1006 kanji

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    1,006(1,006 Kyiku kanji)

    Kyiku kanji (, lit. "education kanji"), also known as Gakunenbetsu kanji haithy (

    , lit. "list of kanji by school year") is a list of 1,006 kanji and associated readingsdeveloped and maintained by the Japanese Ministry of Education that prescribes which kanji, andwhich readings of kanji, Japanese schoolchildren should learn for each year of elementary school.Although the list is designed for Japanese children, it can also be used as a sequence of learningcharacters by non-native speakers in order to limit the kanji to the most commonly used.ref.: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji

    First grade (80 kanji)

    one ichi

    two ni

    three san

    four shi or yon

    five go

    six roku

    seven shichi or nana

    eight hachi

    nine ku or ky

    ten j

    hundred hyaku

    thousand sen

    up ue

    below shita

    left hidari

    right migi

    middle or inside naka

    large dai or -kii small sh or chii-sai

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky?iku_kanjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky?iku_kanji
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    month; moon gatsu or tsuki

    day hi or nichi

    year nen or toshi

    early s or haya-i

    tree moku or ki

    woods rin or hayashi

    mountain san or yama

    river sen or kawa

    soil do or tsuchi

    sky k or sora

    rice paddy den or ta

    heaven ten or ama

    life sei or i-kiru

    flower ka or hana

    grass s or kusa

    insect ch or mushi

    dog ken or inu

    person jin or nin or hito

    name na or mei or myo

    female nyo or onna male dan or otoko

    child ko

    eye moku or me

    ear ji or mimi

    mouth k or kuchi

    hand shu or te

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    foot or leg soku or ashi

    see ken or mi-ru

    sound on or ne or oto

    power riki or ryoku or chikara

    spirit ki

    yen or circle en

    enter ny or hai-ru or i-ru

    exit shutsu or de-ru

    stand up ritsu or ta-tsu

    rest ky or yasu-mu

    previous sen or saki

    evening y

    book hon or moto

    writing fumi or bun or mo

    character ji

    study gaku or mana-bu

    school k , as inschool gakk village son or mura

    town ch or machi

    forest shin or mori correct sei or tada-shii

    water sui or mizu

    fire ka or hi

    ball gyoku or tama

    king

    stone seki or ishi

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    bamboo chiku or take

    thread shi or ito

    shellfish kai

    car sha or kuruma

    gold kin or kane

    rain u or ame

    red seki or aka

    blue sei or ao

    white haku or shiro

    Second grade (160 kanji)

    number s or kazu

    many or much ta or oo-i

    a few or a little sh or suku-nai or suko-shi

    ten thousand man

    half han or naka-ba

    shape kei or katachi

    fat ta or futo-i

    thin sai or hoso-i

    wide k or hiro-i

    long ch or naga-i

    point ten

    circle gan or maru

    cross k or maji

    light k or hikari

    angle or corner kaku or kado or tsuno

    measure kei or haka-ru

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    straight or correct choku or nao-su

    line sen

    arrow ya

    weak jaku or yowa-i

    strong ky or tsuyo-i

    tall or high k or taka-i

    same d or ona-ji

    parent shin or oya

    mother haha or kaa (as in

    father chichi or tou (as in

    older sister shi or ane

    older brother kei or ani

    younger brother tei or otouto

    younger sister mai or imto

    oneself ji

    friend y or tomo

    body tai or karada

    hair m or ke

    head t or atama

    face gan or kao neck shu or kubi

    heart shin or kokoro

    time ji or toki

    weekday y

    morning ch or asa

    daytime ch or hiru

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    night ya or yoru

    minute; understand fun or wa (as inwakaru

    week sh

    spring shun or haru

    summer ka or natsu

    autumn sh or aki

    winter t or fuyu

    now kon or ima

    new shin or atara-shii

    old ko or furu-i

    interval kan or ma or aida

    direction h or kata

    north hoku or kita

    south nan or minami

    east t or higashi or azuma

    west sei or sai or nishi

    far en or t-i

    near kin or chika-i

    in front zen or mae

    behind go or ushi-ro inside nai or uchi

    outside gai or soto

    place j or ba

    ground chi

    country koku or kuni

    garden en or sono

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    valley koku or tani

    field ya or no

    field gen or hara

    village ri or sato

    city shi or ichi

    capital ky

    wind f or kaze

    snow setsu or yuki

    cloud un or kumo

    pond chi or ike

    sea kai or umi

    rock gan or iwa

    star sei or hoshi

    room shitsu or muro

    door to or ko or be

    house ka or ke or ie

    Buddhist temple ji or tera

    pass through ts or t-ru

    gates mon or kado

    road d or michi talk wa or hana-su

    say gen or i-u

    answer t or kota-eru

    voice sei or koe

    hear ch or ki-ku

    language go

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    read doku or yo-mu

    write sho or ka-ku

    write down ki

    paper shi or kami

    picture ga

    picture kai or e

    drawing zu or haka-ru

    craft k

    teach ky or oshi-eru

    fine sei or hare

    think shi or omo-u

    think about k or kanga-eru

    know chi or shi-ru

    ability or years old sai

    reason ri or kotowari

    calculate san

    make saku or tsuku-ru

    origin gen or moto

    eat, meal shoku or ta-beru

    meat niku horse ba or uma

    cow gy or ushi

    fish gy or sakana

    bird ch or tori

    feather ha or wa or hane

    chirp mei or na-ku

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    wheat baku or mugi

    rice bei or kome

    tea cha

    colour shoku or iro

    yellow or kiiro

    black koku or kuro

    come rai or ku-ru

    go gy or k or i-ku

    return home ki or kae-ru

    walk ho or aru-ku

    run s or hashi-ru

    stop shi or to-maru

    active katsu or i-kiru

    store ten or mise

    buy bai or ka-u

    sell bai or u-ru

    noon, sign of the horse (EarthlyBranches) )

    go or uma

    steam ki

    bow (archery, violin) ky or yumi

    -times, to revolve kai

    association kai or e

    association kumi

    ship sen or fune

    bright mei or aka-rui

    company sha or yashiro

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    cut setsu or ki-ru

    electricity den

    every mai

    fit g to a-u

    hit t or a-taru

    base dai or tai

    pleasure raku or tano-shii

    public kou or yake

    pull in or hi-ku

    section ka

    song ka or uta

    katana t or katana

    turn ban

    use y or mochi-iru

    what nani

    Third grade (200 kanji)

    pair ch

    world se or yo

    both ry

    master shu or nushi

    ride j or no-ru

    in advance yo or arakaji-me

    abstract thing ji or koto

    serve shi or tsuka-eru

    other ta or hoka

    substitute tai or kawa-ru

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    dwell j or su-mu

    use shi or tsuka-u

    person in charge kei or kakari

    double bai

    whole zen

    tool gu

    copy sha

    row retsu

    help jo or tasu-keru

    diligence ben

    move dou or ugo-ku

    win sh or kat-su

    disguise ka or ba-keru

    ward ku

    doctor i

    leave kyo or sa-ru

    anti- han or so-ru

    take shu or to-ru

    receive ju or u-keru

    number g face(v.) k or mu-kau

    you kun or kimi

    flavor

    life mei or inochi

    peace or sum wa or nago-mu

    article hin or shina

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    member in

    commerce sh or akina-i

    question mon or toi or to-u

    slope han or saka

    husband hu or otto

    begin shi or haji-meru

    committee i

    protect shu or mamo-ru

    cheap an or yasu-i

    fix tei or sada-meru

    fruit or content jitsu or mi

    guest kaku or kyaku

    Shinto shrine or prince(princess) ky or miya

    inn shuku or yado

    cold kan or samu-i opposite tai or tsui

    office kyoku

    premise oku or ya

    shore gan or kishi

    island t or shima state sh

    account book ch

    flat hei or tai-ra

    happiness k or shiawa-se

    degrees do

    warehouse ko

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    garden tei or niwa

    style shiki

    role eki or yaku

    wait tai or ma-tsu

    hurry ky or iso-gu

    breath soku or iki

    bad aku or waru-i

    sad hi or kana-shii

    thought s or omo-u

    idea i

    feel kan-jiru

    place sho or tokoro

    hit da or u-tsu

    throw t or na-geru

    pick up sh or hiro-u

    hold ji or mo-tsu

    finger shi or yubi

    release h or hana-su

    put in order sei or totono-eru

    trip ryo or ttabi tribe zoku

    long ago jaku or mukashi

    clear sh

    hot sho or atsu-i

    dark an or kura-i

    music or curve kyoku

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    be y or a-ru

    clothes fuku

    period of time ki or go

    board han or ita

    pillar ch or hashira

    root kon or ne

    plant shoku or u-eru

    business gy or g or waza

    appearance or Mr(Mrs,Ms) y or sama

    side or yoko

    bridge ky or hashi

    next ji or tsugi

    tooth shi or ha

    death shi

    ice hy or kri

    decide ketsu or ki-meru

    oil yu or abura

    wave ha or nami

    pour ch or soso-gu

    swim ei or oyo-gu ocean, western y

    stream ry or naga-reru

    extinguish sh or ke-su

    deep shin or fuka-i

    warm on or atata-kai

    harbor k or minato

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    lake ko or mizuumi

    hot water t or yu

    China kan

    charcoal tan or sumi

    thing butsu or mono

    ball ky or tama

    reason y

    say shin or m-su

    world kai

    agricultural field hatake

    sick by or yamai

    departure hatsu

    climb to or nobo-ru

    skin hi or kawa

    dish sara

    mutual s or ai

    prefecture ken

    true shin or ma

    wear chaku or ki-ru

    short tan or mijika-i sharpen ken

    thanks rei

    god(s) shin or kami

    festival sai or matsuri

    luck huku

    second by

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    research ky or kiwa-meru

    chapter sh

    juvenile d or warabe

    whistle teki or fue

    ordinal number prefix dai

    writing brush hitsu or fude

    class t or nado

    box hako

    rank ky

    end sh or owa-ru

    green ryoku or midori

    practice ren or ne-ru

    sheep y or hitsuji

    beauty bi or utsuku-shii

    learn sh or nara-u

    someone sha or mono

    nurture iku or haguku-mu

    suffer ku or kuru-shii

    luggage ka or ni

    fall raku or o-chiru leaf y or ha

    medicine yaku or kusuri

    blood ketsu or chi

    list or surface hy or omote

    poem shi

    investigate ch or shira-beru

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    discuss dan

    beans mame

    lose fu or ma-keru

    wake up ki or o-kiru

    road ro or michi

    body shin or mi

    revolve ten or koro-bu

    light kei or karu-i

    farming n

    return hen or kae-su

    follow tsui or o-u

    send s or oku-ru

    fast soku or haya-i

    advance shin or susu-mu

    play y or aso-bu

    carry un or hako-bu

    part bu

    metropolis to or miyako

    distribute hai or kuba-ru

    alcoholic drink shu or sake heavy j or omo-i

    iron tetsu

    silver gin

    open kai or hira-ku

    institution in

    sunshine hi or y

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    floor of a building kai

    collect sh or atsu-maru

    face men or tsura or omo

    topic dai

    drink in or no-mu

    public building kan or yakata

    station eki

    nose bi or hana

    Fourth grade (200 kanji)

    not hu

    conflict s or araso-u

    attach hu or tsu-ku

    orders rei

    since i

    go-between naka

    transmit den or tsuta-eru

    rank i or kurai

    low tei or hiku-i

    example rei or tato-eru

    convenience ben or bin or tayo-ru

    trust shin or shin-jiru

    godown s or kura

    climate k

    borrow shaku or ka-riru

    halt tei or to-maru

    healthy ken or suko-yaka

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    side soba or gawa

    work d or hatara-ku

    hundred million oku

    portent or trillion ch or kiza-shi

    child ji

    together ky or tomo

    soldier hei or hy or tsuwamono

    code ten

    cool rei or tsume-tai

    first sho or hatsu or ubu

    separate betsu or waka-reru

    profit ri

    printing satsu or su-ru

    vice- huku

    achievement k

    add ka or kuwa-eru

    toil do or tsuto-meru

    labor r or negira-u

    courage y or isa-mashii

    wrap h or tsutu-mu graduate sotsu

    cooperation ky

    simple tan

    Dr. haku

    mark in or shirushi

    participate or three san

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    history shi

    director shi or tsukasado-ru

    each kaku

    tell koku or tsu-geru

    circumference sh

    chant sh or tona-eru

    rejoice ki or yoroko-bu

    container ki or utsuwa

    surround or kako-u

    harden ko or kata-maru

    model kei or kata

    public chamber d

    salt shio

    gentleman shi

    change hen or ka-waru

    center

    lose sitsu or ushina-u

    like k su-ku or kono-mu

    seasons ki

    grandson,granddaughtor son or mago perfect kan

    government official kan

    harm gai

    guess satsu

    nest s or su

    distinction sa

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    hope ki or mare

    seat seki

    sash tai or obi

    bottom tei or soko

    urban prefecture fu

    ease k

    build ken or ta-teru

    diameter kei

    junior to

    acquire e-ru or toku

    without fail hitsu or kanara-zu

    thought nen

    love ai or ito-shii

    become sei or na-ru

    war sen or ikusa or tataka-u

    fold setsu or o-ru

    raise kyo or a-geru

    reformation kai or arata-meru

    salvation ky or suku-u

    failure hai or yabur-reru scatter san or chi-ru

    fee ry

    national flag hata

    previous saku

    scenery kei

    most sai or mo or motto-mo

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    hope b or nozo-mu

    un- mi or ima-da

    end matsu or sue

    tag satsu or huda

    lumber zai

    bundle soku or taba or tsuka

    pine sh or take

    fruit ka or ha-tasu

    prosperity ei or sakae-ru

    plan an

    plum bai or ume

    contraption kai

    poles kyoku or kiwa-meru

    signpost hy

    machine ki

    lack ketsu or ka-keru

    curriculum reki

    remainder zan or noko-ru

    kill satsu or koro-su

    poison doku family name shi or uji

    people min or tami

    request kyu or moto-mu

    govern chi or osa-meru

    method h

    cry ky or na-ku

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    shallow sen or asa-i

    bathe yoku or abi-ru

    pure sei or kiyo-raka

    full man or mi-chiru

    fishing ry or asa-ru

    lamp t or tomo-su

    nothing mu or na-i

    so zen or shika-shi

    bake sh or ya-ku

    illuminate sho or te-rasu

    heat netsu or atsu-i

    breed boku or maki

    special toku

    give birth san or u-mu

    target teki or mato

    government ministry sho or sei or habu-ku

    celebrate shuku or iwa-u

    ballot hy

    kind or seed shu or tane or kusa

    accumulate seki or tsu-mu emulate ky or kiso-u

    laugh sh or wara-u

    pipe kan or kuda

    node setsu or fushi

    flour ko or kona

    chronicle ki

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    promise yaku

    tie ketsu or musu-bu or yu-u

    salary ky or tama-u

    continue zoku or tsudu-ku

    put chi or o-ku

    old man r or o-iru

    stomach i

    vein myaku

    intestines ch

    retainer shin

    cruise k

    good ry or yo-i

    art gei

    bud ga or me

    England ei

    vegetable na

    city gai or machi

    clothes i or koromo

    need y or i-ru

    memorize kaku or sa-meru observe kan or mi-ru

    instruction kun

    test shi or kokoromi-ru

    theory setsu or to-ku

    section ka

    deliberation gi

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    elephant z or sh

    freight ka

    savings cho or ta-meru

    expense hi or tsui-yasu

    prize sh

    army gun

    wheel rin or wa

    resign ji or ya-meru

    environs hen or ata-ri

    take along ren or tsu-reru or tsura-neru

    attain tachi

    choose sen or era-bu

    county gun

    quantity ry

    record roku

    mirror ky or kagami

    related kan

    land riku

    group tai

    quiet sei or shizu-ka obey jun

    request gan or nega-u

    sort rui

    fly hi or to-bu

    meal han or meshi

    foster y or yashina-u

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    test ken

    Fifth grade (185 kanji)

    long time ky or hisa

    Buddha hutsu or butsu or hotoke

    sham kari

    affair ken

    responsibility nin or maka-seru

    becoming ji or ni-ru

    too much yo or ama-ru value ka

    preserve ho or tamo-tsu

    discipline sh or osa-meru

    straw bag hy or tawara

    individual ko

    provide bi or sona-eru

    statue z

    again sai or futata-bi

    publish kan

    judge han or waka-ru

    control sei

    ticket ken

    rule soku or notto-ru

    effect k

    duty mu or tsuto-meru

    power sei or ikio-i

    thick k or atsu-i

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    phrase ku

    possible ka

    manage ei or itona-mu

    cause in or yo-ru

    group dan

    pressure atsu

    exist zai or a-ru

    level kin

    foundation ki or moto-duku

    report h or muku-iru

    boundary ky or sakai

    grave bo or haka

    increase z or ma-su or fu-eru

    dream mu or yume

    wife sai or tsuma

    lady fu

    contain y

    approach ki or yo-ru

    rich fu or tomi

    guide d or michibi-ku reside kyo or i-ru

    belong zoku

    linen fu or nuno

    expert shi

    normal j or tsune

    tree-trunk kan or miki

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    preface jo

    valve ben

    stretch ch or ha-ru

    journey

    repeating fuku

    virtue toku

    intention shi or kokorozashi

    respond or kota-eru

    cheerful kai or kokoroyo-i

    gender sei or sh or saga

    grace on

    feelings j or nasa-ke

    condition tai

    accustomed kan or na-reru

    acquiesce sh or uketamawa-ru

    skill gi or waza

    beckon sh or mane-ku

    instruct ju or sazu-keru

    pick sai or to-ru

    contact setsu present tei or sa-geru

    loss son or soko-neru

    branch shi or sasa-eru

    politics sei or matsurigoto

    circumstances ko or yue

    enemy teki or kataki

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    cut off dan or ta-tsu

    old times ky

    easy eki or yasa-shii

    outburst b or aba-ku

    clause j

    branch shi or eda

    investigate sa

    status kaku

    cherry or sakura

    examine ken

    construct k or kama-eru

    military bu

    compare hi or kura-beru

    eternity ei or naga-i

    river ga or kawa

    fluid eki

    mix kon or maza-ru

    decrease gen or he-ru

    fathom soku or haka-ru

    standard jun perform en

    undefiled ketsu or isagiyo-i

    disaster sai or wazawa-i

    burn nen or mo-eru

    printing block han

    crime han or oka-su

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    form j

    alone doku or hito-ri

    rate ritsu or hikii-ru

    appear gen or arawa-reru

    detain ry ru or todo-maru

    abbreviation ryaku

    benefit eki or ma-su

    eyeball gan or me

    rend ha or yabu-ru

    certain kaku or tashi-ka

    indicate shi or shime-su

    ancestor so

    prohibition kin

    shift i or utsu-ru

    extent tei or hodo

    tax zei

    fabricate chiku or kizu-ku

    refined sei

    elementary su or moto

    manage kei he-ru unite t or su-beru

    discontinue zetsu or ta-tsu

    cotton men or wata

    whole s

    compile hen or a-mu

    exploits seki

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    weave shiki or o-ru

    guilt zai or tsumi

    flock gun mu-reru

    righteousness gi

    till k or tagaya-su

    employment shoku

    fertilizer hi or ko-yasu

    ability n

    entertain ky or oko-su

    tongue zetsu or shita

    cottage sha

    art jutsu or sube

    defense ei

    manufacture sei

    duplicate fuku

    rule ki

    untie ge or kai or to-ku

    establish setsu or mouke-ru

    permit kyo or yuru-su

    evidence sh evaluate hy

    lecture k

    apologize sha or ayama-ru

    discriminating shiki

    safeguard go or mamo-ru

    bountiful h or yuta-ka

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    wealth zai

    poor hin or mazushi-i

    blame seki or se-meru

    lend tai or ka-su

    trade b

    congratulations ga

    resources shi

    approve san

    quality shitsu

    transport yu

    mention jutsu or no-beru

    astray mei or mayo-u

    retreat tai or shirizo-ku or do-ku

    inverted gyaku or sakara-u

    create z or tsuku-ru

    go beyond ka or ayama-chi

    suitable teki

    acid san

    mineral k

    copper d coin sen or zeni

    prevent b or fuse-gu

    limit gen or kagi-ru

    precipitous ken

    occasion sai or kiwa

    miscellaneous zatsu

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    negative hi or ara-zu

    deposit yo or azu-keru

    territory ry

    amount gaku or hitai

    domesticate shi or ka-u

    Sixth grade (181 kanji)

    row hei or nami or nara-bu

    riot ran or mida-reru

    milk ny or chichi deceased b or na-kunaru

    kindness jin

    offer ky or ku or tomo

    actor hai

    value chi or atai

    wound sh or kizu

    superior y or yasa-shii

    political party t

    counter for books satsu

    dispose sho

    engrave koku or kiza-mu

    divide katsu or wa-ru

    create s or tsuku-ru

    drama geki

    diligence kin or tsuto-meru

    dangerous ki or aya-ui

    egg ran or tamago

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    strict gen or kibi-shii

    take in sh or osa-meru

    queen g or kisaki

    negate hi or ina or iya

    suck ky or su-u

    call ko or yo-bu

    good zen or yo-i

    become distressed kon or koma-ru

    droop choku or ta-reru

    castle j or shiro

    range iki

    play music s or kana-deru

    stirred up hun or huru-u

    shape shi or sugata

    suppose son

    filial piety k

    home taku

    eaves u

    religion sh or s

    mid-air ch treasure h or takara

    proclaim sen or notama-u

    secrecy mitsu

    measurement sun

    specialty sen or moppa-ra

    shoot sha or i-ru

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    leader sh

    revered son

    concerning sh or tsu-ku

    measure of length shaku

    deliver todo-ku

    expand ten

    stratum s

    self ko or onore

    scroll kan or ma-ku

    curtain baku or maku

    dry kan or ho-su

    infancy y or osana-i

    government office ch

    sit za or suwa-ru

    prolong en or no-basu

    rhythm ritsu

    obey jun or sitaga-u

    forget b or wasu-reru

    loyalty ch

    constitution ken ego ga or ware

    criticism hi

    shouldering tan or nina-u

    worship hai or oga-mu

    broaden kaku or hiro-geru

    throw away sha or su-teru

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    grope tan or saga-su

    infer sui

    command ki

    maneuver s or ayatsu-ru

    respect kei or uyama-u

    reflect ei or utsu-ru

    nightfall ban

    warmth dan or atata-kai

    livelihood bo or ku-rasu

    melodious r or hoga-raka

    desk ki or tsukue

    sheet of... mai

    dye sen or so-meru

    stocks kabu

    rod b

    imitation mo

    rights ken

    trees ju or ki

    longing yoku or ho-shii

    steps dan run alongside en or so-u

    fountain sen or izumi

    wash sen or ara-u

    sect ha

    settle sai or su-mu

    origin gen or minamoto

  • 8/3/2019 1006 kanji

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    tide cho or shio

    violent geki or hage-shii

    ashes hai

    ripen juku or u-reru

    one-sided hen ore kata

    group han

    uncommon i or koto-naru

    doubt gi or utaga-u

    pain ts or ita-i

    emperor k or

    prosper sei or mo-ru

    alliance mei

    watch over kan

    sand sa or sha or suna

    magnet ji

    me shi or watakushi or watashi

    secret hi

    serial koku

    hole ketsu or ana

    window s or mado muscle kin or suji

    scheme saku

    simplicity kan

    sugar t

    lineage kei

    deep red k or beni or kurenai

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    settlement n or osa-meru

    genuine jun

    silk ken or kinu

    vertical ju or tate

    shrink shuku or chidi-mu

    government office sho

    the following yoku

    holy sei

    lung hai

    back hai or se

    bosom ky or mune

    brain n

    abdomen fuku or hara

    entrails z

    lookover rin or nozo-mu

    climax shi or ita-ru

    young jaku or waka-i

    renowned cho

    steam j or mu-su

    warehouse z or kura silkworm kaiko

    masses sh

    judge sai or saba-ku

    attire s or sh or yosoo-u

    back ri or ura

    supplement ho or ogina-u

  • 8/3/2019 1006 kanji

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    look at shi or mi-ru

    perusal ran

    chastise t or u-tsu

    visit h or otozu-reru

    translate yaku or wake

    poetry shi or kotoba

    document shi

    recognize nin or mito-meru

    born tan

    sincerity sei or makoto

    mistake go or ayama-ru

    theory ron

    everything sho or moro

    guard against kei

    precious ki

    fare chin

    bequeath i

    mail y

    home town ky or g

    needle shin or hari steel g or hagane

    closed hei or shi-meru

    tall kaku

    descend k or o-riru

    majesty hei

    exclude jo or nozo-ku

  • 8/3/2019 1006 kanji

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    hurt sh or sawa-ru

    difficult nan or muzuka-shii

    leather kaku or kawa

    place on the head ch or itada-ku

    bone kotsu or hone