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1030 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk Variation in alpha. Variation in alpha. Your portfolios 1

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Page 1: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency

Investors and Alpha and BetaProblems with CAPM

Variation in the price of risk Variation in alpha.Variation in alpha.Your portfolios

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Page 2: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Lessons from CAPMLessons from CAPM

• Future stock returns are predicted byp y

• (1) the riskless return

• (2) the amount of systematic risk in a security(2) the amount of systematic risk in a security times the price of risk

• So if model is right you can “make” money (earn• So if model is right you can  make  money (earn above the risk free rate) only if you bear risk

• If model is wrong by taking advantage of its• If model is wrong by taking advantage of its anomalies.

2

Page 3: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Staying with the modelStaying with the model

• Chasing βChasing β– The return to bearing risk is positive– And possibly largep y g– But there are down sides

• Works if you can be patientWorks if you can be patient• Attractive when the price of the riskless asset is lowis low

• So Fed pushes down interest rates => bearing risk more attractive s o e att act e

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Page 4: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Annualized Monthly Returns of the S&P‐500 (R ) f 3 TBill (R )(RM)net of 3 year TBill return (RF)

200.00%

150.00%

RF

RM‐RF

Poly. (RM‐RF)

50.00%

100.00%15 per. Mov. Avg. (RM‐RF)

0.00%10/19/1989 7/15/1992 4/11/1995 1/5/1998 10/1/2000 6/28/2003 3/24/2006 12/18/2008 9/14/2011

100 00%

‐50.00%

‐100.00%

4

Page 5: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

From Previous slideFrom Previous slide

• Clearly see moments 200.00%Clearly see moments when the price of risk is low

150.00%

• And when it is high.

• Look at moving average 50.00%

100.00%

g g

• Also note the choice of the riskless rate is 

0.00%9/9/2008 9/9/2009 9/9/2010 9/9/2011

pretty irrelevant

100 00%

‐50.00% RFRM‐RFPoly. (RM‐RF)15 per Mov Avg (RM‐RF)‐100.00% 15 per. Mov. Avg. (RM‐RF)

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Page 6: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

High β vs low βHigh β vs low β

• Two interpretationsTwo interpretations• From Investor

– If β is high firm is very exposed to systematic riskIf β is high, firm is very exposed to systematic risk– You have to pay the investor to bear that risk– If β is low, investor wants a smaller share of theIf β is low, investor wants a smaller share of the total return per dollar he or she spends

• From Firm– High β cost of equity is high – Low β cost of equity is low

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Page 7: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Distribution of β in your firmsDistribution of β in your firms6

Week 3 and 4 firms

3

4

5Week 3 and 4 firms

Week 2 firms

Linear (Week 3 and 4 firms)

1

2

3

BETA

2

‐1

00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

‐4

‐3

‐2

Coeficient of Variation of Prices 10‐9 to 10‐25

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Page 8: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Are β correlated with firm returnsAre β correlated with firm returns 60.0

20 0

40.0W3 return

W4 return

Linear (W3 return)

( )

0.0

20.0

‐4 ‐3 ‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Linear (W4 return)

‐20.0

‐40.0

‐60.0

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Page 9: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Short run result!Short run result!20.0

10.0

15.0

W3 returnW4 returnLinear (W3 return)

0.0

5.0

Linear (W3 return)Linear (W4 return)

10 0

‐5.0

‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3 4

‐15.0

‐10.0

‐20.0

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Page 10: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

In the short runIn the short run

• It’s the noise (ε) that dominatesIt s the noise (ε) that dominates

• You cannot estimate β off of two weeks

h h i i l h• But these have statistical power over the longer term 

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Page 11: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Beta correlated with short term variation?

4

5

6

2

3

4

‐1

0

1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

‐3

‐2

‐1

Beta

Linear (Beta)

‐4

Horizontal axis is the coefficient of variation (st. deviation/average) of i i l i i β d b h fi S fi h

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price.  Vertical axis is β reported by Yahoo finance.  Some firms have no reported β.

Page 12: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Beta correlated with short term variation?

4

5

1

2

3

‐1

0

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

‐3

‐2 Beta

Linear (Beta)

‐4

Notice large number of firms with very similar β and very different σ.

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Page 13: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

If not β then α?If not β then α?

• Recall from last class that we estimate the following grelationship

• Β is fine, but you have to bear risk.• Why not pick high α firms?Th fi h t b th i k f t• These are firm where returns above the risk free rate are larger than CAPM would predict

• Expect these firms to get bid up (α should disappear)Expect these firms to get bid up (α should disappear)• Problem is that α estimate are very sensitive to sample and period.

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Page 14: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Beyond our dataBeyond our data

• Problems with CAPMProblems with CAPM

h d l k if d l if h• The model work if and only if no other variable enters the regression (because of the 

d f h ld h kneed for everyone to hold the market portfolio)

• In other words the model works if the market is efficient (prices are all you need)

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Page 15: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Fama and French 2006Fama and French 2006

• Value (high book to market value B/M) Vs growth a ue ( g boo to a et a ue / ) s g o t(low book to market value) stocks

• “When we form portfolios on size, B/M, and β, p βwe find that variation in β related to size and B/M is compensated in average returns for 1928 to 1963 b t i ti i β l t d t i d B/M1963, but variation in β unrelated to size and B/M goes unrewarded the sample period (1929‐2004).  […] We conclude that it is size and B/M, or risks[…] We conclude that it is size and B/M, or risks related to them, and not β, that are rewarded in average returns.”

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Page 16: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Fama and French 2006 (cont)Fama and French 2006 (cont)

• What does matter beyond β?

• Small firms have 0 2% return per0.2% return per month over large firms

• Value (high book to market) have a 0 35% return

Figure 1. Each week from 1983 to 2003, we rank stocks based on their returns over the prior week and0.35% return 

premium over growth firms

stocks based on their returns over the prior week and form a portfolio comprised of a long position in the top decile of stocks (winners) and a short position in the bottom decile (losers).  Gutierrez and Kelley JOURNAL OF FINANCE VOL FEB 2008

• MomentumJOURNAL OF FINANCE VOL. FEB. 2008

Page 17: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Replace CAPM with an empirical d lmodel

• Add as many factors as you likey y• In their case 

– β (more is good)– Book to market value (higher is better)– Size (large is bad)– Momentum (past increase lingers)Momentum (past increase lingers)

• Then as you use these factors in choosing weights you bid up the stocks with higher returns and 

h ld ‘ ” d lreturn the world to a ‘pure” CAPM model• Except you may never get there.

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Page 18: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Some evidence of efficiency

40.0

60.0

20.0

0.0‐4 ‐3 ‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Poly. ()

‐40.0

‐20.0

‐60.0

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Return to your stocks from Week 1 to Week 2

Page 19: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Returns of your portfolios ( b )(above S&P 500)

30.00%

20.00%

25.00%

10.00%

15.00%

0.00%

5.00%

‐5.00% ‐4.00% ‐3.00% ‐2.00% ‐1.00% 0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00%

‐10.00%

‐5.00%

Here we seem to have a classic momentum effect driven by a small number of

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Here we seem to have a classic momentum effect driven by a small number of portfolios.  (most did just about the same week 1 as the S&P)

Page 20: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Are portfolio’s useful?Are portfolio s useful?20.00%

10.00%

15.00%

Stock Returns 10‐9 to 10‐25

0.00%

5.00%

0 00% 2 00% 4 00% 6 00% 8 00% 10 00% 12 00%

Portfolios Returns 10‐9 to 10‐25

‐10.00%

‐5.00%

0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00% 10.00% 12.00%

‐15.00%

10.00%

20

Not if you want to win the investment derby when you can only go long on stocks.

‐20.00%

Page 21: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

• Notice portfolios are  10.00%

Stock Returns 10‐9 to 10‐25

f lp

left leaning• Offer similar returns but l

5.00%

Portfolios Returns 10‐9 to 10‐25

lower variance• Could go and find set of stock with similar 0.00%stock with similar expected returns as week 1

5 00%

0.00%0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00%

• But also a lot of dominated portfolios

‐5.00%

21

‐10.00%

Page 22: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

Did you beat the market?Did you beat the market?

• Make a random pickp• Your chance of beating the market are 50‐50

– 29% of week 2 stocks beat the market week 3– 41% portfolios the market week 3 41% – 50% of week 2 stocks beat the market week 4– 61% portfolios beat the market week 461% portfolios beat the market week 4

• Make two consecutive picks 25%(LL) 50%(LW or WL) and 25% (WW)– 28% LL stocks 65% LW‐WL and 7%WW– 22% LL portfolios, 52%WL‐LW and 26% WW

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Page 23: 10 30 Class 10: efficiencyrosentha/courses/BEM103/Class10.pdf · 10‐30 Class 10: Market efficiency Investors and Alpha and Beta Problems with CAPM Variation in the price of risk

11‐04 Class 11: Intermediaries and assets

• Intermediaries DefinitionIntermediaries Definition

• There are still spreads

i f i• creating new assets: Transformation; Bundling; 

• Unbundling; 

• Taking positions g p

• Leverage

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