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Top 10 Concepts That Every Software Engineer ShouldKnowByAlex Iskold / July 22, 2008 8:21 PM / 78 Comments

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0

The future of software development is about good craftsmen. With

infrastructure like Amazon Web Services and an abundance of basic

libraries, it no longer takes a village to build a good piece of software.

These days, a couple of engineers who know what they are doing can

deliver complete systems. In this post, we discuss the top 10 concepts

software engineers should know to achieve that.

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A successful software engineerknows and uses design patterns, actively refactors code,

writes unit tests and religiously seeks simplicity. Beyond the basic methods, there are

concepts that good software engineers know about. These transcend programming

languages and projects - they are not design patterns, but rather broad areas that you

need to be familiar with. The top 10 concepts are:

1. Interfaces

2. Conventions and Templates

3. Layering

4. Algorithmic Complexity

5. Hashing

6. Caching

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7. Concurrency

8. Cloud Computing

9. Security

10. Relational Databases

10. Relational Databases

Relational Databases have recently been getting a bad name becausethey cannot scale well to support massive web services. Yet this was one

of the most fundamental achievements in computing that has carried us

for two decades and will remain for a long time. Relational databases are

excellent for order management systems, corporate databases and P&L

data.

At the core of the relationa l d atabase is the concept of repre senting

information in records. Each record is added to a table, which defines the

type of information. The database offers a way to search the records

using a query language, nowadays SQL. The database offers a way to

correlate information from multiple tables.

The technique of data normalization is about correct ways of partitioning the data among tables to

minimize data redundancy and maximize the speed of retrieval.

9. Security

With the rise of hacking and data sensitivity, the security is paramount.Security is a broad topic that includes authentication, authorization, and

information transmission.

Authentication is about verifying user identity. A typ ical website pr ompts

for a password. The authentication typically happens over SSL (secure

socket layer), a way to transmit encrypted information over HTTP.

Authorization is a bout permissions and is important in corpor ate systems,

particularly those that define workflows. The recently developed OAuth

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protocol helps web services to enable users to open access to their

private information. This is how Flickr permits access to individual photos

or data sets.

Another security area is network protection. This concerns operating systems, configura tion and

monitoring to thwart hackers. Not only network is vulnerable, any piece of software is. Firefox

browser, marketed as the most secure, has to patch the code continuously. To write secure code for

your system requires understanding specifics and potential problems.

8. Cloud Computing

In our recent post Reaching For The Sky Through Compute Clouds we

talked about how commodity cloud computing is changing the way we

deliver large-scale web applications. Massively parallel, cheap cloud

computing reduces both costs and time to market.

Cloud computing grew out of parallel computing, a concept that many

problems can be solved faster by running the computations in parallel.

After parallel algorithms came grid computing, which ran parallel

computations on idle desktops. One of the first examples was

SETI@home project out of Berkley, which used spare CPU cycles to

crunch data coming from space. Grid computing is widely adopted by financial companies, which run

massive risk calculations. The concept of under-utilized resources, together with the rise of J2EE

platform, gave rise to the precursor of cloud computing: application server virtualization. The idea

was to run applications on demand and change what is available depending on the time of day and

user activity.

Today's most vivid example of cloud computing is Amazon Web Services, a package available via

API. Amazon's offering includes a cloud service (EC2), a database for storing and serving large

media files (S3), an indexing service (SimpleDB), and the Queue service (SQS). These first blocks

already empower an unprecedented way of doing large-scale computing, and surely the best is yet

to come.

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7. Concurrency

Concurrency is one topic engineers notoriously get wrong, and

understandibly so, because the brain does juggle many things at a time

and in schools linear thinking is emphasized. Yet concurrency is

important in any modern system.

Concurrency is about parallelism, but inside the application. Most modern

languages have an in-built concept of concurrency; in Java, it's

implemented using Threads.

A classic concurr ency example is the producer /consumer, where the

producer generates data or tasks, and places it for worker threads to

consume and execute. The complexity in concurrency programming stems from the fact Threads

often needs to operate on the common data. Each Thread has its own sequence of execution, but

accesses common data. One of the most sophisticated concurrency libraries has been developed by

Doug Lea and is now part ofcore Java.

6. Caching

No modern web system runs without a cache, which is an in-memory store

that holds a subset of information typically stored in the database. The

need for cache comes from the fact that generating results based on the

database is costly. For example, if you have a website that lists books

that were popular last week, you'd want to compute this information once

and place it into cache. User requests fetch data from the cache instead

of hitting the database and regenerating the same information.

Caching comes with a cost. Only some subsets of information can be

stored in memory. The most common data pruning strategy is to evict

items that are least recently used (LRU). The prunning needs to be

efficient, not to slow down the application.

A lot of modern web applications, including Facebo ok, rely on a distribute d caching system called
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Memcached, developed by Brad Firzpatrick when working on LiveJournal. The idea was to create a

caching system that utilises spare memory capacity on the network. Today, there are Memcached

libraries for many popular languages, including Java and PHP.

5. Hashing

The idea behind hashing is fast access to data. If the data is stored

sequentially, the time to find the item is proportional to the size of the list.

For each element, a hash function calculates a number, which is used asan index into the table. Given a good hash function that uniformly

spreads data along the table, the look-up time is constant. Perfecting

hashing is difficult and to deal with that hashtable implementations

support collision resolution.

Beyond the basic storage of data, hashes are also important in

distributed systems. The so-called uniform hash is used to evenly

allocate data among computers in a cloud database. A flavor of this

technique is part of Google's indexing service; each URL is hashed to

particular computer. Memcached similarly uses a hash function.

Hash functions can be complex and sophisticated, but modern libraries have good defaults. The

important thing is how hashes work and how to tune them for maximum performance benefit.

4. Algorithmic Complexity

There are just a handful of things engineers must know about algorithmic

complexity. First is big O notation. If something takes O(n) it's linear in thesize of data. O(n^2) is quadratic. Using this notation, you should know

that search through a list is O(n) and binary search (through a sorted list)

is log(n). And sorting of n items would take n*log(n) time.

Your code should (almost) never have multiple nested loops (a loop

inside a loop inside a loop). Most of the code written today should use

Hashtables, simple lists and singly nested loops.
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Due to abundance of excellent libraries, we are not as focused on

efficiency these days. That's fine, as tuning can happen later on, after

you get the design right.

Elegant algorithms and performance is something you shouldn't ignore. Writing compact and

readable code helps ensure your algorithms are clean and simple.

3. Layering

Layering is probably the simplest way to discuss software architecture. It

first got serious attention when John Lakos published his book about

Large-scale C++ systems. Lakos argued that software consists of layers.

The book introduced the concept of layering. The method is this. For

each software component, count the number of other components it

relies on. That is the metric of how complex the component is.

Lakos contended a good software follows the shape of a pyramid; i.e.,

there's a progressive increase in the cummulative complexity of eachcomponent, but not in the immediate complexity. Put differently, a good

software system consists of small, reusable building blocks, each carrying its own responsibility. In a

good system, no cyclic dependencies between components are present and the whole system is a

stack of layers of functionality, forming a pyramid.

Lakos's work was a precursor to many developments in software engineering, most notably

Refactoring. The idea behind refactoring is continuously sculpting the software to ensure it'is

structurally sound and flexible. Another major contribution was by Dr Robert Martin from Object

Mentor, who wrote about dependecies and acyclic architectures

Among too ls that help engineers deal with system architectu re are Structure 101 developed by

Headway software, and SA4J developed by my former company, Information Laboratory, and now

available from IBM.

2. Conventions and Templates

Naming conventions and basic templates are the most overlooked

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software patterns, yet probably the most powerful.

Naming conventions enable software automation. For example, Java

Beans framework is based on a simple naming convention for getters and

setters. And canonical URLs in del.icio.us: http://del.icio.us/tag/software

take the user to the page that has all items tagged software.

Many social software utilise naming conventions in a similar way. For

example, if your user name isjohnsmith then likely your avatar isohnsmith.jpgand your rss feed isjohnsmith.xml.

Naming conventions are also used in testing, for example JUnit automatically recognizes all the

methods in the class that start with prefix test.

The templates are not C++ or Java language constructs. We're talking about template files that

contain variables and then allow binding of objects, resolution, and rendering the result for the client.

Cold Fusion was one of the first to popularize templates for web applications. Java followed with

JSPs, and recently Apache developed handy general purpose templating for Java called Velocity.

PHP can be used as its own templating engine because it supports evalfunction (be careful with

security). For XML programming it is standard to use XSL language to do templates.

From generation of HTML pages to sending standardized support emails, templates are an essential

helper in any modern software system.

1. Interfaces

The most important concept in software is interface. Any good software is

a model of a real (or imaginary) system. Understanding how to model the

problem in terms of correct and simple interfaces is crucial. Lots of

systems suffer from the extremes: clumped, lengthy code with little

abstractions, or an overly designed system with unnecessary complexity

and unused code.

Among the many b ooks, Agile Prog ramming by Dr Robert Martin stands

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9/17

pdfcro d comopen in bro ser c stomi e free license

out because of focus on modeling correct interfaces.

In modeling, there are ways you can iterate towards the right solution.

Firstly, never add methods that might be useful in the future. Be minimalist, get away with as little as

possible. Secondly, don't be afraid to recognize today that what you did yesterday wasn't right. Be

willing to change things. Thirdly, be patient and enjoy the process. Ultimately you will arrive at a

system that feels right. Until then, keep iterating and don't settle.

Conclusion

Modern software engineering is sophisticated and powerful, with decades of experience, millions of

lines of supporting code and unprecidented access to cloud computing. Today, just a couple of

smart people can create software that previously required the efforts of dozens of people. But a

good craftsman still needs to know what tools to use, when and why.

In this post we discussed concepts that are indispensible for software engineers. And now tell us

please what you would add to this list. Share with us what concepts you f ind indispensible in your

daily software engineering journeys.

Image credit: cbtplanet.com

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Iceberg Launches, Now Everyone Can Program

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10/17

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But surprising, pretty good piece of writing, particular analytic outlook , hope to read from you

once more .

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Gina Bartley

Like Reply2 months ago

Algorithm co mplexity and Relational DB, th ose two points are really good. DB kno wledge is

essential for building a performance based architecture. http://www.maviadres.com

Kanser Haberleri

Like Reply2 months ago

Ten important Concepts to have in mind.

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javierlop

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Like Reply2 years ago

Ohh Great comment about software development i just wanted to tell about Software

Development Services i f u want more information to check out my links

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sampaul


@ D Ashcart

Software written for hardware by mostly hardware is not without error, but they focus on

routing, placement, simulation of a particular problem or effect and solve problems with highly

purpose built software. The author list of say a Xilinx compiler is amazing short to a pile of

flaming dog crap like C#/.NET/Visual Studio. You can do more difficult and versatile things

with a toolchain designed for hardware people by hardware people than 1000 software

clown-idiots making C# in the wake of Java in the wake of C++ in the wake of... you name it.

Mick Russom

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12/17df di b t i

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I responded to this post on my own blog - http://lightheatcode.com/?p=86- taking issue with

your view of what is good interface design.

-John

John Kelvie


good!

BIRD


@Mick,

Good points, but not for everyone and not for every situation. I mean you can hardly build asocial network web site with Assembler. On the other hand you can hardly write hardware

drivers, operating systems and everything that is low level and performance critical with C#.

It's all about choosing an appropriate tool for a job.

Mike Borozdin
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Regarding the original story, I'd add

# Communication skills

# Ability to understand customers needs

# OOP

# Networking concepts

# Operating systems concepts

Like Reply2 years ago 1 Like

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Speaker-to-Animals

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15/17df di b ifree license

What about Knowledge Representation?

Software is all about modeling reality into a simplified controlled, and editable representation.

Even if tools change or become abstracted ( security for example is not something I don't

really look for in some developers because it is solved in another level ), the modeling abilityis always necessary.

To communicate, to design, to build.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation

Aldo Bucchi


Thank you very much for this article. I was really exited to know about the concepts

Akshay


Lots of programmers doesn't care about software security. This is also includes the security

of database. Programmers think that programming is just writing the code whic is enough for

doing the job. They don't care for the security part. Customers doesn't have information

Dizi izle

about it too All programmers should know something about security
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about it too. All programmers should know something about security.


Algorithm co mplexity and Relational DB, th ose two points are really good. DB kno wledge is

essential for building a performance based architecture.

http://www.codesplunk.com/?s=c

Programming Language Questions & Review

Pascal


I have no words to say, it's rock indeed

http://www.bangbull.com/details/23800-BE4/Amazing_natural_girl

Oigen


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