29068ffirs.indd 10 6/5/09 6:34:41 am · alcatel-lucent scalable ip networks self-study guide...

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“ A practical and thorough guide to the fundamentals of IP Service Routing, the Alcatel-Lucent NRS I Certification has proven to be an invaluable tool for our Operations team. It is a key component of our IP knowledge curriculum. We are encouraging our employees to obtain this certification from Alcatel-Lucent.”

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Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study GuidePreparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam (4A0-100)

Kent Hundley Alcatel-Lucent NRS I No. 1558

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Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide: Preparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam (4A0-100)

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About the AuthorKent Hundley (Alcatel-Lucent NRS I No. 1558) is a professional services IT consul-tant with more than 17 years of experience in the networking field. Kent has been a consultant for more than 12 years and has worked with numerous Fortune 100 enterprise clients and service provider customers in the areas of network architecture design, network operations, network management solutions, application analysis, and the design of security solutions. He is the author of several books on security and IP-related technologies and currently works as a consultant for a leading provider of solu-tions for managing networks and applications.

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Credits

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ted laux

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AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my thanks to Alcatel-Lucent for the opportunity to write this book and their support throughout this project. Without the access to their labs and continual assistance on technical matters, this work would not have been possible. I especially single out Glenn Warnock (Alcatel-Lucent SRA No. 2) for his tremendous help with reviewing the content and his assistance with numerous technical questions throughout the process, along with Anand Raj (Alcatel-Lucent SRA No. 14) for his technical support. I also extend my gratitude to Michael Anderson (Alcatel-Lucent SRA No. 24) for writing all the lab exercises. His input will certainly make this a valuable learning tool for those seeking the NRS I certification. And to Stephanie Chasse and Karyn Lennon, thank you for all of your ideas on the concept of this book, its design, and driving this team to get this book done.

I also extend a great thanks to Chris Butler for his efforts and contributions to the contents of the OSPF and BGP chapters. Of course, any flaws with the present work are entirely my own and not those of others.

Special thanks to the staff at Wiley Publishing for their untiring support and unwavering dedication to getting this project completed on time. In particular, Sara Shlaer played a key role in ensuring a successful outcome.

Most importantly, I thank my wife, Lori, and my children, Sophia and Patrick, for their love, support, and understanding during the nights and weekends I had to spend time away from our family to work. Although Sophia and Patrick are still too young to completely understand the particulars, they knew that I was not always available dur-ing our normal playtime and they had to “let daddy work on his book.”

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About the Contributing AuthorChris Butler, a Senior Network Architect currently working for the US Government, has 15+ years of experience designing and implementing networking and security solutions in the US Government, insurance, financial, and other commercial industries. He was the lead author for the book entitled, IT Security Interviews Exposed: Secrets to Landing Your Next Information Security Job. Chris lives and works in the DC Area with his wife and five children.

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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xixIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi

Chapter 1: Introduction To Networking 1

Chapter 2: The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR and 7450 ESS Components and the Command-Line Interface 37

Chapter 3: Data Link Overview 83

Chapter 4: Switched Networks, Spanning Tree, and VLANs 131

Chapter 5: IP Addressing 169

Chapter 6: IP Forwarding and Services 237

Chapter 7: Transport Layer Services—TCP and UDP 279

Chapter 8: Introduction to IP Routing 313

Chapter 9: OSPF 355

Chapter 10: BGP 393

Chapter 11: MPLS and VPN Services 427

Appendix A: Chapter Assessment Questions and Answers 469

Appendix B: Lab Exercises and Solutions 525

Glossary 649Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Contents at a Glance

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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xixIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi

Chapter 1: Introduction To Networking 1Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 .1: Before the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ARPAnet: Genesis of the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ARPAnet Challenges and the origin of tCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6From War Room to Boardroom: the Internet Comes of Age . . . . . . . . . 8

1 .2: service Providers and Content Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 .3: Modern Internet service Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 .4: overview of tCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Understanding the tCP/IP Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Forwarding Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21the osI Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Post-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Chapter 2: The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR and 7450 ESS Components and the Command-Line Interface 37

Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 .1 the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 service Router Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

the Alcatel-Lucent 7450 ethernet service switch Group . . . . . . . . . . . 42Control Plane versus Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Physical Components of the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 sR and 7450 ess series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45How Packets Are Processed by the IoM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Basic Bootup Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48system Initialization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50the Boot options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2 .2 Command-Line Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Provisioning the Alcatel-Lucent sR/ess systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Using Logs and Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

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Practice Lab: Alcatel-Lucent 7750/7450 Hardware and the CLI . . . . . . . . . . . 66Lab section 2 .1: First Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Lab section 2 .2: What Is the Router Doing? Getting Help and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Lab section 2 .3: saving Configuration Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Post-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Chapter 3: Data Link Overview 83Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 .1 osI Layer 2 overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

types of Data Link Layer Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87scope of the Data Link Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

3 .2 Layer 2 Protocols: PPP, AtM, and time Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . 90PPP: the Point-to-Point Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Circuit-switching and AtM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93time Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Broadcast and shared Access Data Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

3 .3 ethernet overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100ethernet Addressing and operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106ethernet transmission—CsMA/CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109ethernet Physical standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Practice Lab: Configuring IoMs, MDAs, and Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Lab section 3 .1: A Full Deck of Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Lab section 3 .2: An MDA for every need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Lab section 3 .3: All Ports Up . . .to L2 ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Post-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Chapter 4: Switched Networks, Spanning Tree, and VLANs 131Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1324 .1 ethernet Devices: Hubs and switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344 .2 ethernet switching operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364 .3 ethernet Link Redundancy: LAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

LAG Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1404 .4 ethernet Path Redundancy: stP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Using stP to Prevent Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

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4 .5 Virtual LAns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Post-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Chapter 5: IP Addressing 169Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1705 .1 Interconnecting networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

the need for Layer 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172How Layer 3 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

5 .2 the IP Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177IP Header Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

5 .3 IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Class-Based IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Private IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189types of IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

5 .4 IP subnetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Identifying an IP subnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193IP subnet Address Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197IP subnets and VLsM examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202subnet Creation exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Answers to subnet Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

5 .5 CIDR and Route Aggregation—the end of Classful IP Addressing . . . . 211CIDR versus VLsM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Practice Lab: IP Addressing and Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Lab section 5 .1: IP Addressing with enterprise Customers . . . . . . . . . 219Lab section 5 .2: IP Addressing with P, Pe, and Ce Routers . . . . . . . . 221Lab section 5 .3: Layer 3 Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224


Chapter 6: IP Forwarding and Services 237Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2386 .1 the IP Forwarding Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2406 .2 typical IP Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

nAt and PAt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

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6 .3 Additional IP-Related services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252ICMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252ARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

6 .4 IP Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Practice Lab: ICMP and ARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Lab section 6 .1: testing for ICMP and ARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Post-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Chapter 7: Transport Layer Services—TCP and UDP 279Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2807 .1 Understanding the transport Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2827 .2 transport Control Protocol (tCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

the tCP Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286establishing a tCP Connection—the three-Way Handshake . . . . . . 289tCP Reliable Data transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290tCP Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293tCP operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Congestion Control in tCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

7 .3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300Capabilities of UDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301the UDP Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302UDP similarities with tCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

7 .4 Port numbers and sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306Post-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Chapter 8: Introduction to IP Routing 313Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3148 .1 IP Routing Concepts and Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

IGPs and eGPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317IP Forwarding Using the Routing table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318Building a Routing table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322IP Forwarding Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325selecting Routes from Multiple Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

8 .2 static and Default Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3318 .3 Dynamic Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

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Practice Lab: Introduction to IP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Lab section 8 .1: static Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Lab section 8 .2: Default Routes and Router Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345


Chapter 9: OSPF 355Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3569 .1 Introduction to osPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

the shortest Path First Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Additional osPF Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

9 .2 Router IDs and their Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361osPF Point-to-Point Adjacencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Forming an osPF Adjacency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364osPF Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

9 .3 Link state Updates and Flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375osPF Metrics and sPF Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

Practice Lab: open shortest Path First (osPF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Lab section 9 .1: single Area osPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382


Chapter 10: BGP 393Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39410 .1 Interior and exterior Gateway Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39610 .2 Autonomous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39810 .3 History and Features of BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40010 .4 BGP Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40310 .5 When to Use BGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40510 .6 Packet Details and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406

BGP Update Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40710 .7 BGP Case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408

Use Case I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408Use Case II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410Use Case III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Practice Lab: BGP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Lab section 10 .1: external BGP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Lab section 10 .2: Internal BGP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

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xvi Contents


Chapter 11: MPLS and VPN Services 427Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42811 .1 services overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

the Building Blocks of MPLs and VPn services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Understanding VPn services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433Understanding MPLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435Understanding LDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

11 .2 MPLs in Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44011 .3 VPn services in Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

VPWs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444VPLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445VPRn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Practice Lab: services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Lab section 11 .1: services Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Lab section 11 .2: VPLs example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457


Appendix A: Chapter Assessment Questions and Answers 469Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Answers to Assessment Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

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Contents xvii

Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Appendix B: Lab Exercises and Solutions 525Chapter 2: Alcatel-Lucent 7750/7450 Hardware and the Command Line Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

Lab section 2 .1: First Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526Lab section 2 .2: What Is the Router Doing? Getting Help and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Lab section 2 .3: saving Configuration Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Chapter 3: Configuring IoMs, MDAs, and Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538Lab section 3 .1: A Full Deck of Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539Lab section 3 .2: An MDA for every need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542Lab section 3 .3: All Ports Up . . .to L2 ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Chapter 5: IP Addressing and Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548Lab section 5 .1: IP Addressing with enterprise Customers . . . . . . . . . 548Lab section 5 .2: IP Addressing with P, Pe, and Ce Routers . . . . . . . . 550Lab section 5 .3: Layer 3 Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

Chapter 6: ICMP and ARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560Lab section 6 .1: testing for ICMP and ARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Chapter 8: Introduction to IP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565Lab section 8 .1: static Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566Lab section 8 .2: Default Routes and Router Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Chapter 9: open shortest Path First (osPF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574Lab section 9 .1: single Area osPF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Chapter 10: BGP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580Lab section 10 .1: external BGP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581Lab section 10 .2: Internal BGP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

Chapter 11: services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590Lab section 11 .1: services Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591Lab section 11 .2: VPLs example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

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solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606Lab section 2 .1 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606Lab section 2 .2 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606Lab section 2 .3 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608Lab section 3 .1 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609Lab section 3 .2 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610Lab section 3 .3 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Lab section 5 .1 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613Lab section 5 .2 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613Lab section 5 .3 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Lab section 6 .1 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618Lab section 8 .1 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620Lab section 8 .2 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623Lab section 9 .1 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625Lab section 10 .1 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628Lab section 10 .2 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629Lab section 11 .1 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638Lab section 11 .2 exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

Glossary 649Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

xviii Contents

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Foreword

The Internet continues to change the way the world communicates. New appli-cations steadily emerge, facilitating meaningful links between information,

content, and people. Video is increasingly a part of the web experience, and social networks have formed around all conceivable communities of interest. We have every reason to believe that highly collaborative multimedia applications will continue to flourish and that the Web 2.0 user experience will draw on innovative content distri-bution mechanisms.

Service providers need to build, operate, and maintain their IP networks to meet the demands of these new applications, and do so in a profitable manner. Your invest-ment in this introductory certification from the SRC program will be critical to understanding how to balance the growth in transport costs associated with massive amounts of Internet traffic with the need to extract greater value from more sophisti-cated services.

Scaling routing performance while also scaling service sophistication requires meaningful changes to basic router and network design: an evolution from Internet routing to Service Routing. Five years after we introduced the world’s first Service Router, the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR, this new approach has been widely embraced. From a standing start the 7750 SR family of routers has grown quickly to over 260 deployments around the world.

The need for Service Routing arises as providers attempt to implement more than basic Internet service on an IP/MPLS network. Any application that requires more than best-effort handling including VPNs, voice, and video requires a host of impor-tant new features to operate effectively. In addition to scaling in multiple dimensions, operational and resiliency considerations are central to making IP/MPLS platforms the common bearer of multi-service traffic.

In summary, a new era in building networks is upon us. With this certification you will be well positioned to help your employer or customer in this all-important transi-tion, maximizing their opportunity and the value of their capital investments.

Basil AlwanPresident, IP DivisionAlcatel-Lucent

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Introduction

This book is based on the Alcatel-Lucent’s Scalable IP Networks course. It is designed to teach you the same material that is in the course and prepare you for

the Alcatel-Lucent Network Routing Specialist I Certification exam (4A0-100). Like the course, this book teaches IP professionals the fundamentals of IP Service Routing, and so it is designed for network professionals with a limited knowledge of IP and Eth-ernet networking technologies.

While the primary focus of the book is to prepare you for the Alcatel-Lucent NRS I exam, bear in mind that the technologies discussed are also relevant to everyday networking activities and so the book can be useful as a reference even for those not intending to take the exam. However, the primary goal of this work is to prepare the reader to take the 4A0-100 exam, and thus not all topics are covered at the same level of detail that they might be for a general-purpose work on networking. Every effort has been made to cover the topics at a sufficient level of detail to prepare someone to take and pass the exam without giving too much information to overwhelm a network newcomer. The level of information for each topic has been carefully chosen to match the level of the exam.

Like the Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks course, the book has many objec-tives. Upon completing study of the topics contained in this work, the reader should be able to perform the following tasks:

Describe the use of the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router (SR) and the Alcatel-•Lucent 7450 Ethernet Service Switch (ESS) in the Internet.

Execute basic commands with the Alcatel-Lucent SR command-line interface (CLI).•

Describe the purpose and operations of common Layer 2 technologies.•

Describe the IP forwarding process.•

Analyze an IP address with subnet mask and calculate subnet boundaries.•

Develop an IP address plan using IP subnetting and address summarization.•

Explain the differences between static routes and dynamic routing protocols.•

Configure static routes and dynamic routing in a single area OSPF network.•

Explain the purpose and basic features of BGP.•

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xxii INTRODUCTION

Explain the purpose of MPLS and how it can be used to create tunnels across an •IP network.

Describe the MPLS-based VPN services supported on the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR: •VPWS, VPLS, and VPRN.

Your success at understanding these objectives will determine your success on the exam. Each of these topics is covered in sufficient detail in this book to enable you to succeed when you take the Alcatel-Lucent NRS I exam if you apply yourself diligently to studying the materials. Some of the materials covered, such as IP subnetting, may be challenging and daunting to a network newcomer. However, we have strived to clearly explain the more difficult information and to provide guidance and examples that will help you understand the explanations. The Lab Exercises attached to the chapters will give you the opportunity to practice your new knowledge.

How This Book Is OrganizedThis book follows the outline of the Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks course. In the first chapter, we will give an introduction to the Internet and its history and a brief overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite. Chapter 2 examines the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Services Router and the Alcatel-Lucent 7450 Ethernet Services Switch and provides an overview of the command-line interface used on both systems. Chapter 3 covers data link technologies, paying particular emphasis to the Ethernet protocol. Chapter 4 continues the discussion of Ethernet by looking at Ethernet switching and virtual LAN technology.

Chapter 5 looks at the IP protocol, including its addressing structure, and covers the concept of subnetting, complete with some sample exercises for creating subnets. Chapter 6 looks at the IP packet forwarding process and also some value-added ser-vices such as IP packet filtering. Chapter 7 concentrates on examining the upper transport layers of the IP stack and discusses both Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Chapter 8 begins a discussion of IP rout-ing protocols and how they function in an IP network. Chapter 9 continues the dis-cussion of IP routing by examining the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol. Chapter 10 concludes the discussion of IP routing with a discussion of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). We conclude in Chapter 11 with a discussion of Multi Pro-tocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).

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INTRODUCTION xxiii

Each chapter begins with a few pre-assessment questions to give you a flavor of the chapter content, and a post-assessment quiz to test your understanding of the mate-rial. You can find all the assessment questions and their answers in Appendix A. Most chapters include a Lab Exercises section to give you practical experience to reinforce what you are learning. The Lab Exercises from all chapters are collected in Appen-dix B, along with the exercise solutions.

In topics related to networking, it is not possible to avoid TLAs (Three-Letter Acro-nyms) or acronyms in general. The acronyms are so heavily used in the networking industry that some of the terms are more readily recognized by their acronyms, rather than through the expanded term. For easy reference, most of the commonly used terms and acronyms in the book are listed along with their definitions in the Glossary at the end of the book.

Conventions Used in the BookAlcatel-Lucent provides a modular approach for configuring the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR and Alcatel-Lucent 7450 ESS products. In this approach, most of the IP addressing and IP protocol features are configured in a modular fashion. The modular approach makes IP network designs simple and elegant. This makes node configurations easier to understand and maintain.

CLI commands are entered at the command-line prompt. Entering a command makes navigation possible from one command context (or level) to another. When you initially enter a CLI session, you are in the root context. At the root context, the prompt indicates the active Central Processor Module (CPM) slot and the name of the node. (For more information on CPM, see Chapter 2.) Navigate to another level by entering the name of successively lower contexts. As you change through the levels, the prompt also changes to indicate the context you are in. Listing 1 shows an example CLI navigation and prompt change according to the context.

Listing 1: Navigation and prompt change

A:AIRP_R01#

A:AIRP_R01# show

A:AIRP_R01>show#

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xxiv INTRODUCTION

The root prompt of Listing 1 indicates that the active CPM slot of the node is A and the name of the node is configured as AIRP_R01. In the listing, upon entering the com-mand show, the prompt changes to indicate the show context. As you can see in this paragraph, when CLI codes are used inline along with the main text, they are indi-cated by the use of monofont text.

A standard set of icons are used throughout this book. A representation of these icons and their meanings are listed under the section, “Standard Icons.”

AudienceThis book is targeted for network professionals who have some experience with IP and Ethernet networks and who need to prepare for the Alcatel-Lucent NRS I exam (4A0-100). While the topics covered are of general use and information for any networking professional, the level of detail and the particular aspects of the technologies covered match explicitly what is needed to prepare for the exam.

This book assumes that the reader has a basic knowledge of networking, the Inter-net or IP protocol, and experience with binary numbers. Familiarity with configur-ing the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router or Alcatel-Lucent 7450 Ethernet Service Switch platforms will be helpful, but it is not required. In order to perform the labs in the book, you will need access to Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR platforms. However, even if you do not have this access, you can still glean valuable information by reading through the labs to see the types of configuration tasks that are relevant to the topics under discussion.

Visit www.alcatel-lucent.com/src for additional information on the Alcatel-Lucent SRC Program.

Feedback Is WelcomeIt would be our pleasure to hear back from you. Please forward your comments and suggestions for improvements to the following email address:

[email protected]

Welcome to your preparation guide for the Alcatel-Lucent NRS I exam, and good luck with your studies and your career.

Kent HundleyAlcatel-Lucent NRS I No.1558

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INTRODUCTION xxv

The Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification Program OverviewFirst in its class, the Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification (SRC) Program offers extensive training to arm students with the skills, confidence, and credibility necessary to work in complex network environments. Through its rich focus on solu-tions and services, the SRC program meets the critical requirements for the third wave of IP innovation to meet service provider expectations. The Alcatel-Lucent SRC pro-gram is specifically designed to equip networking engineers, as well as operations and strategic planning staff, with the skills necessary to meet new operational challenges and to align network changes with their companies’ business goals. Adding video and VoIP to the service mix creates an entirely new set of networking architectural chal-lenges. The SRC program is unique in its ability to prepare service provider support staff to address these challenges, both now and in the future.

The SRC program offers four certifications:

Alcatel-Lucent Network Routing Specialist I•

Alcatel-Lucent Network Routing Specialist II•

Alcatel-Lucent Triple Play Routing Professional•

Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Architect•

Based on their experience, expertise, and goals, students can choose which certifi-cation to follow. Certifications are awarded based on the successful completion of the relevant mandatory exams.

Courses from the SRC Program are delivered at Alcatel-Lucent sites globally. Visit www.alcatel-lucent.com/src for the latest class schedules.

Alcatel-Lucent provides credit for some Cisco and Juniper IP certifications. Visit www.alcatel-lucent.com/src/exemptions for a detailed overview of certification exemptions.

The Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide is published by the Alcatel-Lucent Service Routing Certification (SRC) Program (www.alcatel-lucent.com/src).

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xxvi INTRODUCTION

Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Exam (4A0-100)The Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Exam is delivered by Prometric, a leading global provider of testing and assessment services. Prometric offers exam registration online, by telephone, or by walk-in (in selected locations). The exam is delivered in English in a secure and supervised environment at Prometric’s global test sites. Partici-pants have 75 minutes to answer 60 randomly generated questions. There are no exam prerequisites. Once Alcatel-Lucent has received the result for your exam (typically within 5 business days), an acknowledgment of your result will be sent to you.

Upon successful completion of the exam (4A0-100), participants will receive the Alcatel-Lucent Network Routing Specialist I Certification. The Alcatel-Lucent NRS I Certification is the introductory certification in the Alcatel- Lucent Service Routing Certification Program.

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INTRODUCTION xxvii

Standard Icons

Webserver

Providerrouter

Providerswitch

Home

Fileserver

Databaseserver

Enterpriserouter

Enterpriseserver

Office

ISP A POP ISP B POP IXP

Modem Hub

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29068ffirs.indd 10 6/5/09 6:34:41 am · alcatel-lucent scalable ip networks self-study guide...

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