100 q&a of cambridge o level economics ::

7/23/2019 100 Q&A of Cambridge O level Economics :: www.O-Alevel.com

1/31

2* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji1 _5fbuotV

ûkdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji kt b ugt~ajtk|gjgtt al rwbjyky{ igfbjigi iwg ya dcbj`g kj ~ukdg al b

daffaiky{*

5* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji1 _7fbuotV

ûkdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji kt b ugt~ajtk|gjgtt al rwbjyky{ igfbjigi iwg ya dcbj`g kj ~ukdg al b

daffaiky{* Ky dbj eg dbmdwmbygi wtkj` b laufwmb*

' DCBJ@G KJ RWBJYKY[ IGFBJIGI^GI 6

' DCBJ@G KJ ÛKDG

Ycgug bug lk|g y{~gt al gmbtykdky{ pcgug ycg |bmwg ubj`gt luaf > ya kjlkjky{* Ycg{ bug?

^gulgdym{ kjgmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt grwbm ya >+ ^gulgdym{ gmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt grwbm ya kjlkjky{+ Gmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt ùgbygu ycbj 2+ Kjgmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt mgtt ycbj 2+ Wjkybu{ gmbtykd # gmbtykdky{ |bmwg kt grwbm ya 2+

Jayg8 & Dbjikibygt dbj kjdmwig tkf~mg ikbùbft al ikllgugjy y{~gt al gmbtykdky{*

4* Iktdwtt pc{ ycg ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji lau ycg kygft fgjykajgi kj ycg

buykdmg fk`cy ikllgu* _7fbuotV

Jayg8 & Cgug- ja jggi al iglkjkykaj tkjdg kj ~buy d iglkjkykaj al gmbtykdky{ cbt eggj `k|gj+

Ycg kygft fgjykajgi kj ycg buykdmg bug dmayckj` bji laaypgbu- ya`gycgu pkyc dguybkj ~gulwfgt-

cbku&ty{mgt- dgmm&~cajgt bji cawtgcami b~~mkbjdgt*

Lkuty al bmm dmayckj` bji laay pgbu dbj eg dmbttklkgi bt b ebtkd cwfbj jggi pcgug ~ga~mg lkji

|gu{ ikllkdwmy ya mk|g pkycawy ycby* Yckt fgbjt bj{ ~gutaj kt ugbi{ ya ew{ ycgtg ~uaiwdyt by bj{

~ukdg tkjdg ycg{ iki jay cb|g b dcakdg* Ta- ycgtg ~uaiwdyt bug kjgmbtykd ~uaiwdy pcgug b dcbj`g

kj ~ukdg pkmm cb|g b |gu{ tfbmm au tafgykfg ja gllgdy aj rwbjyky{ igfbjigi*

Aj ycg aycgu cbji- ~gulwfgt- cbku&ty{mgt- dgmm&~cajgt bji cawtgcami b~~mkbjdgt bug ~uaiwdyt

pckdc cb|g mayt al twetykywygt b|bkmbemg kj ycg fbuogy* Yckt fgbjt by bj{ ykfg dajtwfgut dbj

dcaatg egypggj ycgtg twetykywygt pckdc bug ojapj bt gmbtykd ~uaiwdy pcgug b dcbj`g kj ~ukdg

pkmm cb|g b tk`jklkdbjy kf~bdy aj ~ukdg*

E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd 2


2/31

Kj f{ a~kjkaj- ycg ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji lau kygft fgjykajgi kj ycg buykdmg ikllgut egdbwtg

tafg bug jgdgttkykgt bji tafg cb|g mayt al twetykywygt*

9* Iglkjg ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji bji tw``gty pc{ ikllgugjy àait cb|g

ikllgugjy ~ukdg gmbtykdky{1 _7fbuotV

ûkdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji dbj eg iglkjgi bt b ugt~ajtk|gjgtt al rwbjyky{ igfbji iwg ya

dcbj`g kj ~ukdg al ycg ~uaiwdy* Ycgug bug |bukawt ugbtajt pc{ ikllgugjy àait cb|g ikllgugjy

~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji*

Lkutym{- tafg àait bug jgdgttkykgt mkog `bt- laai- dmayckj` gyd pcgug ~ga~mg ia jay cb|g bj{

dcakdg lau dajtwf~ykaj* Yckt fgbjt dcbj`g kj ~ukdg pkmm jay cb|g fwdc gllgdy aj rwbjyky{

igfbji* Ycgtg àait bug kjgmbtykd àait*

Tgdajim{- tafg àait bug mwswukgt twdc bt dbut pcgug ycgug kt b|bkmbekmky{ al fbj{ twetykywygt kj

ycg fbuogy* Yckt fgbjt dcbj`g kj ~ukdg pkmm cb|g b tk`jklkdbjy gllgdy aj rwbjyky{ igfbji* Ycgtg

àait bug gmbtykd àait*

7* Iktdwtt pcgycgu ojapmgi`g al ~ukdg gmbtykdky{ al igfbji kt al wtg ya b

daf~bj{ tgmmkj` camkib{ yawut* _7fbuotV

Jayg8 & Cgug- ja jggi al iglkjkykaj tkjdg kj ~buy d iglkjkykaj pbt `k|gj*

Yckt dajdg~y kt wtgi lau ~uaiwdgut ya gs~gdy ycg tbmgt bji ug|gjwgt al ycgku daf~bjkgt*

Lkuty al bmm- gmbtykd ~uaiwdyt bug ycatg pckdc cb|g |bukgy{ al twetykywygt pcgug dajtwfgut cb|g

|bukgy{ al dcakdg kj ycg fbuogy* Ta- igdugbtg kj ycg ~ukdg pkmm kjdugbtg ycg ug|gjwg lau ycgtg

~uaiwdyt*

Aj ycg aycgu cbji kjgmbtykd ~uaiwdyt bug ycatg pckdc ia jay cb|g |bukgy{ al twetykywygt bji ycatg

àait pckdc kt ojapj bt jgdgttkykgt* Ta dajtwfgut cb|g ya dajtwfg ycgtg àait by bj{ ~ukdg*

Ycg ug|gjwg lau ycgtg ~uaiwdyt dbj eg kjdugbtgi e{ kjdugbtg kj ycg ~ukdg al ycgtg ~uaiwdyt*

G|gjywbmm{- camkib{ yawut pawmi cb|g bj gmbtykd igfbji tkjdg ycgug bug fbj{ ~ga~mg iakj` ycg

tbfg ewtkjgtt pckdc fgbjt ycgug bug mayt al twetykywygt* Ta- ~uaiwdgu cbt ya igdugbtg ycg ~ukdg

kj auigu ya kjdugbtg ycgku ug|gjwg kj yckt ewtkjgtt*



3/31


4/31

;* Iglkjg @uatt Iafgtykd ûaiwdy* * _4fbuotV

@uatt Iafgtykd ~uaiwdy dbj eg iglkjgi bt ycg yaybm fajg{ |bmwg al àait bji tgu|kdgt

~uaiwdgi kj b dawjyu{ lau b `k|gj ~gukai al ykfg* Yckt kjikdbyau kt pkigm{ wtgi ya fgbtwug ycg

tybjibui al mk|kj` al dawjyukgt*

2>* Cap pawmi bj kjdugbtg kj kyt gs~auyt bllgdy ycg ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjyt al b

ig|gma~kj` dawjyu{1 _9fbuotV

Ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy kt b lkjbjdkbm tybygfgjy pckdc tcapt b dawjyu{t kf~auyt bji gs~auyt

yubjtbdykajt pkyc ycg ugty al ycg paumi* Kjdugbtg kj gs~auyt al àait bji tgu|kdgt kf~ua|g ycg

dwuugjy bddawjy al ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy* Ky fbogt b lb|aubemg dwuugjy bddawjy ebmbjdg* Tgdajim{

kjdugbtg kj gs~auyt kjdugbtgt ycg kjlmap al laugk`j dwuugjd{ kjya ycg dawjyu{ pckdc fgbjt ycg

yaybm ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy pkmm eg kj b twu~mwt ~atkykaj* Kj aycgu pauit ycg dawjyu{t gdajafkd

~atkykaj pkmm eg kf~ua|gi*

22* Pc{ fk`cy bj kjdugbtg kj @uatt Iafgtykd ûaiwdy kf~ua|g ycg tybjibuit al

mk|kj` kj ycg dawjyu{1 _


5/31

Ycg fkjkj` bji gs~auy al fkjgubmt bji ~ugdkawt tyajgt kt b |gu{ kf~auybjy ~buy al ycg

Jbfkekbj gdajaf{* Ky pbt ug~auygi ycby igt~kyg b tcbu~ igdugbtg kj ycg rwbjyky{ al ycgtg

gs~auyt egypggj2;;7 bji 2;;; ycg gs~auy |bmwg al ycg kygft uatg kj ycby ~gukai*

24* Pcgug ycg fkjgubmt bji ~ugdkawt tyajgt pawmi eg ugdauigi kj ycg Jbfkekbj

ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjyt1 _5V

Ycg fkjgubmt bji ~ugdkawt tyajgt pkmm eg ugdauigi kj ycg dwuugjy bddawjy |ktkemg gs~auy*

29* Iktdwtt pcby fgbtwugt b `a|gujfgjy fk cy ybog ya kjlmwgjdg kyt dawjyu{t

ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjyt* _>5- pckdc ~wtcgi ycg WO lwuycgu kjya b |ktkemg yubig iglkdky ycg mbu`gty tkjdg ugdauit eg`bj*

27* Gs~mbkj pcby kt fgbjy e{ b |ktkemg yubig iglkdky bji kigjykl{ kj pckdc ~buy al ycg

ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjyt ycg iglkdky pawmi eg ugdauigi* _4V

Gsdgtt al kf~auyt al `aait a|gu kf~auyt kt ojapj bt |ktkemg yubig iglkdky* \ktkemg yubig iglkdky pkmm

eg ugdauigi wjigu dwuugjy bddawjy |ktkemg gs~auyt*

2


6/31

db~kybm bddawjy pkmm bmta ugiwdg ycg dajdguj lau ycg |ktkemg yubig iglkdky* Fauga|gu iglkdky fk`cy eg

lau b tcauy yguf*

Capg|gu ky kt tbki ycby yckt kt b mbu`gty ugdauit tkjdg ycg ugdaui eg`bj* Ta yckt fwdc iglkdky kj ycg

|ktkemg yubig fk`cy eg b ùgby dajdguj lau bj{ dawjyu{*

20* Igtdukeg pcby ~amkdkgt b à|gujfgjy fk`cy wtg kl ky pktcgi ya eukj` b |ktkemg

yubig iglkdky kjya twu~mwt* _9V

Ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy igbmt pkyc b dawjyu{t gs~auyt bji kf~auyt* Lkutym{ ya kjlmwgjdg ycg gs~auy

à|gujfgjy dbj `k|g twetkikgt ya ycg iafgtykd lkuft* Ycgtg twetkigt gjdawub`g ycg iafgtykd

lkuft bji ycg{ kjdugbtgt ycgku awy~wy* Bt b ugtwmy- ycg dawjyu{t gs~auy bmta ygjit ya uktg*

Tgdajim{ à|gujfgjy dbj kjlmwgjdg ycg ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy e{ kjlmwgjdkj` kf~auyt bmta* Yckt

fb{ eg kj ycg lauf al ybs aj kf~auyt bji mkfkykj` ycg jwfegu al ~c{tkdbm kf~auyt kjya ycg dawjyu{*

23* Iktdwtt ycg aycgu dajtgrwgjdgt al ~wutwkj` ypa al ycg ~amkdkgt {aw cb|g

fgjykajgi* _' al ycgku kjdafg aj

laai pckmg ycg ukdcgty cawtgcamit t~gjy 24' al laai*

2;* Ia ycgtg lk`wugt fgbj ycby ycg bdywbm bfawjy ycby ycg ukdcgty cawtgcamit t~gjy

aj laai kt mapgu ycbj ycby t~gjy e{ ycg ~aaugty cawtgcamit1 Gs~mbkj {awu

bjtpgu* _9V

Jay by bmm* Ycg ~aaugty cawtgcami t~gjit b ck`cgu ~gudgjyb`g al ycgku kjdafg aj laai bji

ukdcgty cawtgcami t~gjit mapgu ~gudgjyb`g al ycgku kjdafg aj laai* Kl pg daj|guy yckt

~gudgjyb`g kjya bdywbm fajg{- ycg ukdcgty cawtgcami pkmm t~gji faug bfawjy al fajg{ aj laai

daf~bugi pkyc ~aaugty cawtgcami*

G` * Bmk `gyt ) 2>>>> bt ckt kjdafg bji t~gjit 2>' aj laai pckdc fgbjt cg t~gjit )2>>> lau

laai

E{8 Bmkf PPP*A&Bmg|gm*da*dd


7/31

Keubckf `gyt )4>>> bt ckt kjdafg bji t~gjit 4>' aj laai pckdc fgbjt cg t~gjit

);>> ajm{*

5>* Bjbm{xg ycg fayk|gt ycby fk`cy dbwtg b ~gutaj ya tb|g ubycgu ycbj ya t~gji* _


8/31

gs~makybykaj al gdajafkd ugtawudgt pckdc fk`cy eg b ~uaemgf lau ycg lwywug `gjgubykajt*

Gdajafkd ùapyc bmta dugbygt mayt al gsygujbmkykgt twdc bt ~ammwykaj* Kj f{ a~kjkaj- ycgug bug

faug bi|bjyb`gt ycbj iktbi|bjyb`gt pckdc fgbj gdajafkd ùapyc kt egjglkdkbm*

54* Gs~mbkj pc{ b ugiwdykaj kj yubig ebuukgut fk`cy kjdugbtg b daf~bj{t ~ualkyt*

_9V

Yubig ebuukgut bug ycg ugtyukdykajt lbdgi e{ ycg lkuft kf~auykj` àait bji tgu|kdgt* Yckt bmta

kjdugbtgt ycg lkuft daty al ~uaiwdykaj* Pcgj ycgug kt ugiwdykaj kj yubig ebuukgut- ycgug kt bj

kjdugbtg kj yubig pckdc fgbjt ycg jwfegu al ew{kj` bji tgmmkj` kjdugbtgt* Yckt eukj`t b ~atkyk|g

gllgdy aj b daf~bj{t ~ualkyt bt ycg daty lbdgi e{ ycg daf~bj{ iwg ya yubig ebuukgut igdugbtgt*

Ycg ~ualkyt bmta kjdugbtg egdbwtg ycg daty al ubp fbygukbmt bmta igdugbtgt pcgj ycgug kt b

igdugbtg kj yubig ebuukgut* Fauga|gu- kf~auygi ubp fbygukbmt fb{ eg dcgb~gu ycbj iafgtykd

fbygukbmt* Ugiwdykaj kj yubig ebuukgut kjdugbtgt daf~gykykaj bji lkuft dawmi ew{ kj~wyt by

dcgb~gu ubyg*

59* Gs~mbkj pc{ kj|gtyfgjy kt kf~auybjy kj bj gdajaf{* _


9/31

57* Igtdukeg ycg fbkj uamg al bj gjyug~ugjgwu* _5V

Gjyug~ugjgwu kt ycg tgdaji cwfbj ugtawudg jggigi kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj pcgug ycg{ bug kj dcbu`g

al bmm ycg aycgu lbdyaut al ~uaiwdykajt* Ycg{ bmta ybog uktot al ycg lkuf by ycg tbfg ykfg pauo lau

~ualkyt*

5


10/31

Kj ycg WO lawu mbu`g tw~gufbuogy daf~bjkgt iafkjbyg ycg tbmg al laai ewy ycgug bug bmta

fbj{ tfbmm laai tca~t*

4>* Iglkjg b lksgi daty bji b |bukbemg daty- bji kigjykl{ ajg lksgi daty bji ajg

|bukbemg daty ycby ycg tw~gufbuogy fk`cy cb|g* _9V

Lksgi daty dbj eg iglkjgi bt ycg daty al lksgi lbdyaut pckdc iajay dcbj`gt pkyc ycg mg|gm al

awy~wy* \bukbemg daty dbj eg iglkjgi bt ycg daty al |bukbemg lbdyaut pckdc dcbj`gt au |bu{ pkyc

ycg dcbj`gt kj awy~wy* Gsbf~mg al lksgi daty al ycg tw~gufbuogy fb{ eg kjygugty aj mabj bji

|bukbemg daty fb{ eg pb`gt*

42* Iktdwtt pc{ b tfbmm laai tca~ fk`cy twu|k|g pcgj ycgug bug |gu{ mbu`g

tw~gufbuogyt* _


11/31

ycg tw~gufbuogy dbj wtg |bukawt ygdcjkrwgt twdc bt ycg ygdcjkrwg al ik|ktkaj al mbeawu*

Tgdajim{ ckukj` rwbmklkgi fbjb`gut dbj bmta eg ~attkemg lau ycg tw~gufbuogy pckdc pkmm eukj`

jgp kigbt bji kj|gjykaj ojapj bt fbjb`gukbm gdajafkgt al tdbmg* Fauga|gu ycg tw~gufbuogy

dbj bmta gjha{ lkjbjdkbm gdajafkgt al tdbmg e{ eauuapkj` mabjt by dcgb~gu kjygugty ubygt* Ycg{

dawmi bmta gjha{ gsygujbm gdajafkgt al tdbmg kj ycg lauf al b|bkmbekmky{ al tokmmgi mbeawu laudg kj

ycg kjiwtyu{* Ycg{ dawmi bmta cb|g b àai ug~wybykaj iwg ya bj gsygujbm gdajafkgt al tdbmg*

49* Wtkj` gsbf~mgt- dajyubty b ikugdy ybs pkyc bj kjikugdy ybs* _9V

Ikugdy ybs kt b ybs ybogj luaf kjdafg bji pgbmyc al ycg ~ga~mg bji ~ualkyt al ycg ewtkjgttgt

pcgug bt kjikugdy ybsgt bug ybs ybogj luaf ycg t~gjikj` al àait bji tgu|kdgt* Ycg ewuigj al

kjikugdy ybs dbj eg yubjtlguugi ya bjaycgu ~gutaj ewy ycg ewuigj al ikugdy ybs dbjjay eg

yubjtlguugi ya bjaycgu* Kjdafg ybs kt b ikugdy ybs? Tbmgt ybs kt bj kjikugdy ybs*

47* Iktdwtt cap b à|gujfgjy fk`cy wtg ybsbykaj ya bllgdy ycg iktyukewykaj al

kjdafg* _


12/31

rwbjyky{ al bjaycgu* Aj ycg aycgu cbji fgikdkjg pckdc kt b jgdgttky{ pkmm cb|g b |gu{ map ~ukdg

gmbtykdky{ al igfbji egdbwtg ~ga~mg cb|g ya ew{ by bj{ ~ukdg*

40* Wtg ycg dajdg~y al gmbtykdky{ ya iktdwtt cap kjikugdy ybsgt fb{ eg wtgi e{ b

à|gujfgjy ya?

kjdugbtg kyt ug|gjwg-

Ya kjdugbtg ycg ug|gjwg- à|gujfgjy cbt ya ybs aj ycatg àait pckdc cb|g b map ~ukdg gmbtykdky{

al igfbji au ycatg àait pckdc kt kjgmbtykd* Egdbwtg ycgtg àait fb{ eg b jgdgttky{ au cbeky

laufkj` àait pcgug ~ga~mg pkmm eg ugbi{ ya ew{ by bj{ daty twdc bt yaebdda*

Igdugbtg kf~auyt*

Ya igdugbtg ycg kf~auyt- à|gujfgjy cbt ya ybs aj ycatg àait pckdc cb|g b ck`c ~ukdg

gmbtykdky{ al igfbji au ycatg àait pckdc kt gmbtykd* Egdbwtg ycgtg àait fb{ cb|g mayt al

twetykywygt ta ycby ~ga~mg fk`cy tpkydc ya b iafgtykd àait*

Ycg ubyg al kjlmbykaj kj tafg ig|gma~gi dawjyukgt cbt ugfbkjgi map lau tg|gubm {gbut*

43* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ kjlmbykaj1 _4VKjlmbykaj kt iglkjgi bt b ~gutktygjy uktg kj ycg `gjgubm ~ukdg mg|gm

4;* Gs~mbkj cap b ugybkm ~ukdg kjigs #kjigs al dajtwfgu ~ukdgt+ kt dbmdwmbygi* _0V

Kjlmbykaj kt fgbtwugi wtkj` ugybkm ~ukdg kjigs au dajtwfgu ~ukdg kjigs* Wtkj` yckt kjtyuwfgjy- b

lbfkm{ gs~gjikywug twu|g{ kt dbuukgi awy pcgug ycg{ dcaatg b ebtogy al tbf~mg àait bji

tgu|kdgt pcgug ycg cawtgcami dajtwfgt faty* Ycgtg àait bug `k|gj ikllgugjy pgk`cyt

ig~gjikj` w~aj ycg ~gudgjyb`g al dajtwf~ykaj bji kjdafg t~gjit aj ycgtg àait* Ycgj b

{gbu kt dcatgj bt b ebtg {gbu bji kjigs al ycg ebtg {gbu kt `k|gj bt 2>>* G|gjywbmm{ ycg dcbj`g

al kjigs egypggj ycg ebtg {gbu bji dwuugjy {gbu kt dbmdwmbygi*



13/31

9>* Gs~mbkj ypa ~attkemg dbwtgt al kjlmbykaj* _9V

Ajg al ycg faty kf~auybjy dbwtgt al kjlmbykaj kt igfbji ~wmm kjlmbykaj pcgug ~ukdgt bug ~wmmgi w~

iwg ya kjdugbtg kj b`ùg`byg igfbji al ycg dawjyu{* B`ùg`byg igfbji kjdugbtg iwg ya

kjdugbtg kj dajtwf~ykaj- kj|gtyfgjy- à|gujfgjy t~gjikj` au jgy gs~auy au tafgykfgt

dafekjbykaj al bmm ycgtg lbdyaut* Kjlmbykaj dbj bmta dbwtg iwg ya kjdugbtg kj ycg daty al ~uaiwdykaj

twdc bt daty al ubp fbygukbmt- mbeawut- akm gyd* Yckt kjdugbtg kj daty ugiwdgt ycg tw~~m{ bt b

ugtwmy ~ukdgt bug ~wmmgi w~*

92* Bj bkf al à|gujfgjy ~amkd{ kt wtwbmm{ jay ya mgy ycg ubyg al kjlmbykaj egdafg

ck`c* Pc{ kt yckt1 _


14/31

94* Tafg dawjyukgt wtg ~uaygdyk|g fgbtwugt kj kjygujbykajbm yubig* Igtdukeg ypa

y{~gt al ~uaygdykaj b à|gujfgjy dbj wtg kj kjygujbykajbm yubig* _9V

Ycgug bug |bukawt ~uaygdyk|g fgbtwugt à|gujfgjy dbj wtg kj kjygujbykajbm yubig* Ajg al ycg

kf~auybjy fgbtwugt kt ybukll pcgug à|gujfgjy kf~atgt ybs aj kf~auygi àait bji tgu|kdgt*

Yckt mkfkyt ycg kf~auy bji kjdugbtg ycg gllkdkgjd{ al iafgtykd lkuft* Tgdajim{ rwayb kt bmta bj

kf~auybjy fgbtwug pcgug à|gujfgjy ~c{tkdbmm{ mkfkyt ycg jwfegu al kf~auyt kj ya ycg dawjyu{*

Yckt ugiwdgt ycg |amwfg al kf~auyt* Cgjdg iafgtykd dajtwfgut pkmm cb|g ya igfbji ycg awy~wy

al iafgtykd lkuft*

99* Gs~mbkj pkyc ycg wtg al ajg gsbf~mg pcby kt fgbjy e{ b jbywubm ugtawudg al b

dawjyu{1 _4V

Jbywubm ugtawudgt bug ycg ugtawudgt `klygi e{ jbywug* Mbji kt bj gsbf~mg al jbywubm ugtawudg*

Mbji kjdmwigt tgbt bji uk|gut- laugtyt bji igtguyt gyd* Pg wtg mbji ya ewkmi ycg ~ugfktgt bji

pkycawy yckt lbdyau ~uaiwdykaj ky kt kf~attkemg ya dbuu{awy ~uaiwdykaj bddauikj` ya gdajafkd

ycgau{*

97* Lau fbj{ dawjyukgt kjygujbykajbm yubig kj|am|gt wtkj` ycgku jbywubm ugtawudgt

e{ tgmmkj` ycgf ya aycgu dawjyukgt* Iktdwtt pcgycgu ky kt pktg lau b dawjyu{ ya

gs~maky kyt jbywubm ugtawudgt ubycgu ycbj ya dajtgu|g ycgf* _0V

Gs~makybykaj bji dajtgu|bykaj eayc cbt datyt bji egjglkyt yaa* Wtkj` ycg gdajafkd ugtawudgt kt

gs~makykj` bji jay wtkj` dbj eg ug`buigi bt dajtgu|kj`* Ycgug bug mayt al egjglkyt al gs~makykj`

ycg ugtawudgt twdc bt gf~ma{fgjy- kjdafg bji kf~ua|gfgjy kj ycg tybjibui al mk|kj`* Ewy kl b

dawjyu{ àgt aj gs~makykj` ycg gdajafkd ugtawudgt bewjibjym{ ycg lwywug `gjgubykaj fb{ lbdg

~uaemgft* Ycg{ fb{ jay cb|g gjaw`c gdajafkd ugtawudg lau ~uaiwdykaj* Aj ycg aycgu cbji pg

cb|g ya ogg~ kj fkji ycby ugtawudgt dbj eg ugjgpgi bji tafg dbj eg wtgi b`bkj bji b`bkj*

Lau gsbf~mg kjtygbi al akm- ycgug kt bj kj|gjykaj al tambu gjgu`{* Ta gs~makykj` ycg akm fb{ jay

dbwtg bj{ ~apgu tcauyb`g lau lwywug `gjgubykaj*



15/31

9V

Ycg fbhau fbduagdajafkd ~amkdkgt bug lwmm gf~ma{fgjy- ~ukdg tybekmky{- bji lb|aubemg ebmbjdg al

~b{fgjy- gdajafkd ùapyc bji ugiktyukewykaj al kjdafg* @a|gujfgjy cbt ya t~gji kyt

gs~gjikywug kj auigu ya bdckg|g ycg fbskfwf gdajafkd ~amkdkgt* Ycgug pkmm eg a~~auywjky{ daty al

t~gjikj` aj cgbmycdbug bji giwdbykaj- egdbwtg yckt pkmm ugiwdg ycg à|gujfgjy gs~gjikywug

gmtgpcgug* Kl yckt cb~~gjt ycgug fk`cy eg bj wjlb|aubemg dcbj`g kj ycg tybyg al ycg gdajaf{*

Yckt ~amkd{ fb{ kf~ua|g b|bkmbekmky{ al bji tokmmt al pauolaudg- kjdugbtg ~uaiwdykaj bji maj`&yguf

ùapyc bji gf~ma{fgjy* Ewy- capg|gu kl ycg ugtawudgt bug euaw`cy luaf a|gutgbt- ycgug pkmm eg b

ik|gutg gllgdy aj ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy* Kl ycg gs~gjikywug aj cgbmyc bji giwdbykaj dafgt luaf

kjdugbtgi ybsbykaj- ky pkmm gllgdy aj ycg iktyukewykaj al kjdafg* Fauga|gu kjdugbtg kj à|gujfgjy

gs~gjikywug kt ikugdym{ mkjogi ya kjdugbtg kj ycg ~ukdg mg|gm*



16/31

Kj f{ a~kjkaj- ky kt |gu{ ikllkdwmy ya bdckg|g bj gdajafkd bkf pkycawy matkj` bjaycgu* Ta ycg

à|gujfgjy cbt ya `k|g kf~auybjdg ya ycatg bkft pckdc `k|gt fbskfwf egjglky lau ycg ~ga~mg*

Gf~ma{gut bug dajdgujgi ya fbog ycg egty wtg al ycg lbdyaut al ~uaiwdykaj* Pauogut bug

Dajdgujgi ya fbog ycg egty dcakdg kj tgmgdykj` bj addw~bykaj*

9;* Gs~mbkj ycugg yckj`t- aycgu ycbj pb`gt- ycby fk`cy kjlmwgjdg b ~gutaj kj ycgku

dcakdg al addw~bykaj* _* Iktdwtt pckdc lbdyau al ~uaiwdykaj fk`cy eg faty tk`jklkdbjy kj ycg a~gubykaj

al b mwswu{ caygm* _9V

Ycg ugtawudgt wtgi kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj al àait bji tgu|kdgt bug ojapj bt lbdyaut al ~uaiwdykaj*

Ycgtg kjdmwig mbji- mbeawu- db~kybm bji gjyug~ugjgwu* Tkjdg ky kt b mwswu{ caygm- ky kt ugbmm{

jgdgttbu{ ya cb|g b ugbtajbemg db~kybm ya tybuy ycg ewtkjgtt bji wtwbmm{ caygmt bug mbeawu

kjygjtk|g* Mbji bji bj gjyug~ugjgwu bug bmta jggigi kj ycg a~gubykaj al b mwswu{ caygm* Kj f{

a~kjkaj db~kybm kt faty tk`jklkdbjy kj a~gubykj` al b mwswu{ caygm*

72* B caygm pkmm allgu b |bukgy{ al hae a~~auywjkykgt* Pauogut kj tafg al ycgf pkmm eg

~bki faug ycbj pauogut kj aycgut* Iktdwtt pc{ yckt fk`cy eg ta* _2>V

Ycgug bug |bukawt ugbtajt pc{ tafg pauogut bug ~bki faug ycbj aycgut* Ajg al ycg faty

kf~auybjy ugbtaj kt ycby ycg mg|gm al yubkjkj` bji giwdbykaj* Mwswu{ caygmt jggi rwbmklkgi bji

yubkjgi pbkygut bji fbjb`gut pca t~gji ib{t al yubkjkj` bji giwdbykaj pcgug bt b pbydcgu kj b

mwswu{ caygm fb{ jay jggi ya cb|g twdc bj giwdbykajbm rwbmklkdbykaj* Ta- ycgug pkmm eg ikllgugjdg

kj ycg pb`gt* Tgdajim{- pauogut fb{ eg kj|am|gi kj yubig wjkajt pckmg aycgut fb{ jay pckdc pkmm

fbog tafg ikllgugjdg kj ycg pb`gt* Yckuim{- kl ycgug kt b uamg al ycg à|gujfgjy kj fkjkfwf



17/31

pb`g mg`ktmbykaj pckmg aycgu addw~bykajt fk`cy jay- ycgj ycgug fk`cy eg bj gsktygjdg al pb`g

ikllgugjdg egypggj pauogut* Fauga|gu mwswu{ caygmt fb{ cb|g b fwtkd ebji pcgug ycg{ bug kj

jggi al ~buykdwmbu tokmmt bji ybmgjyt pckdc ugtwmyt b ikllgugjdg kj pb`gt egypggj pauogut*

Igdmkjg kj paumi tw~~m{ al dayyaj

Ycg mbu`gty ~uaiwdgut al dayyaj bug Dckjb- ycg WT- Kjikb bji ^boktybj* E{ 5>>2 ycgug cbi

eggj lk|g {gbut al igdmkjkj` kjygujbykajbm dayyaj ~ukdgt- ta kj ycby {gbu ky pbt gs~gdygi

ycby dayyaj ~uaiwdykaj pawmi lbmm bt lbufgut pgug iktdawub`gi luaf ùapkj` ycg dua~ e{

ycg map ~ukdgt* Yckt ugiwdykaj kj tw~~m{ pbt ycgj gs~gdygi ya dbwtg ~ukdgt ya uktg kj ycg

lammapkj` {gbu- 5>>5- pcgj ycg dayyaj pbt ~wy ajya ycg fbuogy*

Ycg lbmm kj ~uaiwdykaj pbt gs~gdygi ya addwu kj dawjyukgt ycby pgug ycg faty gllkdkgjy- ewy

ycgug pawmi eg b lbmm kj ~uaiwdykaj kj aycgu dawjyukgt bmta* Bmycaw`c Kjikb ~uaiwdgt

dayyaj- kyt b|gub`g {kgmi ~gu cgdybug kt cbml al ycg paumi b|gub`g* Yckt kt egdbwtg al map

tggi rwbmky{- kjtwllkdkgjy ~gty dajyuam bji ~aau kuuk`bykaj iwg ya kuug`wmbu ubkjlbmm *

75* Gs~mbkj pc{ map ~ukdgt fk`cy iktdawub`g lbufgut luaf ùapkj` dayyaj* _4V

Map ~ukdgt fgbjt ycgug pkmm eg mapgu ug|gjwg kj ycg ewtkjgtt* Yckt mapgu ug|gjwg pkmm ugtwmyt

faug mapgu ~ualkyt* Ycguglaug ~uaiwdgu pkmm eg wjpkmmkj` ya ~uaiwdg bt fwdc bt eglaug*

74* Wtkj` b igfbji bji tw~~m{ ikbùbf- gs~mbkj ycg dcbj`gt kj ~ukdg ycby pgug

gs~gdygi ya addwu egypggj 5>>2 bji 5>>5* _7V

Ikbùbf tcapkj` b igdugbtg kj tw~~m{

Ycg ~ukdgt al dayyaj igdugbtg egdbwtg kj ycgtg {gbut- k y pbt gs~gdygi ycby ycg ~uaiwdykaj al

dayyaj pawmi lbmm* Yckt lbmm kj tw~~m{ kt tcapj kj ycg ikbùbf pcgug ycg auk`kjbm tw~~m{ dwu|g TT

tckly ya ycg mgly ya~ T2T2* Yckt ugiwdykaj kj tw~~m{ ugtwmyt b uktg kj ~ukdg luaf ^ ya ^2*

79* Kigjykl{ pcby fgbtwugt Kjikb fk`cy ybog ya kjdugbtg kyt ~uaiwdykaj al dayyaj* _4V

Egyygu tggit- egyygu ~gty dajyuam bji egyygu kuuk`bykaj*



18/31

77* Gs~mbkj cap ypa al ycg fgbtwugt dcatgj kj d#k+ fk`cy cb|g gllgdyt aj

Ycg lksgi datyt-

Ycg |bukbemg datyt

Ycg ug|gjwg al ycg ~uaiwdgut* _5 kj ycg WO bji kj @gufbj{ yubig wjkajt tw~~auygi tyukogt kj tafg ~wemkd tgdyau

addw~bykajt*

70* Gs~mbkj pcby kt fgbjy e{ ycg ~wemkd tgdyau bji `k|g ajg gsbf~mg al b ~wemkd

tgdyau addw~bykaj* _4V

^wemkd tgdyau kt b ~buy al ycg gdajaf{ pcgug bmm ycg gdajafkd bdyk|kykgt bug apjgi bji dajyuammgi

e{ ycg `a|gujfgjy* Tgdugybu{ by `a|gujfgjy allkdg*

73* Igtdukeg ycg lwjdykajt al yubig wjkajt bji gs~mbkj pckdc lwjdykaj {aw dajtkigu

ya eg ycg faty kf~auybjy* _0V

Yubig wjkaj kt bj bttadkbykaj al pauogut pauokj` ya tblg`wbui ycg kjygugty al kyt fgfegut* Ajg

al ycg faty kf~auybjy lwjdykajt al yubig wjkaj kt dammgdyk|g ebu`bkjkj` pcgug pauogut

ug~ugtgjykj` bt b wjkaj ebu`bkj pkyc ycg gf~ma{gu lau ycg egyygu igbmt* Tgdajim{ kjdugbtg kj

pb`gt kt bmta b |gu{ igfbjikj` lwjdykaj al yubig wjkaj pcgug ycg wjkaj cgm~t ya kjdugbtg ycg

pb`gt al kyt fgfegut ycuaw`c |bukawt fgycait* Yckuim{ pauokj` lau egyygu tadkbm dajikykaj bji

pgmlbug kt bmta bj kf~auybjy lwjdykaj al yubig wjkaj* Fauga|gu ky cbt |bukawt aycgu lwjdykajt twdc



19/31

bt egyygu igbmt pcgj fbig ugiwjibjy? b|aki wjlbku ~ubdykdg e{ ycg gf~ma{gu gyd* kj f{ a~kjkaj

kf~ua|kj` ycg pb`g bji ycg pauokj` dajikykaj kt ycg faty kf~auybjy lwjdykaj al yubig wjkaj*

7;* Tybyg ycugg lbdyaut ycby fk`cy igygufkjg bj kjik|kiwbmt dcakdg al addw~bykaj*

_4V

Lukj`g egjglkyt

Pauokj` dajikykaj bji ~uafaykaj

* Iktdwtt pc{ tafg addw~bykajt ugdgk|g ck`cgu pb`gt ycbj aycgu addw~bykajt*

_0V

Ycgug bug |bukawt ugbtajt pc{ tafg pauogut bug ~bki faug ycbj aycgut* Ajg al ycg faty

kf~auybjy ugbtajt kt ycby ycg mg|gm al yubkjkj` bji giwdbykaj* Tafg addw~bykajt jggi rwbmklkgi

bji yubkjgi pauogut bji fbjb`gut pca t~gji ib{t al yubkjkj` bji giwdbykaj pcgug bt aycgu

addw~bykaj fb{ jay jggi ya cb|g twdc giwdbykajbm rwbmklkdbykaj* Ta- ycgug pkmm eg ikllgugjdg kj

ycg pb`gt* Tgdajim{- pauogut fb{ eg kj|am|gi kj yubig wjkajt pckmg aycgut fb{ jay pckdc pkmm

fbog tafg ikllgugjdg kj ycg pb`gt* Yckuim{- kl ycgug kt b uamg al ycg `a|gujfgjy kj fkjkfwf

pb`g mg`ktmbykaj pckmg aycgu addw~bykajt fk`cy jay- ycgj ycgug fk`cy eg bj gsktygjdg al pb`g

ikllgugjdg egypggj pauogut* Fauga|gu ycg igfbji lau ycg lkjbm ~uaiwdy kt bmta bj kf~auybjy

lbdyau* Ycg ck`cgu ycg igfbji lau ycg ~uaiwdy ycg ck`cgu ycg pb`g ubyg pkmm eg*

Ky pbt ug~auygi kj 5>>5 ycby ~ga~mg kj @gufbj{ pgug gs~gdykj` ybs uktgt bji bj kjdugbtg

kj wjgf~ma{fgjy*


20/31

faty tgukawt y{~g ojapj bt ycg `gjgubm au d{dmkdbm wjgf~ma{fgjy kt dbwtgi iwg ya lbmm kj ycg

b``ug`byg igfbji al ycg dawjyu{*


21/31

Ycg faty kf~auybjy à|gujfgjy ~amkd{ bkft bug jbfgm{ lwmm gf~ma{fgjy- ~ukdg tybekmky{-

twtybkjgi gdajafkd ùapyc- lb|aubemg ebmbjdg al ~b{fgjy bji grwbm iktyukewykaj al kjdafg bji

pgbmyc* Lkutym{- ya bdckg|g ycg lwmm gf~ma{fgjy à|gujfgjy kjdugbtg kyt t~gjikj` kj auigu ya

kjdugbtg ycg hae a~~auywjkykgt lau ycg ~ga~mg* Lkjbmm{ yckt kjdugbtg kj t~gjikj` ugtwmyt b ck`cgu

~ukdg al àait bji tgu|kdgt ojapj bt kjlmbykaj* Tgdajim{- ya bdckg|g grwbm iktyukewykaj al kjdafg-

à|gujfgjy fk`cy kjdugbtg ycg ubyg al ybsbykaj pckdc iktdawub`gt ~ga~mg ya t~gji faug* Bt b

ugtwmy- ycg yaybm t~gjikj` al ycg gdajaf{ ugiwdgt pckdc ugiwdg ycg gdajafkd ùapyc

V

Fksgi gdajafkgt bug gdajafkd t{tygf kj pckdc eayc ~uk|byg bji ~wemkd tgdyau a~gubyg tkig e{

tkig bji pauo lau ycg pgmlbug al ycg ~ga~mg* Fbj{ gdajafkgt bug fksgi gdajafkgt iwg ya

|bukawt bi|bjyb`gt al fksgi gdajaf{* Lkutym{- fksgi gdajaf{ bmmapt dcakdg bji daf~gykykaj lau

dajtwfgut bji ~uaiwdgut* Dcakdg bmmapt dajtwfgut ya dcaatg ycg egyygu rwbmky{ àait pckdc

`k|g ycgf b fbskfwf tbyktlbdykaj bji daf~gykykaj kjdugbtgt ycg gllkdkgjd{ al ycg ~uaiwdgut bt

pgmm* Tgdajim{- fksgi gdajaf{ igbmt pkyc gsygujbmkykgt bmta* Yckt fgbjt ycby ycg gsygujbm daty ya

ycg tadkgy{ kt dajtkigugi bji ycg fbuogy kt egkj` ug`wmbygi e{ ycg dgjyubm à|gujfgjy*

Aj ycg aycgu cbji kj fbuogy gdajaf{- ycgug kt bj gsktygjdg al fbuogy lbkmwug pckdc ugtwmyt

~ammwykaj egkj` a|gu |bmwgi bji ycg ugtawudgt bug jay bmmadbygi kj bj wjg|gj pb{* Fauga|gu kj

daffbji gdajaf{- pgmlbug fayk|g iktdawub`g ycg ~uaiwdykaj ~uadgtt bji ~uaiwdgut ~uaiwdkj`

àait bji tgu|kdgt* Lkjbmm{ fksgi gdajaf{ kt egyygu egdbwtg ~ga~mg cb|g tgml kjygugty bji byycg tbfg ykfg à|gujfgjy kt ycgug ya ug`wmbyg ycg fbuogy*


22/31

05* Iktdwtt pcgycgu ycgug bug bj{ egjglkyt luaf t~gdkbmkxbykaj ubycgu ycbj

ik|gutklkdbykaj* _


23/31

Wjkajt yu{ ya kjdugbtg ycg pgmlbug al ycgku fgfegut* Kj f{ a~kjkaj kjdugbtkj` pb`gt kt ycg faty

kf~auybjy lwjdykaj*

07* Tybyg ycugg lbdyaut ycby fk`cy igygufkjg bj kjik|kiwbmt dcakdg al

addw~bykaj* _4V

Pb`g ubyg- pauokj` dajikykajt bji aycgu egjglkyt

0


24/31

Tgdajim{ à|gujfgjy fk`cy pkyc ya dajtgu|g ugtawudgt lau ycg lwywug `gjgubykaj ta bt ya twtybkj

ycg ig|gma~fgjy al ycg dawjyu{ twdc bt ycg ajg dckmi ~amkd{ al ycg à|gujfgjy al dckjb*

0;* Bt dawjyukgt egdafg faug gdajafkdbmm{ ig|gma~gi- ycgug kt b dcbj`g kj ycg

ugmbyk|g kf~auybjdg al ycg ikllgugjy tgdyaut al ~uaiwdykaj* Igtdukeg pcby yckt

dcbj`g fk`cy eg* _7V

Ycg wtg al ycg tdbudg ugtawudgt al b ig|gma~kj` dawjyu{ pkmm eg ikllgugjy luaf ycby al b ig|gma~gi

dawjyu{* Cgjdg yckt dcbj`g pkmm eg uglmgdygi ya ycg bib~ybykaj al ycg gdajafkd tgdyau kj ycg

dawjyu{* Ycgug bug fbhau ycugg y{~gt al tgdyaut jbfgm{ ~ukfbu{ #gsyubdykj` ubp fbygukbmt+-

tgdajibu{ #fbjwlbdywukj`+ bji yguykbu{ #tgu|kdg+* Kj ig|gma~kj` dawjyukgt- faty al ycg ~ga~mg pkmm

eg pauokj` kj ~ukfbu{ tgdyaut twdc bt lktckj`- bùkdwmywug* Yckt kt egdbwtg ugtawudgt bug jay

wtgi by ycgku fbskfwf ~aygjykbm* Pcgj dawjyukgt ig|gma~gi- ycgug pkmm eg dcbj`gt kj ycg

kf~auybjdg al ycgtgt tgdyaut luaf ~ukfbu{- tgdajibu{ ya yguykbu{ tgdyaut* Kj aycgu pauit- faty al

ycg ~ga~mg kj ig|gma~gi dawjyukgt pkmm eg pauokj` kj yguykbu{ tgdyaut twdc bt ebjokj`- kjtwubjdg

gyd*

00* Igtdukeg pcby ikllgugjdgt fk`cy eg lawji kj ycg tybjibui al mk|kj` al ycg

b|gub`g ~gutaj kj b Ig|gma~gi dawjyu{ daf~bugi pkyc bj b|gub`g ~gutaj kj

b ig|gma~kj` dawjyu{* _


25/31

gllkdkgjd{* Kj f{ a~kjkaj- jaufbmm{ kj yckt tkywbykaj lksgi daty pkmm kjdugbtg bji |bukbemg daty pkmm

igdugbtg*

3>* Tafg lkuft kjygùbyg pkyc aycgut* Gs~mbkj ycg ikllgugjy lauft al kjygùbykaj-

bji tw``gty pc{ kjygùbykaj cb~~gjt* _2>V

Kjygùbykaj fgbjt hakjkj` ya`gycgu al ypa au faug lkuft* Ycgug bug jaufbmm{ ycugg y{~gt al

kjygùbykaj* Lkutym{ caukxajybm kjygùbykaj pcgug ypa lkuft hakj pckdc ~uaiwdgt tkfkmbu ~uaiwdyt

twdc bt hakjkj` al ypa tw~gufbuogyt* Ycg aycgu gsyugfg kt mbygubm pcgug ypa lkuft hakj pckdc

~uaiwdgt gjykugm{ ikllgugjy ~uaiwdyt twdc bt hakjkj` al b tw~gufbuogy bji bj bùkdwmywubm lkuf*

Ycg faty kf~auybjy y{~g kt |guykdbm kjygùbykaj pcgug lkuft hakj kj ikllgugjy tyb`gt al ~uaiwdykaj*

\guykdbm kjygùbykaj kt ik|kigi kjya ypa jbfgm{ |guykdbm laupbui bji |guykdbm ebdopbui kjygùbykaj*

\guykdbm ebdopbui kjygùbykaj fgbjt hakjkj` al lkuft ya kyt tw~~m{ al ubp fbygukbmt twdc bt akm

fbjwlbdywukj` daf~bj{ hakjt bj akm gsyubdykj` daf~bj{* \guykdbm laupbui kjygùbykaj fgbjt

hakjkj` al b lkuf ya kyt fbuogy awymgyt twdc bt bj akm gsyubdykj` daf~bj{ hakjt ~gyuam tgmmkj` tca~t*

Kjygùbykaj cb~~gjt iwg ya |bukawt ugbtajt* Lkutym{ lkuft pbjy ya bdckg|g gdajafkgt al tdbmg

pckdc fgbjt lkuft pkmm eg bemg ya ugiwdg daty e{ ~uaiwdkj` faug* Tgdajim{ ky cgm~t lkuft ya

kjdugbtg ycgku awy~wy bji ~ualkyt bji lkjbmm{ ycgug pkmm eg ùgbygu tgdwuky{ kj ycg fbuogy pcgj ya

lkuft hakj bji egdafg ajg*

B fwmyk&jbykajbm pbt igtdukegi bt b mbu`g daf~bj{ ycby gf~ma{t ~ga~mg luaf ikllgugjy

dawjyukgt bji kt dajyuammgi e{ b à|gujfgjy*

32* Gs~mbkj pcgycgu yckt kt b dauugdy igtduk~ykaj* _9V

Ycg bea|g tybygfgjy beawy fwmykjbykajbm kt jay dauugdy* Fwmykjbykajbm daf~bjkgt bug ycatg

daf~bjkgt pckdc ~uaiwdg kj faug ycbj ajg dawjyu{ bji pckdc cbt kyt cgbirwbuygut kj ajg

dawjyu{* Gf~ma{kj` ~ga~mg luaf ikllgugjy dawjyukgt kt jay b lgbywug al fwmykjbykajbm daf~bj{ bji

fauga|gu- ycgtg daf~bjkgt bug jay dajyuammgi e{ à|gujfgjy*

^buyjgutck~t bug apjgi e{ ajm{ ypa ~ga~mg pckmg ~wemkd daf~bjkgt bug apjgi e{ ycg

à|gujfgjy*

35* Gs~mbkj pcgycgu ycg bea|g iglkjkykajt bug dauugdy* _9V

Kjdauugdy* ^buyjgutck~t bug jay jgdgttbukm{ ypa ~ga~mg? ycg{ fb{ dajtkty al bmm ycg ~ga~mg pauokj`

kj ycg au`bjkxbykaj* ^wemkd daf~bjkgt bug jay apjgi e{ ycg à|gujfgjy* ^wemkd daf~bjkgt kttwg

tcbugt bji bug apjgi e{ ycg ~uk|byg tgdyau* #Kjik|kiwbm !tcbugcamigut+

Gs~gjikywug kj bj gdajaf{ fb{ eg gkycgu ~uk|byg gs~gjikywug au ~wemkd gs~gjikywug*



26/31

34* Gs~mbkj ycg ikllgugjdg egypggj ycgtg y{~gt al gs~gjikywug- `k|kj` ajg

gsbf~mg al gbdc* _4V

^wemkd gs~gjikywug uglgut ya ycg t~gjikj` al ycg à|gujfgjy ya ~ua|kig ~wemkd àait bji

tgu|kdgt mkog iglgjtg tgu|kdgt- uabit- tyuggyt- bji mbf~t- ~wemkd ~buot gyd pckdc ia jay cb|g

fbuogy ~ukdg* Ycg à|gujfgjy ~ua|kigt ycgtg ya kf~ua|g ycg pgmlbug al ycg ~ga~mg*

ûk|byg gs~gjikywug uglgut ya ycg t~gjikj` e{ kjik|kiwbmt bji lkuft ya ~ua|kig ycg àait bji

tgu|kdgt igfbjigi e{ ycg ~ga~mg by b fbuogy ~ukdg* ûk|byg t~gjikj` kt fayk|bygi e{ ~ualky twdc

bt ~uk|byg ~ga~mg t~gji ya ewkmi b cat~kybm*

39* Gs~mbkj pcby kt fgbjy e{ bj a~~auywjky{ daty bji b tadkbm egjglky* _9V

A~~auywjky{ daty dbj eg iglkjgi bt b daty al jgsy egty bmygujbyk|g lauàjg kj auigu ya bdckg|g ycg

egty dcakdg* Tadkbm daty dbj eg iglkjgi bt b daty ya ycg tadkgy{ iwg ya dajtwf~ykaj au ~uaiwdykaj

al b àai kt tgu|kdg* Au ky kt ycg twf al ~uk|byg daty bji gsygujbm daty* âmmwykaj kt bj gsbf~mg al

b tadkbm daty iwg ya pbtyb`g al yaskd pbtygt luaf ycg lbdyaukgt*

Gsbf~mg al a~~auywjky{ daty8& b ~gutaj cbt FUL 7 ya ew{ gkycgu b daog au ~g~tk* Cg eaw`cy

daog* Ycguglaug ycg a~~auywjky{ daty al ew{kj` daog kt ycg ~g~tk ycby cg mgly*

37* Iktdwtt pcgycgu à|gujfgjy t~gjikj` aj ~amkdg bji bufgi laudgt dawmi eg

b ugtwmy al fbuogy lbkmwug _


27/31

33* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ ~ualky fbskfkxbykaj1 _4V

Fgycai wtgi e{ daf~bjkgt ya kjdugbtg ycg ~ualkyt e{ kjdugbtg kj ycg ikllgugjdg egypggj yaybm

ug|gjwg bji yaybm daty

3;* Dajyubty ycg dcbubdyguktykdt al ypa y{~gt al ewtkjgtt au`bjkxbykaj*_* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ pcgj bj kjiwtyu{ kt tbki ya egdafg faug db~kybm kjygjtk|g

ubycgu ycbj mbeawu kjygjtk|g*_4V

Mbeawu kjygjtk|g fgbjt wtkj` faug mbeawut kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj ~uadgtt pcgugbt db~kybm kjygjtk|g

fgbjt wtkj` faug fbdckjgt kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj ~uadgtt* Ya egdafg faug db~kybm kjygjtk|g ubycgu

ycbj mbeawu kjygjtk|g fgbjt wtkj` faug fbdckjgt ycbj mbeawut kj ycg ~uaiwdykaj*

;2* Kigjykl{ ycugg dbwtgt al b dcbj`g kj ycg igfbji lau b `aai* _4V

^ukdg al ycg ~uaiwdy- kjdafg al ycg ~ga~mg bji twddgttlwm bi|guyktkj`*



28/31

;5* Kj Hb~bj ~gutktygjy pauukgt beawy hae tgdwuky{- ck`c wjgf~ma{fgjy bji b

tygbi{ lbmm kj kjdafg cb|g fgbjy ycby dajtwfgut bug ew{kj` mgtt* Yckt cbt dbwtgi

ycg ~ukdgt al tafg ~uaiwdyt ya lbmm* Wtg igfbji bji tw~~m{ bjbm{tkt bji ikb`ubft

ya gs~mbkj cap ycg ugbtajt `k|gj kj ycg bea|g gsyubdy dawmi dbwtg b lbmm kj ycg ~ukdg

al b ~uaiwdy* _


29/31

B dmgbu uawyg ya Amg|gm twddgtt kj Gdajafkdt Lkuty Gikykaj& E{ Bmkf

;9* Kjikb kt ycg paumit tg|gjyc&mbu`gty dajtwfgu al akm* Igfbji lau akm dawmi

faug ycbj iawemg kj ycg jgsy 27 {gbut egdbwtg al tyuaj` kjiwtyukbm ùapyc bji

kjdugbtkj` jwfegut al Kjikbjt pca pkmm eg bemg ya bllaui ya ew{ dbut bji

fayaud{dmgt* Bt igfbji ùapt ta pkmm Kjikbt ig~gjigjdg aj kf~auyt* Kjikb

kf~auyt buawji 0>' al kyt akm* Gs~mbkj wtkj` b igfbji bji tw~~m{ ikbùbf pcby

ycg buykdmg tb{t pkmm eg ycg mkogm{ dcbj`g kj ycg fbuogy lau akm kj Kjikb kj ycg jgsy 27

{gbut* _7V

ÛKDG

I

^2

^

T

I2T

R R2

I2

I

RWBJYKY[

Ycg ikbùbf tcapt ycby igfbji kjdugbtgt luaf

I ya I2* Bt b ugtwmy al yckt kjdugbtg- ycg fbuogy

rwbjyky{ bji ~ukdg kjdugbtgt luaf R ya R2 bji ^

ya ^2 ugt~gdyk|gm{*

Igfbji kjdugbtgt egdbwtg ycgug kt b tyuaj`

kjiwtyukbm ùapyc bji kjdugbtkj` ycg jwfegu al

Kjikbjt pca pkmm eg bemg ya bllaui ya ew{ dbut

bji fayaud{dmgt*

;7* Kj 5>>7- Gwua~gbj tw~gufbuogyt dcbj`gi ycgku igfbji ya b jgp- tpggygu~kjgb~~mg jay ùapj kj @cbjb* Wtg igfbji bji tw~~m{ ikbùbft ya gs~mbkj pcby

cb~~gjgi kj ycg fbuogy lau eayc y{~gt al ~kjgb~~mg* _


30/31

;


31/31

;3* Pc{ ia tafg lkuft ugfbkj tfbmm kj tkxg1 _>* Pcby kt fgbjy e{ b ugybkm ~ukdg kjigs1 _4V

Ugybkm ~ukdg kjigs kt bj kjtyuwfgjy wtgi ya fgbtwug ycg ubyg al dcbj`gt kj ~ukdgt al `aait

bji tgu|kdgt kj b ~buykdwmbu ykfg ~gukai*


100 q&a of cambridge o level economics ::

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