1 zoning and mapping as agrometeorological services in developing countries: preconditions and...
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Zoning and mapping
as agrometeorological servicesin developing countries:
preconditions and requirementsin a checklist for action
C.J. Stigter, Agromet Vision, Bruchem, Netherlands
Nawal K.N. Al-amin, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
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We consider belonging to
agrometeorological services:
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All agrometeorological & agro-climatological knowledge and
information that can be directly that can be directly appliedapplied to try to improve and/or
protect the livelihood of farmersthe livelihood of farmers.
So yield quantity & quality and So yield quantity & quality and incomeincome, while safeguarding
the agricultural resource base from degradation. 3
From the beginning we considered as good example
of such agrometeorological services:
the products of agroclimatological the products of agroclimatological
characterization, obtained withcharacterization, obtained with
whatever methodologies.whatever methodologies.
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Agroclimatic zoning (characterization)is most simply seen
as the division of an area according to the favourablity
for agriculture.
The separation of taxonomic agroclimatic units (belts, zones, districts, regions) which differ
in climatic resources.
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Characterization methods (in seven areas, following Bishnoi)
general agricultural suitability choice of crops, varieties, growing seasons soil-climatic zones for cropping (systems) flexible crop planning, covering risks improvement in crop productivity assessment of potential productivity exploitation of agroclimatic resources for specific
purposes
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GISs successfully focus primarily on capturing, storing, displaying
“natural capital”but much more recently also depict
socio-economic indexes and variablesScales and details of the datasets
are generally not adequate at farm level.
They can support advisory services
and contribute to setting
the agricultural research agenda
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Mapping activities with increasing complexities
Basic research support for mapping Mapping to support basic policy and design decisions
for applied research and development More complex mapping to support decision
preparations of government institutions and/or well to do farmers
More complex mapping to serve poorer farmers and/or related NGOs
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Basic research to support mapping
<> Map language (Anji Reddy)
<> Tree crown projections (TTMI-Project, Tanzania)
<> Radiation measurements in all evaporation calculations: instrument comparisons, data quality checking, data consistency investigations (DAP-Project, Tanzania)
<> Example of areal cloudiness: Campbell Stokes and satellite data, sample frequency of twice a day
Conclusion: it is possible in developing countries to do research that contributes to better mapping
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Just the ordinary service of research to research, science to science.
It implies for agromet services
Precondition: @ best level trustable science
Requirements:@ best operational use of basic data
@ appropriate basic quality education(in agrometeorology)
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Mapping to support basic policy and design decisions
for applied research and development
<> Ordinary cases (TTMI, Sudan, Kenya, Nigeria):
# soil moisture sampling in cracking clay
# wind mapping in a hedged agroforestry system
# sand mapping (shelterbelt, around single trees)
# root mapping in multiple cropping
Conclusion: it is possible in developing countries to use ordinary mapping fruitfully in design research
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Just the service of mapping to applied research and design studies.
It implies for agromet services
Precondition (additional): @ knowing regional details of the research questions encountered
Requirements (additional):@ best use of relevant basic operational
research results obtained elsewhere@ relevant basic policy decisionsunderlying the research requests
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More complex mapping to support decision preparations of government institutions and/or well to do farmers<> general examples but their use as such in the
gray literature (example of Baradas in Malaysia)
<> China as exception of using disaster mapping in books (CAMS Annual Report); UN
<> 20 volumes Agricultural & Forest Meteorology (5 examples, 1.5 %, only 2 from developing countries)
<> 6 volumes (24 issues) WMO Bulletin (1999, 2000, 2001: basically nothing; 2002: little increase, 2003: real change in the making; 2004: very much).
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Conclusion: supportive mapping is in applications, but generally not supporting decisions
<> specific examples (Israel: Lomas et al.; Portugal: Stigter jr.; Sudan: this paper)<> decision makers can conclude from the interpretation of pictures, in the case of Sudan supported by groundtruth, where and how protective measures should be designed.
The above means that already earlier derived tough The above means that already earlier derived tough preconditions demand additional prioritization and preconditions demand additional prioritization and additional scientific choices for the applied research additional scientific choices for the applied research
necessary to develop priority services.necessary to develop priority services.
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SI Vulnerability mapSI Vulnerability map Campina de Faro Campina da Luz
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Atlantic
Ocean
FAR O
Patacão
N
Km E
Km
N
[ U TM 29N ] Km E
Km
N
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
594 595 596 597
594 595 596 597
Santo Estêvão
Luz de Tavira
N
Atlantic
Ocean
[UTM 29N ] Km E
Km
N
613 614 615 616 617
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4104
4108
4109
4105
4106
4107
4110
613 614 615 616 617
-1 ,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
G W Q I:
LEGEND
Road
W ater course
Railway
H ighway (IP1)
D ata point usedfor interpolation
Atlantic O cean (w ithR ia Form osa lagoon)
GW
QI
Lo
w q
ua
lity
Hig
h q
ual
ity
High qual.
Low qual.
Not potabl.
Groundwater quality mapsGroundwater quality maps(Based on NO3
-, Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+ and indirectly pH, NO2
- and PO43-)
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Map B
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Map D
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It implies for agromet services
Preconditions (additional): @ appropriate problem selection,
together with decision makers for whom agrometeorological services
have to be developed
@ appropriate knowledge selection, to develop the required applied research
focused on services
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Requirement (additional):
@ to determine appropriate policy environments for action on agrometeorological services,
what can be done within the present policy environment (preparedness), and what policies may be necessary
in the future for the agrometeorological services
to be applied
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More complex mapping to serve poorer farmers and/or related NGOs
<> CGIAR decision on connecting their GISs on agricultural environments in developing countries:
agroecological studies excluding socio-economic data; ten years later: “sustainability” concept at UNCED
<> no old literature examples
<> CAgM report on communication of agromet info (Isabirye, in line with Murthy and Stigter; internet ??)
<> Carvajal, private communication to Rossi
<> INSAM contest on best examples of agrometeorological services
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“Climatic Type” by Thornthwaite Highly Humid
(Tropical rain forest)
Humid (Tropical monsoon)
Sub humid (Tropical grassland)
Arid Temperate
humid Temperate dry Humid high
barren plain
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7
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It implies for agromet services
Precondition (additional):
@ knowing poor farmers’ needs the way they see them
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Requirement (additional):@ liaisons with farmers, related NGOs
and other related decision makers on what they did
(traditional preparedness, coping and adaptation strategies),
what they can do and what they want to do within the policy environment for
agrometeorological services (disaster preparedness and mitigation;
land use improvement)
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It can be confirmed from these lastly added precondition and requirement that
with respect to the livelihood of poorer farmers, bridging the gap between agrometeorological bridging the gap between agrometeorological
advisory products and such farmers advisory products and such farmers remains the main task of agrometeorologists remains the main task of agrometeorologists
for the nearest possible futurefor the nearest possible future
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This confirms conclusions from a CAgM Management Group meeting in Brazil.
We felt that applied researchers need helpin bridging the gap.
Therefore I also pleaded for training of Therefore I also pleaded for training of agrometeorological intermediaries agrometeorological intermediaries
in extension for and training ofin extension for and training offarmers as decision makers.farmers as decision makers.
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The same preconditions and requirements apply to other agrometeorological services
for poorer and formally less educated farmers
The sequence in each list is now The sequence in each list is now
that of a checklist for actionthat of a checklist for action
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It is these days recognized that sustainable land management
is predominantly a conflict resolution issue
among the major stakeholders
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Summary of preconditions knowing poor farmers’ needs the way they see them
appropriate problem selection, together with decision makers for whom agrometeorological services have to be developed
knowing regional details of the research questions encountered
appropriate knowledge selection, to develop the required applied research focused on services
best level trustable science
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Summary of requirements liaisons with farmers, related NGOs and other related
decision makers on what they did (traditional prepared-ness, coping and adaptation strategies), what they can do and what they want to do within the policy environ-ment for agrometeorological services (disaster preparedness and mitigation; land use improvement)
to determine appropriate policy environments for action on agrometeorological services, what can be done within the present policy environment (preparedness), and what policies may be necessary in the future for the agrometeorological services to be applied
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Summary of requirements (cont.)
relevant basic policy decisions underlying the research requests
best use of relevant basic operational research results obtained elsewhere
best operational use of basic data
appropriate basic quality education (in agrometeorology)