10 incineration hazardous
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Waste Recycling and CompostingLVA 813.359
Institute of Waste Management, BOKU - University of Natural
Resources and Applied Life Sciences ViennaHead of Institute: Peter Lechner
4_incineration_hazardous.ppt
Stefan Salhofer, Erwin Binner, Roland Linzner
Waste Incineration andHazardous Waste Management
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Thermal treatment of wastes - Contents
Fundamentals
Types of incinerators
Reduction of pollutants
Residues
Energy recovery
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Thermal treatment of wastes
Fundamentals
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Thermal treatment - purposes
Reducing the amount of waste which has to be
landfilled
Destruction of organic substances
Substitution of fossil fuels (reduction of CO2-
emissions, conservation of resources)
complete disinfection (e.g. of infectious waste)
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Operating modes
Oxidizing Systems (grate types, rotary kiln andfluidized bed) require sufficient oxygen, they mostlyoperate with excess oxygen.
Pyrolysis is a process for de-gassing and exhaustwithout oxygen and with a subsequent combustion ofthe gases from the pyrolytic chamber.
Processes which combine different procedures, suchas the Thermoselect * process, are currently in an
experimental stage (1 facility in Europe, 6 in Japan)They have the advantage, that the residues from thisprocess do not require an additional treatment.
* http://www.thermoselect.com/index.cfm
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The combustion process
Drying
De-gassing
Exhaust
Combustion
Flue gas + residues
Water vaporises
volatile compounds volatilise
Primary air hypo-stoichiometric
organic substances CO, H2, CxHy
CO + 0,5O2 CO2,
H2 + 0,5O2 H2O,
CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O
Control parameter: CO/CO2 < 0,002
100C
250C
5-600C
800-1200C
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Burnout
EU-Directive (2000):
Incineration plants shall be operated in order to
achieve a level of incineration such that the slag
and bottom ashes Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
content is less than 3 % or their loss on ignition
is less than 5 % of the dry weight of the
material. If necessary appropriate techniques of
waste pretreatment shall be used.
DIRECTIVE 2000/76/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste
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Thermal treatment of waste
Types of incinerators
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Types of incinerators
Grate incinerators
Fluidised bed reactor
Rotary kilns
Pyrolysis
Co-incineration
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Grate incinerators
Oldest and most developed type of incinerator for the
combustion of household waste; to some extent co-
combustion of dewatered or dried sewage sludge
Waste isWaste is discharged from the storage bunker into the
feeding chute by an overhead crane.
It is fed into the grate system by a hydraulic ramp orsystem by a hydraulic ramp or
another conveying system.another conveying system.
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Grate incinerator
Waste is conveyed through the incineration chamberby reciprocating or rolling grate sections and traversesthe different stages of the incineration (drying, de-gassing, exhaust and incineration). The conveyingvelocity can be controlled. The residence time (timebetween waste feeding and bottom ash discharge) isabout 3030 minutesminutes..
Purpose of incineration: oxidation of combustible
substances. This is checked by the loss of ignitionloss of ignition ofthe solid residues (slag and ash) and the compositionof the flue gas.
With modern incinerators, a loss of ignition (slag andash) between 1% and 3% are achieved.
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Storage bunker
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Overhead crane
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Scheme: Grate
incinerator
Flue gas
Bottom ashPrimary air supply
Wood,
biomass
Drying
Decom-
positionIncineration
Burnt out
material, ash
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Grate
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Basic principle of the process:Basic principle of the process:
A bed of inert material (e.g. sand or ash) on a grate ordistribution bed is fluidised with air from below and heldin suspension.
The waste is continuously fed into the fluidised sandbed.
Because of the well mixed nature of the reactor,fluidised bed incineration systems have a uniformdistribution of temperatures and oxygen, which resultsin stable operation.
The temperature is generally between 800 and 950C.
Fluidized bed reactor
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Fluidized bed reactor
ADVANTAGES:
less ash (splitting)
improved burnout due to smaller size of the solids and athorough mixing (equal distribution of material and heat)
less Nox, due to a lower temperature
CONDITIONS:
waste has to be crushed/ shredded to approx. < 150mm
ferrous materials and larger inert particles should be
sorted out
the performance of the incinerator can be controlled over
the feeding of the (waste) fuel (+ oil)
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Stationary fluidized bed
EIPPCB 07/2005, p. 49
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Circulating fluidized bed
EIPPCB 07/2005, p. 51
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Rotary kiln
consists of a sloped refractory-lined cylinder which
rotates slowly on its longitudinal axis. Waste moves
horizontally as well as radially through the cylinder
(because of rotation and slope)
flue gasflue gas is burnt in an afterburner chamber (with itsis burnt in an afterburner chamber (with its
own burners to heat the flue gas)own burners to heat the flue gas)
one advantageadvantage is that large items can be fed as a
whole (e.g. barrels filled with solvents)
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Wastes which can be typically treated in rotary kilnincinerators are
solid wastesolid waste: soil contaminated with oil, contaminatedbarrels and containers, cured plastic wastes, ...
pasty wastespasty wastes: residue from paint, residue from thecleaning of tanks, sludges from industry, residue from
grinding liquid wastesliquid wastes: waste oils with different water contents,solvents, tar, not cured plastic waste
Rotary kiln
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Rotary kiln
A waste feedingB ash/ slag dischargeC flue gasD auxiliary fuelsE airF thermal radiation
1 shell of the rotary kiln2 refractory lining5 cooling air ventilator10 controllable drive11 water vapour zone
12 wastes13 combustible material14 ash/ slag
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Pyrolysis
heating and degassing of wastes in the absence of oxygen
--> pyrolysis gas comprises CO and H2, but alsoharmful substances such as auch HCl, NH3, PAH etc.
CO and H2 can be recovered by synthesising methanol
(Schwarze Pumpe in Germany)
incineration of the pyrolysis gas (Schwel-Brenn-process of
Siemens)
Residue from pyrolysis: carbon (solid coke), not oxidised
metals
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Thermal treatment of waste
Reduction ofpollutants
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Particulates are separated by using physical processes
Cyclones: are solely applied as pre-deduster. Theparticle-size of a part of the solids is too small, so thatthese cannot be separated by means of cyclons.
Electrostatic precipitator (electrostatic filter): particles arecharged by impressing a high voltage between 2electrodes and are precipitated on the collector plate.High efficiency (99% of particles precipitated); mostfrequently used technique in waste incineration plants
fabric filters: also called bag filters, are widely used, canalso be used following an electrostatic precipitator
Dust removal
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Cyclone
Raw gas
Raw gas
Clean gas
discharge
tube
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Electrostatic precipitator
Particulatematter
Re-precipitator ioniser collector airflow
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Wet processes
Frequently two-stage scrubbers are used. At the firststage, the acidic pollutants HCl (hydrogen chloride)and HF (hydrogen fluoride) are absorbed by a liquid(mostly water) at a pH < 1, and are subsequently
accumulated by using limestone, lime milk or causticsoda as a neutralising agent.
At the second stage, SO2 (sulphur dioxide) is removedat a pH close to neutral or alkaline. The scrubbersolution contains the dissolved reaction products andrequires a complex recycling of water and sludge. Thefinal product is usually a filter cake with a high load ofpollutants (salt load), which has to be depositedunderground.
Chemical flue gas treatmentChemical flue gas treatment
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Semi-wet processes (also: semi-dry processes)
the sorption agent is injected either as suspension orsolution into a spray reactor and is evaporated. Thereaction products generated are solid (salts) and need tobe deposited from the flue gas as dust in a subsequentstage, e.g. bag filter. No waste water is generated.
Dry processes
the adsorption agent is injected into a reactor. In afluidised bed reactor the adsorption agent is kept insuspension by the circulation of the flue gas. Dryprocesses are used for the separation of small loads ofHCl and SO2 as well as for the downstream precipitationof mercury and PCDD/F.
Chemical flue gas treatmentChemical flue gas treatment
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Activated carbon is used for the adsorption of
mercury and dioxins / furans. Contaminants are
accumulated on the surface of the activatedcarbon, due to its high specific surface.
Static bed filters (activated carbon)Static bed filters (activated carbon)
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Waste incineration plant Spittelau (Vienna,
Austria)
1- waste bunker
3- grate
4- incineration chamber
5- waste heat boiler
6- pre-heating of air
8- electrostatic filter
9- wet scrubber (2-stage)
10- precipitator for particulate matter
11- SCR selective catalytic reduction
17- turbine and generator
19- magnetic separator
20- bottom ash bunker
21- container for metal scrap
22- filter ash silo
25- reactor for sewage purification
26- clean water
27- sludge
28- chamber filter press
29- box for filter cake
Fresh water
alkali process water
acidic process water
saturated vapour
bottom ash
filter ash/bottom ash
hydroxide sludge
gypsum sludge
incineration air
heat
limemilk
causticsoda
Freshwater
naturalgas
ammonia
lime milkprecipitation chemicals
lime milkprecipitation chemicals
lime milkprecipitation chemicals
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Thermal Treatment of Waste
Residues
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Bottom ash:Bottom ash: consists of minerals such as silicate,aluminium oxide, ferrous oxide and carbonate as well asheavy metals (lead, copper, manganese, nickel,chromium, zinc). Bottom ash is landfilled (Austria) or tosome extent conditioned and used for road construction(e.g. the Netherlands).
Filter ashFilter ash: usually has a higher content of organic andinorganic pollutants, therefore its save disposal isrequired. For this reason, filter ash is conditioned infurther processes (e.g. solidification, vitrification).
Wet sorption residueWet sorption residue: waste water from wet scrubbersmust be subjected to special treatment. From thecoagulation and dewatering a filter cake is producedwhich also has to be safely deposited (e.g. undergroundlandfills).
Residues from waste incineration
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Bottom
ash
Figure 1: grain of sintered bottom ash
with rust
Figure 2: porous bottom ash with
remainders from plastic and rust
Figure 3: sintered bottom ash with
remainders from plastics and ettringite
(white)
Figure 4: molten piece of metal including
pieces of glass from a bottle
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Residue Management in Vienna (2005)
3
Fluidised
bed 1
2
4
Splitting Rinterzelt
Ash from sewage
sluge 21,000 t/a
> 50 mm
Heilbronn
Heilbronn
< 50 mm
landfillAl,
Cu
Fe
solidification with 10%
cement and 5%H2O
Boundary bank for
landfill Rautenweg
Rotary
kiln 1/2
Bed
ash
Incine-
rator 1
Incine-
rator 2
Filterash
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Thermal treatment of waste
Energy recovery
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13. Substances and preparations which release toxic or
very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid.
14. Substances and preparations capable by any means,
after disposal, ofyielding another substance, e.g. aleachate, which possesses any of the characteristics
listed above.
15. Ecotoxic: substances and preparations whichpresent or may present immediate or delayed risks for
one or more sectors of the environment.
Hazardous characteristics (5)
91/689/EWG; Annex III
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Hazardous constituents: examples (1)
Elements and their compounds, e.g.
arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, selenium,
beryllium, antimony, tellurium, thallium
Vanadium compounds, nickel compounds, tin
compounds, cobalt compounds
the following alkaline or alkaline earth metals in
uncombined form
lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
acidic solutions or acids in solid form
asbestos (dust and fibres)
91/689/EWG; Annex II
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Hazardous constituents: examples (2)
aromatic compounds; polycyclic and
heterocyclic organic compounds
inorganic cyanides
chlorates
halogenated solvents
sulphur organic compounds
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) and/or PCTs
(polychlorinated terphenyl)
91/689/EWG; Annex II
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Examples for hazardous wastes (1)
anatomical substances; hospital and other clinical
wastes
pharmaceuticals, medicines and veterinary compounds
wood preservatives
biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances
residue from substances employed as solvents
halogenated organic substances not employed as
solvents excluding inert polymerized materials
tempering salts containing cyanides
mineral oils and oily substances (e.g. cutting sludges,
etc.)
91/689/EWG; Annex I.A
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Examples for hazardous wastes (2)
oil/water, hydrocarbon/water mixtures, emulsions
tarry materials arising from refining, distillation and any
pyrolytic treatment (e.g. still bottoms, etc.)
inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnishes
resins, latex, plasticizers, glues/adhesives
chemical substances arising from research and
development or teaching activities which are not identified
and/or are new and whose effects on man and/or theenvironment are not known (e.g. laboratory residues, etc.)
pyrotechnics and other explosive materials
photographic chemicals and processing materials
91/689/EWG; Annex I.A
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Examples for hazardous wastes (3)
animal or vegetable soaps, fats, waxes
batteries and other electrical cells
ashes and/or cinders
residue from pollution control operations (e.g.baghouse dusts, etc.
scrubber sludges
contaminated containers (e.g. packaging, gascylinders, etc.) whose contents includedhazardous constituents
91/689/EWG; Annex I.B
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Facilities for the management of
hazardous waste
On-site: facilities for the treatment/ recycling of
hazardous waste are constructed and operated
by the waste generator (i.e. at their production
plant)
Off-site: wastes are transported off site to
specialised facilities for treatment and disposal
(commercial facilities)
LaGrega et al. 1994, p. 405f
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Strategies
Waste generation
Recovery/ Recycling: oil recovery
solvent, metal recovery
energy recovery fuel blending Treatment: thermal destruction
physico-chemical
stabilization
biological treatment
Disposal: landfill
underground landfill
Products
Residuals
Residuals
LaGrega et al, 1994, p. 406Prevention
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Disposal
Disposal (landfilling) is necessary
for the residual amount of waste which cannot be
prevented or treated
residue from waste treatment
Options for wastes with a high contents of
hazardous contaminants
immobilisation by means of pre-treatment barriers which impede the diffusion of a contaminant
Tabasaran, 1997, p. 199
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Underground landfill
using cavities from mining for the disposal of
waste
particularly in evaporite (salt cavities)
Advantages: huge natural barrier
very distant from those zones, in which the transport of
contaminants affects humans
the surface area can be re-cultivated and used
can also be used as packing to improve the stability of
the cavities
Tabasaran, 1997, p. 201
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Types of underground landfills
3. Landfill body below groundwater table salt cavities situated in a layer which is impermeable
for waterTabasaran, 1997, p. 202f
1. Landfill body above groundwater table if the top side and the sides of the landfill body are
sealed by layers which are impermeable for water
if the groundwater level does not rise in the long
run
2. Landfill body in aquiferous layer no effective separation can be achieved long-term
can only be used for wastes, if an elution does not
cause relevant changes in the composition of the
groundwater (i.e. for water-insoluble waste)
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Underground disposal of waste in cavities
from mining
Tabasaran, 1997, p. 203
overlying rock
evaporite
waste is permanently
excluded
during operating phase:
accessible, waste can be
retrieved
separate storage of waste
as well as storage in
containers is possible
particular sections can be
sealed
pits in the aquiferous
overlying rock can be
sealed
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Deep well injection
Tabasaran, 1997, p. 203
waste is permanently excluded
wastes cannot be retrieved
borehole can be sealed in the
aquiferous layer
waste can only be disposed in
cavities which have been
pumped dry before
only free-flowing and pumpable
waste can be disposed by means
of in-situ solidification separate disposal of wastes
within one cavity is not possible
overlying rock
evaporite
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Example: Underground disposal in cavities
(Sondershausen, Germany)
ABF-BOKU
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References
BMLFUW: Bundesabfallwirtschaftsplan 2006.
http://www.bundesabfallwirtschaftsplan.at/
EIPPCB: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Waste
Treatments Industries. 08/2005. http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/Fmembers.htm
EIPPCB: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste
Incineration. 07/2005. http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/Fmembers.htm
LaGrega M.D., Buckingham P.L., Evans J.C.: Hazardous Waste Management.
McFraw-Hill, Singapore, 1994
Santoleri J.J., Reynolds J., Theodore L.: Introduction to Hazardous Waste
Incineration. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000
Tabasaran Oktay (Hrsg.): Abfallwirtschaft Abfalltechnik, Sonderabflle. VerlagErnst & Sohn, Berlin, 1997
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Thank you for your attention!