicator,, altimeter, VSI, and airspeed indicator.altimeter, VSI, and airspeed indicator.

3b. What are the bank attitude control instruments?

Attitude indicator, HSI / heading indicator, and turn & slip Attitude indicator, HSI / heading indicator, and turn & slip indicator.indicator.

4. When should power be adjusted for level-off during climbs and descents?

Lead level-off by 10% of the climb/descent rate.Lead level-off by 10% of the climb/descent rate.

5. During turns, the initial bank is started with reference to what instrument?

Attitude indicator.Attitude indicator.

6a. What feature of the attitude indicator should be used to determine angle of bank?

For angle of bank use the bank index pointer.For angle of bank use the bank index pointer.

NOTE: STBY ATT IND is different than the Pilot ATT IND.NOTE: STBY ATT IND is different than the Pilot ATT IND.

For direction use the miniature aircraft.For direction use the miniature aircraft.

* See next slide for visual aid* See next slide for visual aid

6b. Direction of bank?

Degrees of Bank

(Bank Index Pointer)

Direction of bank

(Miniature Aircraft)

7. What is the method for determining the bank angle required to obtain a standard rate turn? What bank angle is required at a TAS of 80 kts? 90 kts? 100 kts? 180 kts?

Use 15% of TAS. Use 15% of TAS.

80 knots = 12 deg.80 knots = 12 deg.

90 knots = 13.5 deg.90 knots = 13.5 deg.

100 knots = 15 deg. 100 knots = 15 deg.

180 knots = 27 deg.180 knots = 27 deg.

8a. Turns to a specified heading are normally made in what direction?

Shortest direction.Shortest direction.

8b. When should rollout be started?

Before reaching the desired heading. (Lead by ½ the angle of Before reaching the desired heading. (Lead by ½ the angle of bank.)bank.)

9. When making turns to a predetermined heading the bank angle should never exceed what?

The bank angle should never exceed the number of degrees to The bank angle should never exceed the number of degrees to be turned. be turned.

NOTE:NOTE: This rule-of-thumb is primarily focused on turns of 20 This rule-of-thumb is primarily focused on turns of 20° ° or less. For turns greater than 20° a standard rate turn should or less. For turns greater than 20° a standard rate turn should be used.be used.

10. When making minor corrections to altitude, what rate of change should be used on the vertical speed indicator?

Twice the size of the altitude deviation.Twice the size of the altitude deviation.

i.e. If you are 50’ high, use 100 fpm descent. i.e. If you are 50’ high, use 100 fpm descent.

11a. When should deviations in rate of climb or descent be corrected with pitch attitude?

100 fpm or less use pitch attitude, provided airspeed does not 100 fpm or less use pitch attitude, provided airspeed does not change by more than 5 kts.change by more than 5 kts.

11b. With power?

>100 fpm use power.>100 fpm use power.

12. If a pitch attitude change is indicated by one of the pitch attitude control instruments, what instrument should be used while making the initial adjustment? Procedurally, how do you make the change?

Use the attitude indicator (if available).Use the attitude indicator (if available).

Raise or lower the miniature aircraft in relation to the horizon Raise or lower the miniature aircraft in relation to the horizon bar. The initial movement should not exceed one bar width high bar. The initial movement should not exceed one bar width high or low; one and one-half bar correction is normally the or low; one and one-half bar correction is normally the maximum pitch attitude correction from level flight attitude.maximum pitch attitude correction from level flight attitude.

13. For unusual attitude recovery, what sequence of flight control adjustments are required?

a.a. Establish a level bank and pitch attitude.Establish a level bank and pitch attitude.

b.b. Establish and maintain a heading.Establish and maintain a heading.

c.c. Adjust to cruise or climb power setting.Adjust to cruise or climb power setting.

d.d. Trim the aircraft.Trim the aircraft.

14a. Does uncoordinated flight have an effect on the accuracy of the attitude indicator?Yes.Yes.

14b. Will the attitude indicator self-correct for precession error?Yes. Attitude indicators may have small errors in operation due to Yes. Attitude indicators may have small errors in operation due to precession. These may be caused by uncoordinated use of the aircraft precession. These may be caused by uncoordinated use of the aircraft controls in flight or by poor mechanical condition of the instrument. controls in flight or by poor mechanical condition of the instrument. The errors may also be caused by accelerating or decelerating the The errors may also be caused by accelerating or decelerating the aircraft in flight. If the instrument is in good operating condition, the aircraft in flight. If the instrument is in good operating condition, the erecting mechanism will complete its correction of the error in a erecting mechanism will complete its correction of the error in a reasonable time after the error-inducing condition is no longer reasonable time after the error-inducing condition is no longer present.present.

15. What are two possible ways of returning static pressure to the flight instruments should the primary static system fail during flight?

Switch to the alternate static air source if installed (normally vented to Switch to the alternate static air source if installed (normally vented to a point inside the airframe not susceptible to icing). If an alternate a point inside the airframe not susceptible to icing). If an alternate static air sources is not available, break the glass on any one of the static air sources is not available, break the glass on any one of the differential pressure instruments. Since it is difficult to break the glass differential pressure instruments. Since it is difficult to break the glass without damaging the instrument, it is advisable to break the glass in without damaging the instrument, it is advisable to break the glass in the VSI since it is the least important of the pressure differential the VSI since it is the least important of the pressure differential instruments.instruments.

VSI will operate in reverse (if still operational). Altimeter and airspeed VSI will operate in reverse (if still operational). Altimeter and airspeed indicator will lag because the static pressure must now force its way indicator will lag because the static pressure must now force its way through the calibrated leak in the VSI.through the calibrated leak in the VSI.

16. Define the following and explain its relevance to you as an Army aviator:

The altitude read on the dial with a current altimeter setting set The altitude read on the dial with a current altimeter setting set in the Kollsman window. in the Kollsman window. This is what This is what we normally use when we fly.we normally use when we fly.

b. Pressure altitude

The height measured above the The height measured above the standard datum planestandard datum plane, read on , read on altimeter when set to 29.92altimeter when set to 29.92

In the United States, the use of pressure altitudes (standard In the United States, the use of pressure altitudes (standard altimeter setting) begins at 18,000 feet. These altitudes are altimeter setting) begins at 18,000 feet. These altitudes are referred to as flight levels (FLs).referred to as flight levels (FLs).

a. Indicated altitude

16c. Density altitude

The altitude for which a given air density exists in the standard The altitude for which a given air density exists in the standard atmosphere. If the barometric pressure is lower or the atmosphere. If the barometric pressure is lower or the temperature is higher than standard, then density altitude of temperature is higher than standard, then density altitude of the field is higher than its actual elevation. the field is higher than its actual elevation. This is important for This is important for aircraft performance!aircraft performance!

16d. How does ambient temperature effect indicated altitude and how is it corrected? (Explain using FIH)

In extreme cold temperatures pilots may need to select higher In extreme cold temperatures pilots may need to select higher altitudes. It cannot be corrected by setting the current altimeter altitudes. It cannot be corrected by setting the current altimeter setting. It must be allowed for by adding a safety buffer to setting. It must be allowed for by adding a safety buffer to approach altitudes per FIH, Section D.approach altitudes per FIH, Section D.

17. What is the most common form of spatial disorientation and what causes it?

The “leans”. The leans occur when the pilot fails to perceive The “leans”. The leans occur when the pilot fails to perceive some angular motion. some angular motion.

Example: An undetected slow roll that is suddenly corrected will Example: An undetected slow roll that is suddenly corrected will feel like a turn has been entered in the opposite direction.feel like a turn has been entered in the opposite direction.

18. What is the most dangerous of all vestibular illusions and what causes it?

Coriolis illusion. (The feeling that the aircraft is rolling, pitching Coriolis illusion. (The feeling that the aircraft is rolling, pitching and yawing at the same time.)and yawing at the same time.)

Movement of fluid in the semi-circular canals as a result of head Movement of fluid in the semi-circular canals as a result of head movements during turns. movements during turns.

Causes overwhelming disorientation.Causes overwhelming disorientation.

19. How can flicker vertigo be created in a helicopter?

Flicker vertigo may be created by helicopter rotor blades Flicker vertigo may be created by helicopter rotor blades interrupting direct sunlight at a rate of 4 to 20 cycles per second.interrupting direct sunlight at a rate of 4 to 20 cycles per second.

20. What is the corrective action for spatial disorientation?

A. Refer to the instruments and develop a good cross-check.A. Refer to the instruments and develop a good cross-check.

B. Never try to fly VMC and IMC at the same time. B. Never try to fly VMC and IMC at the same time. (i.e. On (i.e. On final approach the P* stays on the instruments prepared for the final approach the P* stays on the instruments prepared for the missed approach, the P looks outside for the landing environment.)missed approach, the P looks outside for the landing environment.)

C. Delay intuitive actions long enough to check both visual references C. Delay intuitive actions long enough to check both visual references and instruments.and instruments.

D. Transfer control to the other pilot if two pilots are in the aircraft. D. Transfer control to the other pilot if two pilots are in the aircraft. Seldom will both experience disorientation at the same time. Seldom will both experience disorientation at the same time.

21a. Define two types of compass error that result from the tendency of the magnetic compass to point down as well as north.

Magnetic dipMagnetic dip (the tendency of the compass to point down as (the tendency of the compass to point down as well as north in certain latitudes) is responsible for the well as north in certain latitudes) is responsible for the northerly / southerly turning error, and for northerly / southerly turning error, and for acceleration / acceleration / decelerationdeceleration error. error.21b. What is the maximum magnetic compass error that would result from a standard rate turn in the Ft. Rucker area?

30 degrees.30 degrees.

(The maximum turning error for a standard rate turn is equal to (The maximum turning error for a standard rate turn is equal to the latitude at the locality of the turn.) the latitude at the locality of the turn.)

22a. Explain the terms variation and deviation as they apply to the magnetic compass.

VariationVariation is the angular difference between true and magnetic is the angular difference between true and magnetic north. (Shown as isogonic lines on aeronautical charts) north. (Shown as isogonic lines on aeronautical charts)

DeviationDeviation is the uncompensated error in the compass that results is the uncompensated error in the compass that results from nearby electrical equipment and metallic objects.from nearby electrical equipment and metallic objects.

22b. Are gyro stabilized compass systems (RMI / HSI) subject to these influences?Yes, however the flux valve is normally placed in a remote part Yes, however the flux valve is normally placed in a remote part of the aircraft where magnetic deviation is at a minimum. of the aircraft where magnetic deviation is at a minimum. (Deviation cards are required for both the magnetic and gyro (Deviation cards are required for both the magnetic and gyro compasses.)compasses.)

23a. What is the difference between a “slaved gyro” and a “free gyro”?

In the slaved mode, a direction-sensing device called a flux valve In the slaved mode, a direction-sensing device called a flux valve detects the earth’s magnetic field with respect to the aircraft and detects the earth’s magnetic field with respect to the aircraft and orients the gyro compass accordingly. In the free gyro mode, the orients the gyro compass accordingly. In the free gyro mode, the flux valve is disconnected and the gyro is used only as a heading flux valve is disconnected and the gyro is used only as a heading reference indicator and is subject to drift.reference indicator and is subject to drift.

23b. How and when should the free gyro mode be selected?Selector switch on instrument panel.Selector switch on instrument panel.

Use free gyro mode where the earth’s magnetic field is Use free gyro mode where the earth’s magnetic field is unusable (extreme latitudes)unusable (extreme latitudes)

24. What do the terms radial, bearing and course refer to?

Radial:Radial: A magnetic bearing or course extending from a VOR, A magnetic bearing or course extending from a VOR, VORTAC or TACAN facility.VORTAC or TACAN facility.

Bearing:Bearing: The horizontal direction to or from any point. IFR The horizontal direction to or from any point. IFR bearings are based on magnetic north.bearings are based on magnetic north.

Course:Course: The intended direction of flight in a horizontal plane The intended direction of flight in a horizontal plane measured in degrees from magnetic north.measured in degrees from magnetic north.

25. Explain the difference between “homing” and “tracking” to an NDB. Which procedure should be used on IFR flights?

During homing, the aircraft will fly a curved course to the station During homing, the aircraft will fly a curved course to the station if there is a crosswind. It is caused by flying to the head of the if there is a crosswind. It is caused by flying to the head of the needle.needle.

Tracking uses the application of crosswind correction to Tracking uses the application of crosswind correction to maintain a straight (direct) course to the station. maintain a straight (direct) course to the station.

IFR clearances specify “direct” courses between navaids.IFR clearances specify “direct” courses between navaids.

(Graphic example on next slide)(Graphic example on next slide)

VOR

26a. Define the term: MIA

Minimum IFR Altitudes.Minimum IFR Altitudes. Defined as MEA on airways, or MOCA if Defined as MEA on airways, or MOCA if within 22 NM of a VOR, or minimum altitude published on within 22 NM of a VOR, or minimum altitude published on approach procedures, or 1000 ft above highest obstacle within 4 approach procedures, or 1000 ft above highest obstacle within 4 NM over flat terrain, or 2000 ft above highest obstacle within 4 NM over flat terrain, or 2000 ft above highest obstacle within 4 NM in designated mountainous areas.NM in designated mountainous areas.

26b. Define the term: MEA

Minumum IFR Enroute AltitudeMinumum IFR Enroute Altitude. Lowest published altitude . Lowest published altitude between radio fixes which assures navigational signal coverage between radio fixes which assures navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements.and meets obstacle clearance requirements.

26c. Define the term: MOCA

Minimum Obstruction Clearance AltitudeMinimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude. Provides appropriate . Provides appropriate obstacle clearance between fixes and navigational signal obstacle clearance between fixes and navigational signal coverage within 22 NM of a VOR.coverage within 22 NM of a VOR.

26d. Define the term: MRA

Minimum Reception AltitudeMinimum Reception Altitude. The lowest altitude at which an . The lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined.intersection can be determined.

26e. Define the term: MCA

Minimum Crossing Altitude.Minimum Crossing Altitude. The lowest altitude at which a fix The lowest altitude at which a fix must be crossed when proceeding in the direction of a higher must be crossed when proceeding in the direction of a higher MEA.MEA.

26f. Define the term: MVA

Minimum Vectoring Altitude.Minimum Vectoring Altitude. The lowest MSL altitude at which The lowest MSL altitude at which IFR aircraft will be vectored by a radar controller, except when IFR aircraft will be vectored by a radar controller, except when on radar approaches, departures, and missed approaches. May on radar approaches, departures, and missed approaches. May be lower than the published MEA.be lower than the published MEA.

27. Concerning VORs, what is the only positive method of identification and what is the accuracy?

The only positive method of identification is by its Morse The only positive method of identification is by its Morse Code identification Code identification OROR by the recorded automatic voice by the recorded automatic voice identification which is identification which is alwaysalways indicated by use of the word indicated by use of the word “VOR” following the ranges name. “VOR” following the ranges name.

i.e. “MARIANNA VOR” i.e. “MARIANNA VOR” (Hearing ATIS etc does not positively indicate that the VOR is in (Hearing ATIS etc does not positively indicate that the VOR is in service for navigation)service for navigation)

The accuracy of course alignment is generally plus or The accuracy of course alignment is generally plus or minus 1 Degree.minus 1 Degree.

28. What is the normal range of L and H class VORs at 1000 ft. AGL?

40 NM40 NM

29. a. What is the maximum distance you can file a direct route between VOR navigational facilities below 14,500 ft AGL and be assured reception?

80 NM. Exceptions are in the IFRS.80 NM. Exceptions are in the IFRS.

29. b. If you wanted to file the maximum distance between two VORs, where would you find exceptions to the maximum distances; give a specific example/location?

Exceptions are in the IFRS, Airport/Facility Directory Exceptions are in the IFRS, Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), and NOTAMS. (A/FD), and NOTAMS.

30. When navigating between two facilities, when should the pilot change over from one NAVAID to the next?

MidwayMidway between facilities for straight route segments, or at an between facilities for straight route segments, or at an intersection forming a doglegintersection forming a dogleg, or as depicted by one of , or as depicted by one of two two symbolssymbols used on aeronautical charts.. used on aeronautical charts..

31. If a course change is required at an intersection, when should that change be started?

Early enough to operate along the centerline of the new course Early enough to operate along the centerline of the new course (by taking into consideration turn radius, wind, airspeed, degree (by taking into consideration turn radius, wind, airspeed, degree of turn and cockpit instrumentation).of turn and cockpit instrumentation).

32. What are instrument Departure Procedures (DPs) and why are they necessary? Give an example of each type from the DOD FLIP.

DP's are preplanned IFR procedures which provide DP's are preplanned IFR procedures which provide obstruction clearance from the terminal area to the en route obstruction clearance from the terminal area to the en route structure. Two types: structure. Two types:

1)Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODPs)1)Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODPs) which may be which may be printed textually or graphically [a graphic ODP will have printed textually or graphically [a graphic ODP will have “OBSTACLE” printed in the procedure title]; “OBSTACLE” printed in the procedure title];

2) Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)2) Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) are always are always printed graphically and are used for system enhancement and to printed graphically and are used for system enhancement and to reduce pilot/controller workload.reduce pilot/controller workload.

33a. When would you choose to do a diverse departure and how would you perform it? Give required climb rate in feet per Give required climb rate in feet per minuteminute climbing at 80 kts. climbing at 80 kts.

Diverse Departure is used when an airport has at least one Diverse Departure is used when an airport has at least one instrument approach procedure and there are no published DPs. instrument approach procedure and there are no published DPs. Climb runway heading to 400’ above field elevation before Climb runway heading to 400’ above field elevation before making any turns while maintaining a minimum climb of 200’ making any turns while maintaining a minimum climb of 200’ per NM.per NM.(Ft per min with E6B on next click)(Ft per min with E6B on next click)

E6-B 80kts 266’/min 200’/NM

200’per NM = 266’ per minute climb @ 80kts.200’per NM = 266’ per minute climb @ 80kts.

33b. Is there a difference in the required climb per nautical mile departing a helipad versus a runway? Give required Give required climb rate in feet per climb rate in feet per minuteminute climbing at 80 kts. climbing at 80 kts.

Yes. Departing a helipad is based on climbing at 352’ Yes. Departing a helipad is based on climbing at 352’ per NM and climbing to 400’ above takeoff area per NM and climbing to 400’ above takeoff area elevation before turning. elevation before turning.

(Ft per min with E6B on next click)(Ft per min with E6B on next click)

E6-B 80kts 470’/min 352’/NM

352’per NM = 470’ per minute climb @ 80kts.352’per NM = 470’ per minute climb @ 80kts.

34a. Concerning the hover power check, describe how to perform it.

With the aircraft cleared and all actions announced, near the takeoff With the aircraft cleared and all actions announced, near the takeoff point and in direction of takeoff, 2’ stabilized hover (+/- 1’), point and in direction of takeoff, 2’ stabilized hover (+/- 1’), compare difference of hover TQ with Max TQ available: compare difference of hover TQ with Max TQ available:

Below 5%Below 5% = shallow and normal approaches to large improved = shallow and normal approaches to large improved areas and normal takeoffs, destination must allow shallower than areas and normal takeoffs, destination must allow shallower than normal approach with descent to ground if necessary; normal approach with descent to ground if necessary;

5 to 9%5 to 9% = normal approaches and takeoffs; = normal approaches and takeoffs; 10 to 14%10 to 14% = steep approaches, confined areas, pinnacle and = steep approaches, confined areas, pinnacle and

ridgeline ops, and ITOs; ridgeline ops, and ITOs; 15% or more15% or more = no maneuver restrictions.= no maneuver restrictions.

34b. Concerning the hover power check, give the conditions for which additional hover power checks must be performed.

Anytime the load or environmental conditions increase Anytime the load or environmental conditions increase significantly (5significantly (500 C / 500’ PA / 100 lbs). C / 500’ PA / 100 lbs).

35. Describe how to perform an ITO from the ground.

Aircraft aligned with take off heading, hover power and before Aircraft aligned with take off heading, hover power and before takeoff checks complete. Cyclic neutral, get light on the skids. takeoff checks complete. Cyclic neutral, get light on the skids. Come inside” and refer to flight instruments, smoothly Come inside” and refer to flight instruments, smoothly increase collective to takeoff pwr (15% TQ above hvr pwr increase collective to takeoff pwr (15% TQ above hvr pwr desired, 10% required), maintain desired attitude (level; desired, 10% required), maintain desired attitude (level; aprox 40kt attitude), when takeoff pwr is set and a positive aprox 40kt attitude), when takeoff pwr is set and a positive climb shown on the altimeter and VSI, adjust pitch 2 bar climb shown on the altimeter and VSI, adjust pitch 2 bar widths below the horizon for initial acceleration, approaching widths below the horizon for initial acceleration, approaching climb airspeed adjust controls for desired rate of climb and climb airspeed adjust controls for desired rate of climb and airspeed. airspeed.

36. Which three instruments must be checked and their values called out verbally during a simulated engine failure at altitude and what additional actions must be completed if time permits?

Must call out Rotor RPM, gas producer (N1), and trim. Must call out Rotor RPM, gas producer (N1), and trim.

If time permits transmit “MAYDAY”, set transponder to If time permits transmit “MAYDAY”, set transponder to emergency unless on assigned squawk, lock shoulder harness emergency unless on assigned squawk, lock shoulder harness and activate ELT.and activate ELT.

37. Where are non-standard IFR takeoff minimums and departure procedures found? Do they apply to Army helicopter pilots?

Low Altitude Instrument Approach Procedures.Low Altitude Instrument Approach Procedures. IFR IFR Takeoff minimums and Departure Procedures states Takeoff minimums and Departure Procedures states "military users refer to appropriate service directives." "military users refer to appropriate service directives."

Per AR 95-1Per AR 95-1, "All aviators will comply with published , "All aviators will comply with published nonstandard IFR takeoff minimums and departure nonstandard IFR takeoff minimums and departure procedures in FLIP."procedures in FLIP."

38a. What is the absolute lowest weather that would permit an Army aviator with less than 50 hours of actual weather experience as pilot in command to depart from Rwy 36 at Birmingham INTL, AL?

KBHM RWY 36 = 8KBHM RWY 36 = 800’ / 2 sm00’ / 2 sm

38b. What if his copilot had more than 50 hours of weather experience as pilot in command?

Still 800’/2 sm regardless of crew experience because of non-Still 800’/2 sm regardless of crew experience because of non-standard takeoff minimums! standard takeoff minimums!

(Note: Even under (Note: Even under standard takeoff minimumstandard takeoff minimum criteria you criteria you couldn’t reduce the minimums unless the copilot performed the couldn’t reduce the minimums unless the copilot performed the takeoff; minimums apply to the pilot flying the aircraft on takeoff; minimums apply to the pilot flying the aircraft on takeoff.)takeoff.)

39. Explain when to start the outbound timing of a holding pattern. ( At a VOR, ADF, and an Intersection)

For entry, outbound leg timing begins over/abeam the fix For entry, outbound leg timing begins over/abeam the fix whichever occurs later. whichever occurs later.

ADF = 90ADF = 9000 abeam indicated on the tail of the RMI needle. abeam indicated on the tail of the RMI needle.

VOR = 90VOR = 9000 abeam indicated on the tail of the RMI needle or a abeam indicated on the tail of the RMI needle or a change of the TO/FROM indicator.change of the TO/FROM indicator.

Intersection = Start timing when the turn to outbound is Intersection = Start timing when the turn to outbound is complete.complete.

40. Are holding entry procedures determined from ground track or aircraft heading? What tolerance in degrees is considered to be within good operating limits for determining the appropriate holding entry procedure?

Aircraft heading.Aircraft heading.

+/- 5 degrees+/- 5 degrees

HDG 090 degHDG 090 deg

GND TRK 070 degGND TRK 070 deg

41. While in holding you fly a 60 second outbound leg after which you turn inbound and cross the holding fix at 43 seconds. How long will you fly on your next outbound? (Explain how you got your answer.)

84 seconds.84 seconds.

60 sec

43 sec

E6-B 60sec 84sec 43sec

42. You are holding at BITZY INT as depicted on the Dothan VOR RWY 14 approach plate. You determine that the inbound drift correction is 7º left. Using the procedure in the AIM/IFH, what heading would you fly on the next outbound leg?

Outbound HDG 349Outbound HDG 349°°

(21º (21º right)right)

““Triple the correction in the Triple the correction in the opposite directionopposite direction””

77º Leftº Left

43a. Describe how to perform a standard 45º Procedure Turn under no-wind conditions if you were outbound from JUDD on the COPTER NDB RWY 29 approach at Andalusia-Opp.

Turn Turn LEFTLEFT to heading 047º and start the clock to heading 047º and start the clock upon rolling-out. Fly 1 minute, then turn right upon rolling-out. Fly 1 minute, then turn right to heading 227º. Upon reaching the 272º final to heading 227º. Upon reaching the 272º final approach course turn right and intercept the approach course turn right and intercept the centerline of the inbound course.centerline of the inbound course.

JUDD NDB

43b. How would you perform an 80/260 procedure turn for that same approach?

Turn Turn LEFTLEFT 80º to heading 012º; upon reaching 80º to heading 012º; upon reaching 012º turn RIGHT and intercept the centerline of 012º turn RIGHT and intercept the centerline of the 272º final approach course inbound.the 272º final approach course inbound.

JUDD NDB

44. What is the difference between a procedure turn and a procedural track? Give an example of each from an IAP.

The type, degree, and point of turn is optional for a The type, degree, and point of turn is optional for a procedure turn. procedure turn.

A procedural track must be flown exactly as depicted. A procedural track must be flown exactly as depicted.

(Student example of each type from the Instrument (Student example of each type from the Instrument Approach Plates)Approach Plates)

45a. How long should the aircraft be flown outbound before beginning a procedure turn?

For holding pattern procedural track, outbound leg should be For holding pattern procedural track, outbound leg should be adjusted for wind to obtain a 1 minute inbound time.adjusted for wind to obtain a 1 minute inbound time.

45b. A holding pattern procedure track?

Normally, a minimum of one minute and then extended to lose Normally, a minimum of one minute and then extended to lose additional altitude or compensate for adverse wind effects. In additional altitude or compensate for adverse wind effects. In no event may the distance outbound from the station exceed no event may the distance outbound from the station exceed that published on the approach plate. that published on the approach plate.

46a. Define the term: MSA

Minimum Safe Altitude.Minimum Safe Altitude. Two types: Minimum Sector Altitude and Two types: Minimum Sector Altitude and Emergency Safe Altitude.Emergency Safe Altitude.

Minimum Sector AltitudesMinimum Sector Altitudes Depicted on approach charts and provide Depicted on approach charts and provide 1000 ft obstacle clearance within a 25 mile radius of the navigational facility. 1000 ft obstacle clearance within a 25 mile radius of the navigational facility. Sectors are at least 90 degrees in scope, are for emergency use only and do Sectors are at least 90 degrees in scope, are for emergency use only and do not guarantee radio aid to navigation.not guarantee radio aid to navigation.

Emergency Safe AltitudesEmergency Safe Altitudes Depicted on Depicted on approach charts and provide 1000 ft obstacle clearance (2000 ft approach charts and provide 1000 ft obstacle clearance (2000 ft in mountainous areas) within a 100 mile radius and are in mountainous areas) within a 100 mile radius and are normally used only in military procedures.normally used only in military procedures.

46b. Define the term: OROCA

Off-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude.Off-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude.

An off route altitude which provides obstruction clearance with An off route altitude which provides obstruction clearance with a 1000’ buffer in non-mountainous terrain / 2000’ in a 1000’ buffer in non-mountainous terrain / 2000’ in mountainous. Does not guarantee any type of signal coverage.mountainous. Does not guarantee any type of signal coverage.

46c. Define the term: MDA

Minimum Descent AltitudeMinimum Descent Altitude Lowest altitude MSL to which an Lowest altitude MSL to which an aircraft on a non-precision approach is authorized to aircraft on a non-precision approach is authorized to descend. descend.

46d. Define the term: DA/DH

Decision Altitude / Decision HeightDecision Altitude / Decision Height The altitude / height at which The altitude / height at which a decision must be made during an ILS or PAR instrument a decision must be made during an ILS or PAR instrument approach to either continue the approach or to execute a approach to either continue the approach or to execute a missed approach.missed approach.

47. When may a pilot descend below the MDA or continue an approach below the DH?

1.1. The approach threshold of the runway, or the approach lights or The approach threshold of the runway, or the approach lights or other markings identifiable with the approach end of the runway or other markings identifiable with the approach end of the runway or landing area must be clearly visible to the pilot. landing area must be clearly visible to the pilot. (i.e. Must be able (i.e. Must be able to to clearly identifyclearly identify the landing environment!) the landing environment!)

2. The aircraft must be in a position from which a safe approach to the 2. The aircraft must be in a position from which a safe approach to the runway or landing area can be made.runway or landing area can be made.

On final approach the P determines if these two requirements can On final approach the P determines if these two requirements can be met while the P* stays on the instruments ready to execute the be met while the P* stays on the instruments ready to execute the missed approach!missed approach!

48. Define a step-down fix and use the LOUIS ARMSTRONG NEW ORLEANS INTL (MSY) LOC RWY 19 approach to explain how one is used.

A fix permitting additional A fix permitting additional descent within a segment of an descent within a segment of an instrument approach procedure instrument approach procedure by identifying a point at which a by identifying a point at which a controlling obstacle has been controlling obstacle has been safely over flown. If on the final safely over flown. If on the final approach segment the fix cannot approach segment the fix cannot be identified, the altitude at the be identified, the altitude at the fix becomes the MDA.fix becomes the MDA.

49. You plan a flight to LAKE CHARLES REGIONAL (LCH) at 100 KIAS for the entire flight and want to use the VOR-A approach upon arrival.

500-1 @ ETA + 1hr (CAT-500-1 @ ETA + 1hr (CAT-B = 91-120 KIAS)B = 91-120 KIAS)

a. What are your WX planning minimums?

b. What is your MDA?

480’ MSL480’ MSL

Plan and fly 90 KIAS to Plan and fly 90 KIAS to use CAT-A 500-1/2 / use CAT-A 500-1/2 / MDA 440’MDA 440’

c. Is there any way to c. Is there any way to lower your WX planning lower your WX planning mins and MDA?mins and MDA?

50. What are the pilot’s responsibilities when being radar vectored?

1.1. Promptly complies with headings and altitudes assigned by Promptly complies with headings and altitudes assigned by the controller.the controller.

2.2. Questions any assigned heading or altitude believed to be Questions any assigned heading or altitude believed to be incorrect.incorrect.

3.3. If operating VFR and compliance with any vector or altitude If operating VFR and compliance with any vector or altitude would cause violation of a FAR, advise ATC and obtain a would cause violation of a FAR, advise ATC and obtain a revised clearance or instruction.revised clearance or instruction.

51. When may you leave the last assigned altitude after being radar vectored to the final approach course?

1.1. Cleared for the approach.Cleared for the approach.

2.2. Established on final.Established on final.

3.3. Within the distance limit for that segment.Within the distance limit for that segment.

52. What should the pilot do if it becomes apparent that a radar vector heading will cause the aircraft to fly through the final approach course before an approach clearance has been received?

Continue on the last assigned heading and query the Continue on the last assigned heading and query the controller. controller.

(Controller should advise pilot if vector thru course is (Controller should advise pilot if vector thru course is planned.)planned.)

53. Reference the KBHM ILS 6 approach. You are IMC, 5nm north of McDEN LOM on a downwind vector of 2400 and 3000’. If commo with ATC is lost and you can’t establish commo through any means, what should you do?

Direct to the IAF at 3700’ and execute the full IAP.Direct to the IAF at 3700’ and execute the full IAP.

BH

2400

3000’

3700

’

54. Where is the MAP (Missed Approach Point) for the PAR and ASR approaches to RWY 6 at Cairns AAF?

PAR: At the PAR: At the Decision Decision Height !!Height !!

ASR: Called by ASR: Called by controller!!controller!!

55. Can a PAR approach be affected by rain?

Yes. PAR radar is “primary” radar and as such is subject to be Yes. PAR radar is “primary” radar and as such is subject to be attenuated (reflected) by dense objects such as heavy clouds, attenuated (reflected) by dense objects such as heavy clouds, precipitation (rain or snow), ground objects, etc. precipitation (rain or snow), ground objects, etc.

56. What MDA should the pilot descend to for an ASR approach to RWY 11 at DOBBINS ARB, GA, circle to land RWY 29?

MDA 1660 ft. MDA 1660 ft.

MDA is for the runway to which the final approach is flown (RWY 11), MDA is for the runway to which the final approach is flown (RWY 11), NOTNOT the the landing runway.landing runway.

57. If commo is lost while on final during a GCA approach, should the missed approach be started immediately?

No. Initiate lost commo procedures, not missed approach No. Initiate lost commo procedures, not missed approach procedures. If unable to reestablish commo or maintain VFR, procedures. If unable to reestablish commo or maintain VFR, proceed with a published instrument approach procedure or proceed with a published instrument approach procedure or previously coordinated instructions. The missed approach previously coordinated instructions. The missed approach begins at the missed approach point.begins at the missed approach point.

58a. Explain: HAT

Height Above TouchdownHeight Above Touchdown - The height of the DH or MDA - The height of the DH or MDA above the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone above the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone (first 3000’ of the rwy). Applies to straight-in minimums.(first 3000’ of the rwy). Applies to straight-in minimums.

58b. Explain: HAA

Height Above AirportHeight Above Airport - Height of the MDA above the - Height of the MDA above the published airport elevation. Applies to circling minimums.published airport elevation. Applies to circling minimums.

58c. Explain: HAL

Height Above LandingHeight Above Landing - The height above a designated - The height above a designated helicopter landing area used for helicopter instrument helicopter landing area used for helicopter instrument approach procedures.approach procedures.

58d. Explain: HASHeight Above SurfaceHeight Above Surface - The height of the - The height of the MDA above the MDA above the highest terrain / highest terrain / surface within a 5200 surface within a 5200 ft. radius of the MAP ft. radius of the MAP in Point-In-Space in Point-In-Space procedures. procedures. (Helicopter only (Helicopter only procedures)procedures)

59. Explain how to compute the ETE when listing an Explain how to compute the ETE when listing an alternate on the DD Form 175.alternate on the DD Form 175.

The ETE to the alternate airfield should include: The ETE to the alternate airfield should include: a. The time from the missed approach point to the a. The time from the missed approach point to the

missed approach holding point to include one circuit in the missed approach holding point to include one circuit in the holding pattern.holding pattern.

b. Time from the missed approach holding point to the b. Time from the missed approach holding point to the alternate to include time for approach and landing. alternate to include time for approach and landing.

60. Concerning the IFR Crew Mission Brief, define the two challenge Concerning the IFR Crew Mission Brief, define the two challenge rule and most conservative response and give an example of how each rule and most conservative response and give an example of how each could be used.could be used.

Two Challenge rule:Two Challenge rule: If the P observes that the P* is not following ATC If the P observes that the P* is not following ATC instructions, is about to exceed some aircraft parameter, etc, he will explicitly instructions, is about to exceed some aircraft parameter, etc, he will explicitly state the condition up to two times. If the P* does not respond properly, the P state the condition up to two times. If the P* does not respond properly, the P will take the appropriate action to correct the situation.will take the appropriate action to correct the situation.

Most conservative response:Most conservative response: Closely associated with the two challenge rule. If Closely associated with the two challenge rule. If there is a disagreement in the cockpit which cannot be resolved due to lack of there is a disagreement in the cockpit which cannot be resolved due to lack of information or conflicting situational understanding, the crew agrees in advance information or conflicting situational understanding, the crew agrees in advance they will take the most conservative action such as executing the missed they will take the most conservative action such as executing the missed approach, requesting assistance from ATC, etc.approach, requesting assistance from ATC, etc.

61. Answer the following about Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs):Answer the following about Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs):a. How does the pilot know a TFR is in effect?a. How does the pilot know a TFR is in effect?

NOTAM beginning with the phrase “FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS.”NOTAM beginning with the phrase “FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS.”

b. What is considered the normal altitude and radius limits of b. What is considered the normal altitude and radius limits of a TFR?a TFR?

2000’ above the surface, 3 nm radius.2000’ above the surface, 3 nm radius.

c. May ATC authorize operations in a TFR under its own c. May ATC authorize operations in a TFR under its own authority if the TFR is established for an area hit by a tidal wave? authority if the TFR is established for an area hit by a tidal wave? Explain what regulation authorizes/prevents ATC from doing so. Explain what regulation authorizes/prevents ATC from doing so.

Yes because of 14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(2) Yes because of 14 CFR Section 91.137(a)(2)

62. What are the normal components of an IFR clearance?

1. Aircraft ID 2. 1. Aircraft ID 2. Clearance limit Clearance limit 3. 3. Departure procedure 4. Route of Departure procedure 4. Route of flight 5. Altitude data flight 5. Altitude data 6. Holding instructions 6. Holding instructions 7. Special information 7. Special information 8. Frequency and beacon information. 8. Frequency and beacon information.

63a. What parts of a clearance should be read back if the clearance is received while on the ground?

On the ground, read back any portion that is not completely On the ground, read back any portion that is not completely understood or is requested by ATC, as well as hold short understood or is requested by ATC, as well as hold short instructions. instructions.

63b. What parts of a clearance should be read back if the clearance is received while on the ground? In the air?

In the air, read back altitude assignments or radar vectors as In the air, read back altitude assignments or radar vectors as a means of mutual verification, all hold short instructions, a means of mutual verification, all hold short instructions, and altimeter settings.and altimeter settings.

64. When must position reports be made on an IFR flight?

At designated compulsory reporting points along airways and At designated compulsory reporting points along airways and at each point on the flight plan used to define a direct route.at each point on the flight plan used to define a direct route.

Discontinue reports when informed the aircraft is in “Radar Discontinue reports when informed the aircraft is in “Radar contact.”contact.”

65. What are the components of a position report?

1.1. ID ID

2.2. Position Position

3.3. Time Time

4.4. Altitude Altitude

5.5. ETA and name of next reporting point ETA and name of next reporting point

6.6. Name only of succeeding reporting point Name only of succeeding reporting point

7.7. RemarksRemarks

66. What does the radio call consist of when making initial contact with ATC on a direct flight to a NAVAID in a non-radar environment? In a radar environment?

Non-radar:Non-radar: On initial contact the pilot should inform the On initial contact the pilot should inform the controller of the aircraft’s present position, altitude, and time controller of the aircraft’s present position, altitude, and time estimate for the next reporting point. estimate for the next reporting point.

Radar:Radar: Pilot should inform the controller of the assigned Pilot should inform the controller of the assigned altitude. [“level”, “climbing”, or altitude. [“level”, “climbing”, or “descending” as appropriate]“descending” as appropriate]

67. What reports must be made to ATC without being requested?At all times: At all times: 1. 1. Vacating a previously assigned altitude 2. Altitude Vacating a previously assigned altitude 2. Altitude change while VFR on top 3. Unable to change while VFR on top 3. Unable to climb/descend 500 fpm 4. Missed approach climb/descend 500 fpm 4. Missed approach 5. Change in TAS by 5% or 10 kts 5. Change in TAS by 5% or 10 kts 6. Loss of nav/commo capability 6. Loss of nav/commo capability 7. Information related to safety of flight 7. Information related to safety of flight 8. Unforecast weather or forecasted hazardous 8. Unforecast weather or forecasted hazardous conditions.conditions.

When not in radar contact:When not in radar contact: 1. Final approach fix inbound.1. Final approach fix inbound. 2. ETE error in excess of 3 minutes2. ETE error in excess of 3 minutes

68. When any part of the route beyond the short range clearance limit differs from that specified in the original flight plan, the clearance must include what and why?

If any part differs the clearance will include the If any part differs the clearance will include the proposed routing beyond said clearance limit. When proposed routing beyond said clearance limit. When cleared to a fix short of filed destination, additional cleared to a fix short of filed destination, additional clearance to proceed beyond or instructions to hold clearance to proceed beyond or instructions to hold must be issued 5 minutes prior to estimated arrival at must be issued 5 minutes prior to estimated arrival at that fix. that fix.

Why? Why? LOST COMMO!LOST COMMO!

69. What preflight planning items must Army aviators evaluate prior to flight?

The aviator will evaluate aircraft performance, departure, The aviator will evaluate aircraft performance, departure, enroute and approach data, notices to airmen (Notams), and enroute and approach data, notices to airmen (Notams), and appropriate FLIP or DOD publications appropriate FLIP or DOD publications

70. How would you obtain NOTAM information for Marianna Muni on a flight departing from Cairns AAF?

NOTAM information for DOD aircrews is obtained using the NOTAM information for DOD aircrews is obtained using the DOD internet NOTAM Distribution system (DINS) which is DOD internet NOTAM Distribution system (DINS) which is derived from the United States Consolidated NOTAM Office derived from the United States Consolidated NOTAM Office at the FAA Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center, at the FAA Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center, Herdon, VA. (Herdon, VA. (WWW.NOTAMS.JCS.MIL). ).

Alternate location: (Alternate location: (WWW.NOTAMS.FAA.GOVWWW.NOTAMS.FAA.GOV))

71. What is the difference between D, L, and FDC NOTAMS?

DD series (distant) NOTAMS covers all navigation facilities, public series (distant) NOTAMS covers all navigation facilities, public airports, seaplane bases, and heliports listed in the airports, seaplane bases, and heliports listed in the Airport/Facilities Handbook, available thru any FSS. Airport/Facilities Handbook, available thru any FSS.

LL series (local) NOTAMS includes information such as taxiway series (local) NOTAMS includes information such as taxiway closures, men and equipment near runways, lighting closures, men and equipment near runways, lighting outages, etc. Distributed thru local FSS only outages, etc. Distributed thru local FSS only

FDCFDC NOTAMS contain information of a regulatory nature, ie NOTAMS contain information of a regulatory nature, ie amendments to IAP’s and other current charts. Available amendments to IAP’s and other current charts. Available thru any FSS when first issued.thru any FSS when first issued.

72. What does the following DINS NOTAM mean?KDHN DOTHAN RGNL

RWY 32 MALSR OTS WIE UFN

Runway 32 Runway 32

Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System with Runway Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System with Runway Alignment Indicator LightsAlignment Indicator Lights

Out of ServiceOut of Service

With Immediate EffectWith Immediate Effect

Until Further NoticeUntil Further Notice

73a. When should the initial acceleration be started during an ITO from the ground?

For For IMCIMC takeoff from the ground, adjust the pitch attitude 2 bar takeoff from the ground, adjust the pitch attitude 2 bar widths below the horizon to begin the initial acceleration widths below the horizon to begin the initial acceleration AFTERAFTER takeoff power is reached takeoff power is reached ANDAND both the VSI and altimeter both the VSI and altimeter show a positive climb.show a positive climb.

73b. When should acceleration be started on VMC takeoff with IMC transition?

For For VMCVMC takeoff from the ground, apply forward cyclic to takeoff from the ground, apply forward cyclic to accelerate through ETL as the aircraft leaves the ground (i.e. accelerate through ETL as the aircraft leaves the ground (i.e. initiate a normal VMC takeoff).initiate a normal VMC takeoff).

74. What is the proper pronunciation of the following:(Altitude) "2500, 10,000"(Airspeed) "90"(Time) "Midnight"(Frequency) "126.9"

"Two thousand five hundred", "One zero thousand""Two thousand five hundred", "One zero thousand""Niner zero knots" (controllers may omit the word "knots" for "Niner zero knots" (controllers may omit the word "knots" for airspeed adjustments ie. "reduce speed to eight zero")airspeed adjustments ie. "reduce speed to eight zero")"Zero zero zero zero""Zero zero zero zero""One two six point niner""One two six point niner"

75. What rate of climb must be obtained on the VSI during an 80 kt climb (no wind) to use standard takeoff minimums from Rwy 3 at Tampa, Fl., Peter O'Knight airfield? Explain in detail how you arrived at your answer.

850 FPM. Can be computed on CPU-26A/P dead reckoning 850 FPM. Can be computed on CPU-26A/P dead reckoning computer or from climb/descent chart in back of IAP's.computer or from climb/descent chart in back of IAP's.

80 850640

E6-B

76.76. Concerning TH-67 fuel management procedures:Concerning TH-67 fuel management procedures: a. How much fuel is required at takeoff on an IFR flight?a. How much fuel is required at takeoff on an IFR flight?

Enough fuel to reach the destination and alternate (if required) and have Enough fuel to reach the destination and alternate (if required) and have a planned reserve of 30 min at cruise. a planned reserve of 30 min at cruise.

b. When must the initial airborne fuel reading be accomplished?b. When must the initial airborne fuel reading be accomplished?

Within 10 min of level off or entering mission profileWithin 10 min of level off or entering mission profile

76c. How is the fuel consumption check and monitoring performed?76c. How is the fuel consumption check and monitoring performed?

1.1. Initiate by noting fuel remaining on analog gauge and time; check FUEL Initiate by noting fuel remaining on analog gauge and time; check FUEL FLOW indicating system to ensure GAL REM within 3 gal of analog.FLOW indicating system to ensure GAL REM within 3 gal of analog.

2.2. At 30 to 60 min after initial reading repeat same actions, additionally At 30 to 60 min after initial reading repeat same actions, additionally verify FUEL FLOW within 3 gal of predicted. If analog and GAL REM verify FUEL FLOW within 3 gal of predicted. If analog and GAL REM within 3 gal and FUEL FLOW within 3 gal of predicted use the FUEL FLOW within 3 gal and FUEL FLOW within 3 gal of predicted use the FUEL FLOW indicating system time remaining to compute burnout, if not use the fuel indicating system time remaining to compute burnout, if not use the fuel quantity gauge to complete the check.quantity gauge to complete the check.

3.3. Periodically monitor fuel quantity and consumption rate. If burn rate or Periodically monitor fuel quantity and consumption rate. If burn rate or consumption change repeat fuel check.consumption change repeat fuel check.

77. What considerations should go into selecting an enroute altitude for IFR operations?

Weather, Direction of Flight, MEA, MOCA, MAA, MRA, MCA, Weather, Direction of Flight, MEA, MOCA, MAA, MRA, MCA, Aircraft Performance and Air Traffic Control.Aircraft Performance and Air Traffic Control.

78. When should a direct flight be used and what two basic enroute considerations then become the pilots responsibility?

Only if the mission requires it or if considerable savings of fuel Only if the mission requires it or if considerable savings of fuel or time can be realized. or time can be realized.

The pilot becomes responsible for obstruction clearances and The pilot becomes responsible for obstruction clearances and NAVAID range limitations.NAVAID range limitations.

79. Can an airfield listed as Official Business Only or Prior Permission Required (PPR) be used as an alternate for IFR flights?

Official Business only and PPR do not preclude the use of Official Business only and PPR do not preclude the use of the airport as an alternate for IFR flight.the airport as an alternate for IFR flight.

80a. Why are military pilots required to advise the TIE-IN FSS of their actual departure time when departing from a non-military airfield?

The pilot must advise the tie-in Flight Service Station serving The pilot must advise the tie-in Flight Service Station serving that departure field of his actual departure time. If the that departure field of his actual departure time. If the takeoff time is not passed, the aircraft will arrive takeoff time is not passed, the aircraft will arrive unannounced at the destination. unannounced at the destination.

******IMPORTANT Note:IMPORTANT Note: This is This is NOTNOT for the purpose of “opening for the purpose of “opening my flight plan.” The concern is arriving at my flight plan.” The concern is arriving at militarymilitary airfields airfields unannounced. The military unannounced. The military base operationbase operation needs to know needs to know when aircraft will arrive due to VIP, parking, and servicing when aircraft will arrive due to VIP, parking, and servicing requirements.requirements.

80b. Who is responsible and what are the procedures for closing flight plans?

To close flight plansTo close flight plans::Ref. AR 95-1, 5-5 e. Ref. AR 95-1, 5-5 e. PC will ensure flight plan is closed per PC will ensure flight plan is closed per

DOD FLIP.DOD FLIP.Ref. GP para 5-32.Ref. GP para 5-32. Military base: verbal confirmation with Military base: verbal confirmation with

TWR or Base Ops; Non-Military: close with FSS with any TWR or Base Ops; Non-Military: close with FSS with any means available. means available.

AIM 5-1-13 AIM 5-1-13 IFR to an airport with an operational TWR, the IFR to an airport with an operational TWR, the flight plan is automatically closed upon landing atflight plan is automatically closed upon landing at the the destination. However, GP still requires military pilot to destination. However, GP still requires military pilot to ensure it is closed with FSS.ensure it is closed with FSS.

81. A severe thunderstorm should be avoided by what distance if possible?

Twenty milesTwenty miles

82a. How much does the velocity of the surface wind usually differ from the gradient wind as a result of surface friction?

Friction will reduce the surface wind speed to about 40 Friction will reduce the surface wind speed to about 40 percent of the velocity of the wind gradient.percent of the velocity of the wind gradient.

82b. In what direction can one expect the surface wind to vary from the gradient wind and by how much?

The average surface wind will flow across isobars toward the The average surface wind will flow across isobars toward the lower pressure at about a 30 deg angle.lower pressure at about a 30 deg angle.

(cont. next slide)(cont. next slide)

Inbound groundspeed and drift correction will differ towards Inbound groundspeed and drift correction will differ towards the bottom of an approach from what was obtained at higher the bottom of an approach from what was obtained at higher altitude.altitude.

82c. How could this affect instrument approaches?

83a. What is the chief hazard to flight in the vicinity of a cold front?

Cold Front: Turbulence (may be extreme), thunderstorms, Cold Front: Turbulence (may be extreme), thunderstorms, lightning, heavy rain showers, tornadoes, hail, and clear icing. lightning, heavy rain showers, tornadoes, hail, and clear icing. Also, strong, variable, gusty surface winds around and under Also, strong, variable, gusty surface winds around and under the thunderstorms.the thunderstorms.

(cont. next slide)(cont. next slide)

83b. What is the chief hazard to flight in the vicinity of a warm front?

Warm Front: Wide overcast area with low ceilings and poor Warm Front: Wide overcast area with low ceilings and poor visibility ahead of the front (200 miles or more). May visibility ahead of the front (200 miles or more). May encounter embedded thunderstorms during warm months encounter embedded thunderstorms during warm months and severe icing during winter.and severe icing during winter.

84a. What are the different types of icing and where can icing conditions most likely be expected?

Clear, rime, a combination of clear and rime (glime), or frost. Clear, rime, a combination of clear and rime (glime), or frost. Icing conditions should be expected in cloud layers where Icing conditions should be expected in cloud layers where the air temperature ranges from +/- 4 degrees Celsius to - 20 the air temperature ranges from +/- 4 degrees Celsius to - 20 degrees Celsius. degrees Celsius.

(cont. next slide)(cont. next slide)

84b. Outside of icing that can form in thunderstorms What icing condition is considered the most dangerous?

Freezing rain is the most dangerous icing condition outside of Freezing rain is the most dangerous icing condition outside of thunderstorms. It can build hazardous amounts of ice in a few thunderstorms. It can build hazardous amounts of ice in a few minutes, which is extremely difficult to break loose.minutes, which is extremely difficult to break loose.

85a. What three conditions are necessary for the formation of fog?

1. 1. High relativeHigh relative humidity humidity - temp / dewpoint spread - temp / dewpoint spread of 0 to 2.2 degrees C. of 0 to 2.2 degrees C.

2. 2. Light wind Light wind - causes gentle mixing action.- causes gentle mixing action.

3.3.Condensation nuclei Condensation nuclei - smoke, dust ect...- smoke, dust ect...

85b. What type of fog normally forms over the southeastern U.S. during the winter months?

Advection fog normally forms over the Southeastern U.S. Advection fog normally forms over the Southeastern U.S. during the winter months--warm air from the Gulf of Mexico during the winter months--warm air from the Gulf of Mexico or the Atlantic ocean moves over a cooler land mass.or the Atlantic ocean moves over a cooler land mass.

86a. What is the difference between AWOS-3 and ASOS?

AWOS-3AWOS-3 reports Altimeter, wind, temp/dew point, Density reports Altimeter, wind, temp/dew point, Density Altitude, visibility, and clouds/ceiling.Altitude, visibility, and clouds/ceiling.

ASOS ASOS reports everything that AWOS-3 does plus precipitation reports everything that AWOS-3 does plus precipitation and remarks.and remarks.

86b. What is the receivable range of AWOS and ASOS? 86b. What is the receivable range of AWOS and ASOS?

AWOS and ASOS both receivable to a maximum range of AWOS and ASOS both receivable to a maximum range of 25nm and 10,000 AGL. Local conditions may limit max 25nm and 10,000 AGL. Local conditions may limit max reception distance and / or altitude.reception distance and / or altitude.

86c. Give one example of AWOS and one of ASOS in the 86c. Give one example of AWOS and one of ASOS in the local area and state how you could listen to them. local area and state how you could listen to them.

[ Examples][ Examples]

IAP gives frequency. IFRS and A/FD give freq and phone IAP gives frequency. IFRS and A/FD give freq and phone number.number.

87a. What is PMSV, how is it used, and give an example of 87a. What is PMSV, how is it used, and give an example of one in the local area.one in the local area.

[Example][Example]

Direct pilot to forecaster service provided by the USAF Air Direct pilot to forecaster service provided by the USAF Air Weather Service. Full or limited service as noted on chart Weather Service. Full or limited service as noted on chart and IFRS, some less then continuous. Weather radar and IFRS, some less then continuous. Weather radar available at selected sites. Range varies with altitude (See available at selected sites. Range varies with altitude (See FIH). Radio call for PMSV is FIH). Radio call for PMSV is "Metro"."Metro".

87b. What is EFAS, how is it used, and give an example of one in the local area.

[Example][Example]

Provides timely weather advisories to enroute aircraft by giving Provides timely weather advisories to enroute aircraft by giving access to trained specialists in selected AFSS's/FSS's. access to trained specialists in selected AFSS's/FSS's. Continuous communications are available at Continuous communications are available at 5000 ft to 17,500 ft5000 ft to 17,500 ft on frequency on frequency 122.0 mHz122.0 mHz. Service is available from . Service is available from 6am to 10 6am to 10 pmpm. Contact . Contact “Flight Watch”“Flight Watch” by using the name of the Air by using the name of the Air Route Traffic Control Center facility serving the area of your Route Traffic Control Center facility serving the area of your location, the aircraft ID, and the name of the nearest VORlocation, the aircraft ID, and the name of the nearest VOR

88a. What is an AIRMET, a SIGMET, and a Convective SIGMET? 88a. What is an AIRMET, a SIGMET, and a Convective SIGMET?

AIRMETs:AIRMETs:Sierra – IFR conditions and/or extensive mountain Sierra – IFR conditions and/or extensive mountain

obscurations.obscurations.Tango – Moderate turbulence, sfc wind 30 kts+, non-Tango – Moderate turbulence, sfc wind 30 kts+, non-

convective low-level wind shear.convective low-level wind shear.Zulu – Moderate icing and freezing level heights.Zulu – Moderate icing and freezing level heights.

SIGMETS:SIGMETS: Severe icing, severe or extreme turbulence, dust storms or Severe icing, severe or extreme turbulence, dust storms or sandstorms with visibility below 3 miles, volcanic ash.sandstorms with visibility below 3 miles, volcanic ash.

Convective SIGMETS:Convective SIGMETS: Severe, embedded, or lines of thunderstorms. Severe, embedded, or lines of thunderstorms. Implies severe or greater turbulence, severe icing, and low-level wind Implies severe or greater turbulence, severe icing, and low-level wind shear.shear.

88b. If an AIRMET/SIGMET/Convective SIGMET is 88b. If an AIRMET/SIGMET/Convective SIGMET is issued as part of an Area Forecast, does that mean the issued as part of an Area Forecast, does that mean the condition will exist along the planned route of flight? condition will exist along the planned route of flight? What must a pilot do?What must a pilot do?

The condition requiring the issuance of a SIGMET The condition requiring the issuance of a SIGMET or AIRMET could in fact exist only in a small portion of the or AIRMET could in fact exist only in a small portion of the total forecast area. total forecast area. The pilot must determine whether or not the The pilot must determine whether or not the condition would be encountered and determine if he condition would be encountered and determine if he should continue as planned, modify the plan, or cancel the should continue as planned, modify the plan, or cancel the flight.flight.

89. What is the flight crew requirement for an IFR flight in a TH-67?

Minimum flight crew for IFR operations is Minimum flight crew for IFR operations is two pilotstwo pilots, one in the , one in the right front seat and one in the left front seat. AR 95-1 para 4-right front seat and one in the left front seat. AR 95-1 para 4-24b allows flight trainees undergoing instrument training to be 24b allows flight trainees undergoing instrument training to be at one set of the controls provided the other pilot is an IE or IP at one set of the controls provided the other pilot is an IE or IP who is current and qualified in the TH-67. Currency can be who is current and qualified in the TH-67. Currency can be maintained in an OH-58A/C per AR 95-1, however the IP or IE maintained in an OH-58A/C per AR 95-1, however the IP or IE would also have to have passed an annual stan ride in the TH-67 would also have to have passed an annual stan ride in the TH-67 in order to perform those duties IFR.in order to perform those duties IFR.

90. What is the aircraft currency requirement for an Army 90. What is the aircraft currency requirement for an Army PI or PC? PI or PC?

If 60 days have elapsed since the last flight as PI or PC in the If 60 days have elapsed since the last flight as PI or PC in the mission, type, design, and series (mission, type, design, and series (or series group, para 4-19or series group, para 4-19) to be ) to be flown, the aviator will be administered a proficiency flight flown, the aviator will be administered a proficiency flight evaluation.evaluation.

Mission Type Design SeriesMission Type Design Series

OH-58DOH-58D AIR CAV – HOOAH!!AIR CAV – HOOAH!!

91.91.What are Special VFR (SVFR) minimums for: What are Special VFR (SVFR) minimums for: [Explain [Explain how you arrived at each answer.]how you arrived at each answer.]

a.a. Cairns AAF (KOZR)?Cairns AAF (KOZR)?

Cairns SVFR minimums published in AP/1 require 300 ft ceiling Cairns SVFR minimums published in AP/1 require 300 ft ceiling and ½ mile visibility daytime, 500 ft ceiling and 1 mile at night. and ½ mile visibility daytime, 500 ft ceiling and 1 mile at night. It’s also listed on the board at Cairns Base Operations.It’s also listed on the board at Cairns Base Operations.

b. Fort Bragg (KFBG), NC? Fort Bragg (KFBG), NC? Simmons AAF minimums are ½ mile visibility and clear of clouds Simmons AAF minimums are ½ mile visibility and clear of clouds per AR 95-1 because a higher minimum is not published. Note: per AR 95-1 because a higher minimum is not published. Note: When looking up Fort Bragg in the IFRS it informs you to “see When looking up Fort Bragg in the IFRS it informs you to “see Simmons AAF.”Simmons AAF.”

92a. When planning to depart SVFR, what would go in the “TYPE FLT PLAN” block on a DD 175?

““V” because it is a VFR segment.V” because it is a VFR segment.

92b. Who would you contact to request a SVFR clearance to depart or enter Class D airspace?

The tower.The tower.

93. Would it be legal for an Army aviator with less than 50 hours of 93. Would it be legal for an Army aviator with less than 50 hours of weather experience as pilot in command to depart from “G” pad at weather experience as pilot in command to depart from “G” pad at Cairns AAF with an observation of 100 ft overcast, visibility 1/8 Cairns AAF with an observation of 100 ft overcast, visibility 1/8 mile, fog, RWY 6 RVR 1400 ft.?mile, fog, RWY 6 RVR 1400 ft.?

No, however it would be legal to depart from RWY 6 because RVR No, however it would be legal to depart from RWY 6 because RVR applies to the runway for which it is reported.applies to the runway for which it is reported.

94. You are planning an IFR flight to Troy Muni (TOI) to arrive at You are planning an IFR flight to Troy Muni (TOI) to arrive at noon and the ILS glideslope is NOTAM’d out of service. noon and the ILS glideslope is NOTAM’d out of service. a. State which approach procedure would allow the minimum a. State which approach procedure would allow the minimum weather forecast to file there and explain how you arrived at your weather forecast to file there and explain how you arrived at your answer.answer. (minima table next click)(minima table next click)

Wx to file: 300-1/2 @ ETA + 1hr for PAR RWY 7Wx to file: 300-1/2 @ ETA + 1hr for PAR RWY 7

NOTENOTE: You must have an alternate because Radar is required : You must have an alternate because Radar is required “for the approach to be flown”!“for the approach to be flown”!

CATEGORY A

S-ILS 7 642-3/4 250 (300-3/4)

S-LOC 7 880-1 488 (500-1)

NDB 7 920-1 528 (600-1)

CIRCLING 940-1 543 (600-1)

PAR 7 642-1 250 (300-1)PAR 7 642-1 250 (300-1)

94 CONT. You are planning an IFR flight to Troy Muni (TOI) to arrive at You are planning an IFR flight to Troy Muni (TOI) to arrive at noon and the ILS glideslope is NOTAM’d out of service. noon and the ILS glideslope is NOTAM’d out of service. b. State which approach procedure would allow the minimum b. State which approach procedure would allow the minimum weather forecast to file there without listing an alternate and weather forecast to file there without listing an alternate and explain how you arrived at your answer.explain how you arrived at your answer.

900’ 1-1/2 @ETA +1hr for LOC RWY 7.900’ 1-1/2 @ETA +1hr for LOC RWY 7.

CATEGORY A

S-ILS 7 642-3/4 250 (300-3/4)

S-LOC 7 880-1 488 (500-1)

NDB 7 920-1 528 (600-1)

CIRCLING 940-1 543 (600-1)

PAR 7 642-1 250 (300-1)

S-LOC7 880-1 488 (500-1)

95. NOTAM: PFN ASOS OTS. State the minimum State the minimum weatherweather forecast required to forecast required to file IFR to Panama City (PFN), FL with an file IFR to Panama City (PFN), FL with an ETA of 0100 localETA of 0100 local time and time and explain how explain how you arrived at your answeryou arrived at your answer.. (minima table next)(minima table next)

300-1/4 @ ETA +1 hour. WX planning minimums must be adjusted when 300-1/4 @ ETA +1 hour. WX planning minimums must be adjusted when a remote altimeter setting is used.a remote altimeter setting is used.

212’+40’=252’ New MDA / 252’-20’=232’ rounded up= 212’+40’=252’ New MDA / 252’-20’=232’ rounded up= 300’ ceiling300’ ceiling

96. Dothan (DHN), AL, is your intended destination, but for this flight you need an alternate and would like to use Enterprise Muni (EDN), AL. What minimum WX forecast would allow the use of EDN as your alternate? (IAP and minima table next)(IAP and minima table next)

2200-3 @ ETA + 1hr using the transition from RRS. 2200-3 @ ETA + 1hr using the transition from RRS. EDN is EDN is unmonitored so VFR descent criteria is applied. Must be enroute altitude, not unmonitored so VFR descent criteria is applied. Must be enroute altitude, not PT or STEP-DOWN FIX altitude.PT or STEP-DOWN FIX altitude.

2000’ – 369’ = 1631’ + 500’ = 2131’ rounded up = 2000’ – 369’ = 1631’ + 500’ = 2131’ rounded up = 2200’2200’

99a. What are the dimensions of class C airspace?

*A basic design with minor site specific variations* *A basic design with minor site specific variations* ■ ■ 5 NM 5 NM inner ring from the surface to 4000 ft. AGL. inner ring from the surface to 4000 ft. AGL. ■ ■ 10 NM outer 10 NM outer ring from 1200 ft AGL to 4000 ft. AGL. ring from 1200 ft AGL to 4000 ft. AGL. ■ ■ Outer area 20 NM Outer area 20 NM radius from lower level of commo / radar coverage to ceiling of radius from lower level of commo / radar coverage to ceiling of APP control’s airspace.APP control’s airspace.

1200’ AGL

4000’ AGL

5 nm

10 nm

20 nm

Inner Ring

Outer Ring

Outer Area

99b. Is an ATC clearance required to enter class C 99b. Is an ATC clearance required to enter class C airspace VFR? airspace VFR?

No. If the controller responds to a radio call with, "(aircraft No. If the controller responds to a radio call with, "(aircraft callsign) standby," callsign) standby," radio communicationsradio communications have been have been established and the pilot can enter the airspace.established and the pilot can enter the airspace.

(Remember, class “B” requires a clearance.)(Remember, class “B” requires a clearance.)

100. On a VFR flight, must you communicate with anyone to depart On a VFR flight, must you communicate with anyone to depart from or land to an airfield bordered by a magenta segmented line from or land to an airfield bordered by a magenta segmented line when the weather is 1000 and 2 miles? when the weather is 1000 and 2 miles?

Yes. It is class "E" surface based airspace and Part 91.155 restricts entry into Yes. It is class "E" surface based airspace and Part 91.155 restricts entry into the airspace when ceiling is below 1000 ft or visibility is less then 3 miles the airspace when ceiling is below 1000 ft or visibility is less then 3 miles unless an ATC clearance has been received.unless an ATC clearance has been received.

101. When is a transponder with mode C required?101. When is a transponder with mode C required?FAR 91-215 / AIMFAR 91-215 / AIM

1. In class A, B or C airspace areas1. In class A, B or C airspace areas2. In all airspace above the ceiling and within the lateral boundaries of 2. In all airspace above the ceiling and within the lateral boundaries of class B or C airspace upward to 10,000 feet MSL.class B or C airspace upward to 10,000 feet MSL.3. Within 30 NM of an airport listed in Appendix D, Section 1 of this part 3. Within 30 NM of an airport listed in Appendix D, Section 1 of this part from the surface up to 10,000 ft MSL. from the surface up to 10,000 ft MSL. 4. Within 10 NM of an airport listed in Appendix D, Section 2 of this part 4. Within 10 NM of an airport listed in Appendix D, Section 2 of this part from the surface to 10,000 ft MSL excluding the airspace below 1200 ft from the surface to 10,000 ft MSL excluding the airspace below 1200 ft AGL outside of the lateral boundaries of the surface area of the airspace AGL outside of the lateral boundaries of the surface area of the airspace designated for that airspace.designated for that airspace.5. In all airspace of the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia 5. In all airspace of the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia at and above 10,000 ft MSL, excluding the airspace below 2500 ft AGL.at and above 10,000 ft MSL, excluding the airspace below 2500 ft AGL.

AIMAIM When flying into, within, or across the contiguous U.S. ADIZ. When flying into, within, or across the contiguous U.S. ADIZ.

102. Is it legal to file IFR through a Restricted Area? 102. Is it legal to file IFR through a Restricted Area? Through a MOA?Through a MOA?

Yes.Yes. ATC will clear an aircraft through the areas IFR if ATC will clear an aircraft through the areas IFR if the areas are not active or if separation can be provided the areas are not active or if separation can be provided with the using agency.with the using agency.

103. What minimum rate of descent is needed at 90 kts 103. What minimum rate of descent is needed at 90 kts ground speed during final approach for the NDB-C at ground speed during final approach for the NDB-C at Marianna Muni, FL (MAI)?Marianna Muni, FL (MAI)?

600 fpm600 fpmNOTE: A greater rate of descent than 500fpm may sometimes be NOTE: A greater rate of descent than 500fpm may sometimes be necessary due to high ground speeds or short final approach necessary due to high ground speeds or short final approach segments so that visual reference with the runway environment segments so that visual reference with the runway environment can be established as early as possible before reaching the can be established as early as possible before reaching the missed approach point.missed approach point.

E6-B600fpm 1080’ 1:48

104. Explain how to fly the VOR missed approach procedure at Cairns AAF if visual contact with the ground is lost while circling south to land to Rwy 24.

3618

6

24

POOF! Visual contact lost.

Make initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and Make initial climbing turn towards the landing runway and continue the turn until established on the missed approach continue the turn until established on the missed approach course.course.

105. Give at least 5 situations where a procedure turn would 105. Give at least 5 situations where a procedure turn would notnot be flown.be flown.

1.1. When being radar vectored to final.When being radar vectored to final.

2.2. When arriving from over a NO PT fix.When arriving from over a NO PT fix.

3.3. When a holding pattern is published in lieu of a procedure turn.When a holding pattern is published in lieu of a procedure turn.

4.4. When flying a timed approach from a holding fix.When flying a timed approach from a holding fix.

5. When cleared for a contact approach.5. When cleared for a contact approach.

6. When cleared for a visual approach.6. When cleared for a visual approach.

7. When cleared for a straight-in approach.7. When cleared for a straight-in approach.

106. Explain the difference between a “visual approach” and a 106. Explain the difference between a “visual approach” and a “contact approach.” “contact approach.”

Visual Approach:Visual Approach: An IFR approach clearance that can be An IFR approach clearance that can be given by ATCgiven by ATC when the WX is at least when the WX is at least 1000’1000’ ceiling andceiling and 3 miles3 miles visibility. The pilot visibility. The pilot must remain clear of clouds and have either the airport or preceding must remain clear of clouds and have either the airport or preceding aircraft in sight. aircraft in sight.

Contact Approach:Contact Approach: An IFR approach clearance that can only be An IFR approach clearance that can only be initiated initiated by the pilot’s request.by the pilot’s request. The pilot must remain The pilot must remain clear of cloudsclear of clouds, have at , have at least least 1 mile1 mile visibility, and can reasonably expect to continue to the visibility, and can reasonably expect to continue to the destination airport in those conditions. Pilot assumes responsibility destination airport in those conditions. Pilot assumes responsibility for obstruction clearance.for obstruction clearance.

107. Explain the difference between being cleared for a “straight 107. Explain the difference between being cleared for a “straight in approach” versus a “straight in landing.”in approach” versus a “straight in landing.”

Straight in ApproachStraight in Approach means executing an instrument approach means executing an instrument approach procedure with no procedure turn.procedure with no procedure turn.

Straight in landingStraight in landing is landing on a runway aligned within 30 degrees is landing on a runway aligned within 30 degrees of the final approach course (as opposed to performing a circle-to-of the final approach course (as opposed to performing a circle-to-land maneuver).land maneuver).

108. You are departing Tallahassee Regional, FL (TLH) IFR from the intersection of taxi ways You are departing Tallahassee Regional, FL (TLH) IFR from the intersection of taxi ways “A” and “M” and the WX is 300’ ceiling and 3/4 mile visibility. CLNC DEL cleared you “A” and “M” and the WX is 300’ ceiling and 3/4 mile visibility. CLNC DEL cleared you direct to the SZW VOR at 2000 ft. The tower says "Pick 123, fly heading 290, cleared for direct to the SZW VOR at 2000 ft. The tower says "Pick 123, fly heading 290, cleared for takeoff". After takeoff, do you maintain 290 degrees or turn direct to the SZW VOR takeoff". After takeoff, do you maintain 290 degrees or turn direct to the SZW VOR passing through 400’ AGL? Why?passing through 400’ AGL? Why?

Maintain heading 290Maintain heading 2900 0

““Pilots operating in a radar Pilots operating in a radar environment are expected to environment are expected to associate departure headings associate departure headings with vectors to their planned with vectors to their planned route of flight.”route of flight.”

109. You are on an IFR flight from Dothan, AL to Tallahassee, FL. You 109. You are on an IFR flight from Dothan, AL to Tallahassee, FL. You are cleared direct RRS, V-7 SZW, climb maintain 3000, expect 4000 are cleared direct RRS, V-7 SZW, climb maintain 3000, expect 4000 at OALDY intersection. at OALDY intersection.

a. If commo is lost 2 miles prior to OALDY and you are IMC, a. If commo is lost 2 miles prior to OALDY and you are IMC, what altitudes would you fly for the remainder of the flight?what altitudes would you fly for the remainder of the flight?

Maintain 3000 until reaching OALDY since this altitude is higher Maintain 3000 until reaching OALDY since this altitude is higher than the MEA of 2500, upon crossing OALDY climb to and maintain than the MEA of 2500, upon crossing OALDY climb to and maintain 4000 since this altitude is higher than the MEA for the airway.4000 since this altitude is higher than the MEA for the airway.

RRSV 7

2000

OALDY SAIML MAUNA

2500

SZW

109b. What altitudes would you fly if commo was lost 2 miles 109b. What altitudes would you fly if commo was lost 2 miles after crossing OALDY?after crossing OALDY?

Maintain 3000 because you have already gone beyond the fix that the Maintain 3000 because you have already gone beyond the fix that the expected change in altitude was to take place and this altitude is expected change in altitude was to take place and this altitude is higher than the published MEA for the remainder of the airway.higher than the published MEA for the remainder of the airway.

RRSV 7

2000

OALDY SAIML MAUNA

2500

SZW

“cleared direct RRS, V-7 SZW, maintain 3000, expect 4000 at OALDY intersection”

110. When may a pilot leave a clearance limit if communications with ATC have been lost?

1.1. When the clearance limit is When the clearance limit is a fix from which an approach a fix from which an approach beginsbegins, commence descent and approach as close as , commence descent and approach as close as possible to the expect further clearance time if one has possible to the expect further clearance time if one has been received, or if one has not been received, as close been received, or if one has not been received, as close as possible to the expected time of arrival as calculated as possible to the expected time of arrival as calculated from the filed or amended (with ATC) estimated time from the filed or amended (with ATC) estimated time enroute. enroute.

(continued)(continued)

110. (continued)

2. If the clearance limit is 2. If the clearance limit is not a fix from which an approach not a fix from which an approach begins,begins, leave the clearance limit at the expect further leave the clearance limit at the expect further clearance time if one has been received, or if none has been clearance time if one has been received, or if none has been received, upon arrival over the clearance limit, and proceed received, upon arrival over the clearance limit, and proceed to a fix from which an approach begins and commence to a fix from which an approach begins and commence descent or descent and approach as close as possible to the descent or descent and approach as close as possible to the estimated time of arrival as calculated from the filed or estimated time of arrival as calculated from the filed or amended (with ATC) estimated time enrouteamended (with ATC) estimated time enroute

111. You are on a radar vector of 330 degrees, 3000’ and exactly halfway 111. You are on a radar vector of 330 degrees, 3000’ and exactly halfway between the BKK NDB (Bonifay, FL) and the RUCKR LOM (ELA L-18 panel F). between the BKK NDB (Bonifay, FL) and the RUCKR LOM (ELA L-18 panel F). The weather is 1500 SCT, 10,000 BKN and 4 miles visibility. You were last The weather is 1500 SCT, 10,000 BKN and 4 miles visibility. You were last told to expect the ILS RWY 6 to Cairns AAF. If communications with ATC has told to expect the ILS RWY 6 to Cairns AAF. If communications with ATC has been lost and all attempts to re-establish communications fail, what would been lost and all attempts to re-establish communications fail, what would you do?you do?

Maintain VMC, SQUAWK 7600, proceed VFR to Cairns AAF and Maintain VMC, SQUAWK 7600, proceed VFR to Cairns AAF and land as soon as practicable by entering the traffic pattern and land as soon as practicable by entering the traffic pattern and watching for light gun signals from the tower.watching for light gun signals from the tower.

76007600VFRVFR

112a. How could you obtain an IFR clearance departing 112a. How could you obtain an IFR clearance departing from Bonifay-Tricounty, FL? from Bonifay-Tricounty, FL?

1.1. Contact Gainesville FSS by phone.Contact Gainesville FSS by phone.

2.2. Contact Cairns Approach Control by phone.Contact Cairns Approach Control by phone.

3.3. If able to remain VFR, depart VFR and call FSS or APP CON by If able to remain VFR, depart VFR and call FSS or APP CON by radio.radio.

112b. List 3 ways to close an IFR flight plan to Bonifay-Tricounty.

1. 1. Attempt commo with Gainesville FSS on standard 122.2 / 255.4 Attempt commo with Gainesville FSS on standard 122.2 / 255.4

2.2. Attempt commo with Gainesville FSS on 122.1 and receive via MAI VOR Attempt commo with Gainesville FSS on 122.1 and receive via MAI VOR on 114.0on 114.0

3.3. Contact ATC (Cairns APP) before landing.Contact ATC (Cairns APP) before landing.

4.4. Contact FSS by telephone after landing.Contact FSS by telephone after landing.

5.5. Contact ATC (Cairns APP) by telephone after landing.Contact ATC (Cairns APP) by telephone after landing.

6.6. Relay through another aircraft. (Not a reliable method for planning)Relay through another aircraft. (Not a reliable method for planning)

NOTE: Search and rescue protection is lost when IFR is cancelled in the air, NOTE: Search and rescue protection is lost when IFR is cancelled in the air, however ATC prefers this because it frees up the airspace.however ATC prefers this because it frees up the airspace.

113. When making an IFR approach to an airport not served by a 113. When making an IFR approach to an airport not served by a control tower or FSS, after ATC advises "Change to advisory control tower or FSS, after ATC advises "Change to advisory frequency approved", what information should the pilot frequency approved", what information should the pilot broadcast over the advisory frequency?broadcast over the advisory frequency?

Pilots should broadcast intentions, including the type of approach Pilots should broadcast intentions, including the type of approach being executed, position, when over the final approach fix inbound being executed, position, when over the final approach fix inbound (nonprecision approach) or when over the outer marker or fix used in (nonprecision approach) or when over the outer marker or fix used in lieu of the outer marker inbound (precision approach). Continue to lieu of the outer marker inbound (precision approach). Continue to monitor the appropriate freq for reports from other pilots.monitor the appropriate freq for reports from other pilots.

114a. If you request and are cleared to “maintain VFR on top” 114a. If you request and are cleared to “maintain VFR on top” while on an IFR flight plan, must you maintain basic cloud while on an IFR flight plan, must you maintain basic cloud clearance and should you use IFR or VFR altitudes?clearance and should you use IFR or VFR altitudes?

Yes, you must maintain basic cloud clearance (aircraft must Yes, you must maintain basic cloud clearance (aircraft must comply with basic VFR weather minimums) and fly at the comply with basic VFR weather minimums) and fly at the appropriate VFR altitude. (Pilots should advise ATC prior to any appropriate VFR altitude. (Pilots should advise ATC prior to any altitude change to ensure the exchange of accurate traffic altitude change to ensure the exchange of accurate traffic information.)information.)

114b. What is an “over-the-top” flight and associated limits? 114b. What is an “over-the-top” flight and associated limits?

It is a VFR flight above a cloud or fog layer which can not It is a VFR flight above a cloud or fog layer which can not exceed 30 minutes unless the aircraft is equipped for IMC exceed 30 minutes unless the aircraft is equipped for IMC and all IFR requirements can be met for the remainder of and all IFR requirements can be met for the remainder of the flight.the flight.

115. List 3 ways you can land at your destination from an 115. List 3 ways you can land at your destination from an IFR flight IFR flight withoutwithout flying an instrument approach flying an instrument approach procedure. Give examples of when this could be used to procedure. Give examples of when this could be used to your advantage.your advantage.

1.1. Contact approachContact approach

2.2. Visual approachVisual approach

3.3. Cancel IFRCancel IFR

Good weather, low fuel, Approach procedure on other side Good weather, low fuel, Approach procedure on other side of airport.of airport.

116. What is the minimum weather to permit filing an IFR flight 116. What is the minimum weather to permit filing an IFR flight plan to the Dothan Regional Airport with the MALSR for RWY 32 plan to the Dothan Regional Airport with the MALSR for RWY 32 out of service? Explain how you arrived at your answer.out of service? Explain how you arrived at your answer. (FLIP on (FLIP on next click)next click)

200 3/8 at ETA plus 1 hr.200 3/8 at ETA plus 1 hr.

The wx planning minimums The wx planning minimums visibility must visibility must FIRSTFIRST be be increased according to the increased according to the Inop Components Table in Inop Components Table in the front of the IAP Vol-12 the front of the IAP Vol-12 by ¼ mile, by ¼ mile, THENTHEN the 50% the 50% reduction on CAT A reduction on CAT A minimums can be applied.minimums can be applied.

117. Define the following:117. Define the following:a. Hover taxi.a. Hover taxi.

Movement in ground effect at speeds less than approximately Movement in ground effect at speeds less than approximately 20 kts.20 kts.

b. Air taxi.b. Air taxi.

Up to 100 ft AGL at speeds more than 20 kts. Pilot is solely Up to 100 ft AGL at speeds more than 20 kts. Pilot is solely responsible for selecting safe altitude/airspeed.responsible for selecting safe altitude/airspeed.

118. During crew mission briefings, the PC must discuss 118. During crew mission briefings, the PC must discuss the ________ ________ of the mission from takeoff to the ________ ________ of the mission from takeoff to touchdown. touchdown.

“ “critical aspects”critical aspects”

What are the minimum critical aspects on every IFR flight?What are the minimum critical aspects on every IFR flight?

The IFR CRITICAL 11 Minutes!!The IFR CRITICAL 11 Minutes!!Approximately 84% of IFR accidents happen during the first 3 minutes Approximately 84% of IFR accidents happen during the first 3 minutes

of takeoff and the last 8 minutes of the approach.of takeoff and the last 8 minutes of the approach.

Proper P* and P duties during the ITO and on Final Approach are crucial!Proper P* and P duties during the ITO and on Final Approach are crucial!