101. Patterns of Wealth in Society (pg. 254)

http://blogs.isb.bj.edu.cn/16jinao/files/2013/05/19.-How-the-Poor-lived2.jpg

• Date: 1830-1840• In the early 19th century, the industrial revolution was pushing

towards a more unequal nation. The commercial growth of the United States gave the people a higher average income, but at the same time, this wealth was being distributed unequally.

• Merchants and industrialists were making a fortune in their occupation while establishing lavish neighborhoods and social rituals. A big problem that came out of this was the urban poor. Many were homeless or without anything at all due to the huge income the rich were making. Also, many of these people were victims of native prejudice- denied from solid jobs because of their race. Most notably were the free blacks. Most blacks did not have jobs and had almost no rights in the US.

• Despite the clearness of the rich and poor in the North, the middle class was expanding rapidly. Economic development led to more opportunities for owning shops or organizations. The middle class had a much better chance to become wealthy than any other class below the rich.

102. Cult of Domesticity (pg. 258)

http://americainclass.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/sphereofwoman.jpg

• Date: 19th century • The Cult of Domesticity was the prevailing belief system of the upper and

middle classes that emphasized the importance of women at home. In the mid 1800’s, women were still unequal to men meaning that they were still under complete authority of their husbands. The men believed that the women were to hold the four virtues of piety, purity, submission, and domesticity. They were to stay at home with the kids cooking, making beds, and nurturing the flowers.

• The middle class women started to develop a distinctive female culture of literature. Romantic novels focused on the private sphere that the women now had.

• This Cult of Domesticity provided women with greater comfort and self confidence now that they were helping society in a way. Although, at the same time, it left women detached from the outside world.

103. King Cotton (pg. 267)• Date: 1860

• By the 1830’s, the growth of tobacco was declining in the South-Atlantic region of United States. They needed to shift towards other crops with tobacco growth moving westward. The south decided to start growing cotton. Long staple cotton, a very profitable crop, could only grow in the southeast, but short staple cotton could be grown essentially anywhere in the east. Demand for cotton increased with rapidness as the textile industry in Britain was growing. By the 1850’s, cotton had become the king of the south.

• King Cotton was a slogan used to support the secession of the south from the north. The motto claimed that cotton exports would make an independent Confederate States of America economically prosperous while ruining the textile industry of New England. Most importantly, it would force Great Britain and France to support the Confederacy in the Civil War because their industrial economy depended on cotton textiles. It gave the South a sense of pride.

http://www.cigarlabeljunkie.com/Images/KingCotton_heart_gen.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/King_Cotton.jpg

104. Transcendentalism (pg. 291)

http://c3e308.medialib.glogster.com/mimi37312/media/4f/4ff9643aae1bc0f40f9f31c554c0780ff4e07f5a/transa5.jpg

• Date: 1830• Transcendentalism was a religious movement that

developed during the late 1820s in the Eastern region of the United States as an objection against the state of spirituality. The transcendentalists believed reason had little to do with rationality and that each individual person strived to transcend the limits of intellect. They also emphasized nature in everyday life.

• Two famous transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. They both wrote books on transcendentalism which became very popular at the time.

• In the end, transcendentalism became the first intellectual movement to inspire succeeding generations of American thinkers.

105. Joseph Smith• December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844• Joseph Smith was the founder of the Mormon faith. At

the age of 24, he published The Book of Mormon, an alleged translation of two golden tablets given by God, and began to attract thousands of followers. Many of Smith’s followers fled west to Independence, Missouri and then later to Utah on “The Mormon Trail” due to religious persecution. Smith allowed polygamy in the Mormon religion, and this often caused opposition to their religion. Smith’s actions reflect the attempts to create a utopian an ordered society, a popular idea at the time. • Pgs. 294 - 296

http://exexmormon.com/joseph-smith-modern-prophet

106. Mormonism

• 1830 – present day• Established in 1830 by Joseph Smith, Mormonism is a religion

that attempts to create a perfect utopian society. This new religion was a part of the popular movement of the time towards social organization. Many people who converted to the Mormon religion found strength in the faith after they had been displaced by the rapidly changing society around them. They attempted to create peaceful communities but were often recipients of opposition (many times for their belief in polygamy). The Mormons finally established their settlement in Utah, where they still have a large following today.• Pgs. 294 -296

http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/book-of-mormon

107. Horace Mann

• May 4, 1796 – August 2, 1859• Horace Mann pushed for state funded schools during

the time period of the 2nd Great Awakening. He was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. He argued that schools helped the less fortunate and the only way to preserve democracy. His efforts led to advancements in education by the 1850’s , the principle of state funded education was present in every state.• Pgs. 299-300

http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2012/06/horace_mann_sex.php

108. Rise of Feminism

• 1820’s and 1830’s • Many women began to join reform movements due to

frustrations over social and legal restrictions. Led by women such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, these movements pushed for increased rights for women and eventually organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848; the first major gathering of feminists looking for rights of its kind. These reform movements began the long battle for increased rights and eventually suffrage for women roughly one hundred years later.• Pgs. 301-302

Lucretia Mott

http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jan/mott.html

109. Abolitionism

• 1830 – 1865• Abolitionism was the movement to end slavery in the

United States that began to pick up momentum in the 1830’s. Abolitionists were majorly present in the Northern states and many, such as William Lloyd Garrison and Fredrick Douglass, actively advocated for slavery’s extinction. Eventually, the issue of slavery caused extreme sectional tensions between the North and the South. Many abolitionists, in addition to being supports of emancipation, also helped slaves to escape from the South.• 302

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism

110. William Lloyd Garrison

• December 12, 1805 – May 24, 1879• Garrison was an author and an avid abolitionist who

demanded emancipation. Garrison, who referred to the Constitution as a “pact with the devil, created the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator which became wildly popular amongst abolitionists. After attracting a large sum of followers in the North, Garrison established the New England Antislavery Society which later became the American Antislavery Society in 1833.• Pgs. 303

http://declaringamerica.com/garrison-john-brown-and-the-principle-of-nonresistance-1859/

111. Fredrick Douglass

• February 1818 – February 20, 1895• Fredrick Douglass was an escaped African-American

slave from the eastern shore of Maryland who later became one of the primary faces of the abolitionist movement prior to the civil war. Douglass was an inspiring orator and often gave speeches to Northern citizens advocating for abolition. Douglass founded the anti-slavery newspaper , the North Star, and demanded social and economic equality for blacks. • Pgs. 303 - 304

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Frederick_Douglass_c1860s.jpg

112. Underground Railroad

• Early 1800’s – 1865• The Underground Railroad was a series of

routes and stops used by southern slaves to reach freedom in the North or Canada. Many abolitionists aided the slaves by providing them with transportation or safe houses. Historians estimate that roughly 100,000 slaves utilized the network to escape from slavery.• Pgs. 282, 307

http://www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad/

113. Harriet Tubman

• 1822 – March 10, 1913• Harriet Tubman was an escaped slave from Maryland

who became an active abolitionist and participant in the Underground Railroad. She headed 13 missions to rescue slaves Tubman was active in the Civil War as a nurse and campaigned for women’s rights and suffrage in the years following the war. She garnered the nickname “Moses” for leading many former slaves into the “promised land” (North). • Pgs. N/A

https://wilsonncteaparty.wordpress.com/2013/08/08/harriettubman

114. Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• 1852• Uncle Tom’s Cabin was an abolitionist novel written

by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The book sold more than 300,000 copies and brought the message of abolitionism to a new audience. The book was turned into theater productions and was cast throughout the country. The novel furthered the rising sectional tensions between the North and the South because it gave Northerners a better sense of the injustice that slaves experienced on a daily basis.• Pgs. 307 - 308

115. James K. Polk

• November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849• Polk was the 11th president of the united states who

pushed for the annexation of Oregon and Texas. Texas was annexed shortly before his inauguration eventually causing war to break out with Mexico in 1846. The war became politically contentious and Polk was criticized for not fighting as hard to gain the Oregon territory as he did for Texas (favoritism towards the South). Northerner’s saw the Mexican-American War as a scheme by Polk to increase slave territory and southern power, furthering sectional tension between the North and South.• Pgs. 316 - 320

http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-polk

116. Texas Revolution

• October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836• As Americans began to move into Texas and the native

Texans began to feel outcast by the rest of Mexico, tensions arouse and fighting broke out between the Texans and the Mexicans after the Texans declared independence. The Texans came out victorious after hard fought battles such as the Alamo and the final blow, The Battle of San Jacinto. Initially, Texas was not annexed because Jackson feared that it would create an imbalance in the number of slave and free states in the Union. However, Texas’s independence eventually allowed them to join the Union just before Polk’s presidency increasing the land area of the United States.

• Pgs. 312 - 313

The Alamohttp://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/adp/history/alamo_images/images.html

117. Wilmot Proviso

• 1846• The Wilmot Proviso was a piece of legislation that

attempt to ban slavery in the area acquired from Mexico. The bill passed in the House but failed in the senate. The results of the voting for the bill showed the sectional conflict over the issue of slavery in the newly acquired land which had been traditionally kept out of politics. This bill foreshadowed the sectional debate that would occur over the following years leading up to the Civil War.• Pgs. 320 - 321

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_proviso

118. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( pg. 319-320)

Date: February 2, 1848

Description:

- Mexico was forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War, after the fall of their capitol and army.

- The peace treaty called for a 15 million dollar payment from the United States’ government to Mexico.

- In exchange, the Rio Grande would be the new border of Mexico, and the territories of California, a large area of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Wyoming would be annexed to the United States. http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/204/mexican_cession.jpg

119. California Gold Rush ( pg. 315, 322-323, 405-406)Date: (January 1848-1855)

Description:

- The California Gold Rush was the migration of about 300,000 people from all over the United States in search for Gold, which had been claimed to have been found at Sutter’s Mill.

- The people traveling west, who were known as forty-niners, traveled through the California and Santa Fe Trails, as well as by sea to reach their fresh start in California.

- After this period ended, most left California with little or what they had started with, but a slight few became very wealthy from their gold discovery.

http://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00001739.jpg

120. Compromise of 1850 (pg. 323-325)

Date: January 29, 1850

Description:

- The Compromise, which was created by Senator Henry Clay, resolved the controversy between free and slave states in the gained territory from the Mexican-American War.

- The Compromise of 1850 required Texas to surrender its claim to New Mexico, admitted California as a free state, and allowed Utah and New Mexico to use popular sovereignty to determine if slavery would be legal in their individual states.

- It, also, banned the slave trade in Washington D.C. http://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00080486.gif

121. Kansas-Nebraska Act (pg. 326-328)

Date: 1854

Description:

- The Kansas-Nebraska Act, which was created by Stephen A. Douglas originally to open up new farms for the benefit of the transcontinental railroad, created the states of Kansas and Nebraska.

- It also gave these states the right to popular sovereignty over slavery in their individual states, ignoring the Missouri Compromise Line of 1820.

- The significance of this act was that it angered many anti-slavery supporters in the North because they felt granting popular sovereignty to a state above the Missouri Compromise was very detrimental to their cause and was not justified.

http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/gastudiesimages/Kansas-Nebraska%20Act%202.jpg

122. Bleeding Kansas (pg. 327-328)Date: (1854-1861)

Description:

- Bleeding Kansas was a variety of political confrontations based on the dissatisfaction of anti-slavery Northerners with the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed popular sovereignty for slavery above the Missouri Compromise Line of 1850.

- These anti-slavery activists argued that the slave-owners would take up all of the land, occupied with their black slaves, and pro-slavery forces argued to the voters that these men should have rights to keep their slaves because they are property.

- Over all, this phrase was used because it represented the reality of a civil war between slavery and anti-slavery forces because of their various differences, which could not be compromised.

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/Slavery_Free_Soiler_cartoon.jpg

123. Dred Scott Decision (pg. 330-331)Date: 1857

Description:

- Dred Scott vs. Sanford was a very important ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that a slave did not have the right to sue because whether enslaved or free, blacks could not be granted U.S. citizenship.

- In addition, it stated that because a slave is property, the fed government cannot create “free” territories, because then they would be violating the 4th amendment’s right to property

- This made the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

- This was only the second time that the Supreme Court had declared an act of Congress unconstitutional in U.S. history, and it was reacted by extreme anti-slavery dissent. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2009/06/dredscott.

jpg

124. Abraham Lincoln (pg. 332-335, 344)

Date: ( March 4, 1861- April 15, 1865)

Description:

- Abraham Lincoln became president in 1861, and during his presidency he preserved the union, and abolished slavery through the Civil War.

- The importance of Abraham Lincoln on the war was his Emancipation Proclamation, not only freed all slaves in the south, but made the civil war about the abolishment of slavery.

- He was an extremely successful president, despite infringing upon multiple laws from Congress during the war, his decisions along with Ulysses S. Grant’s contributed greatly to a Union triumph.

http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/11/05/article-1083408-025F787C000005DC-629_468x517.jpg

125. Lincoln- Douglas Debates (pg. 332-333)

Date: 1858

Description:

- The Lincoln-Douglas Debates were a collection of deliberations between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, and Stephen A. Douglas, the Democrat candidate for the Illinois Senate election.

- The significance of theses debates were that even though Lincoln lost the election, he was able to gain much support because of his anti-slavery position, which would prove to help him in his later presidential election in 1860.

http://thenationsplitsapart.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/lincoln-douglas.jpg

126. Election of 1860 (pg. 333-335,483)Date: November 6, 1860

Description:

- Lincoln, a Republican candidate, was able to win the Election of 1860 because of the Northern and Southern divide the Democratic party underwent based on their differing views on the abolition of slavery.

- The north was able to elect Lincoln with basically no southern support because of the Democratic divide. The importance of this election was that it caused the immediate secession of seven southern states, and began the civil war process.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Wahl1860USA.jpg

127. Homestead Act (pg. 340, 407-408)Date: May 20, 1862

Description:

- Abraham Lincoln offered applications for any one 21 and over, including freed slaves and women, to apply for a land grant from the state for little or no cost.

- Lincoln wanted to create even more westward expansion by bringing more people to work the land and live out West.

- The significance of the Homestead Act was that it increased the proliferation of men maintaining land in the west, which helped advance the various societies of the West and their culture.

http://images.flatworldknowledge.com/berglee/berglee-fig04_009.jpg

128. Copperheads (pg. 343)

Date:(1860-1863)

Description:

- The Copperheads were a group of Northern Democrats, who criticized the Civil War, and wanted to make peace with the Confederacy. They were vocal about their displeasure with Lincoln’s war effort, and caused a wavering of division before his reelection.

- The Republicans called them copper heads because they believed they were as venomous and biting as snakes.

- The significance of Copperheads were that they were a significant factor into some dissention about the war with the Confederacy, and who it really benefits.

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1863/february/copperhead-cartoon.jpg

129. The Emancipation Proclamation (pg. 344)

Date: January 1, 1863

Description:

- The Emancipation Proclamation was the presidential proclamation, issued by Abraham Lincoln, which granted all slaves in Confederate states free.

- This proclamation , in a way, ennobled the Union war effort, because now the war became focused on freeing the slaves and the abolition of slavery, rather than just preserving the Union.

- Basically, it helped the Union win the war because of the African American support they were given, and gave Lincoln a boost of popularity among citizens and anti-slavery supporters.

http://www.yorkblog.com/universal/files/2013/12/EmancipationGazette.jpg

130. 13th Amendment (pg. 377-378)

Date: December 18, 1865

Description:

- The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, except for as a punishment, which really marked the beginning to a time of great triumph of freedom for African Americans, but also the brutalities of adopting a challenging new lifestyle.

- This amendment was appreciated by many of the Union soldiers, who had fought for equality, but ,also, this brought the North a sense of greater entitlement than the South based on their morality. http://freedomweek.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/410_13tha

mendment_hands.gif

131. Jefferson Davis pg. 346

• Before the War• Davis, before the war, was an active secessionist• After the formation of the Confederacy he was elected as theirPresident

• President of the Confederacy (1862-1865)• Davis was an ineffective leader

• Unable to enforce laws and taxes because the CSA was run off of States Rights• Davis caused economic turmoil

• Because he was unable to tax (due to the states’ rights) to raise money for the war, he began to print paper money

• The paper money eventually lost all value • Inflation- 9,000 percent increase

http://www.biography.com/people/jefferson-davis-9267899

132. States’ Rights pg. 346-347

• Confederate Constitution • Set up around the idea of States’ Rights (Gave federalGovernment very little power)

• States’ Rights (1861)• Immediately after CSA constitution was created the states Created their own governments• These governments focused on slavery and making it legal and a goal to get

rid of almost all national authority• Without the national authority, taxing was almost impossible and this led to

economic chaos

http://capitolhilloutsider.com/spotlight-states-rights-on-the-move/

133. Ulysses S. Grant pg. 350-351

• Civil War• Grant was appointed commanding general over the union army in March 1864(during Civil War)• He believed in Lincoln's strategy of unremitting combatAnd in making enemy armies and resources the targetof military efforts• Grant was able to use this strategy to overcome Lee’s Confederate and win the

American Civil War in 1865• Grant is later to be elected president 1868 and took office in 1869 (1869-1877)

• As President• Grant wins election of 1868 and his presidency is very poor• Grant’s Cabinet and Administration famous for graft, corruption, and nepotism• Despite all the scandals, he was reelected in 1872

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant

134. Robert E. Lee pg. 351-351,358

• Before Succession• Lee attended and graduated from West Point• Was against succession but could not fight against his home state, Virginia• Lincoln asked him to command Union forces but turned the offer down

• Civil War (Commanding General from 1861-1865)• Was appointed as Commanding General of the Confederate forces by President

Davis • Fought until he and his soldiers could fight no more• Lee’s strategies of war were brilliant and his knowledge of war was great• He was the most revered Confederate leader and is considered on of the best

generals in American History

http://www.biography.com/people/robert-e-lee-9377163

135. 13th Amendment pg. 344

http://texaspolitics.utexas.edu/archive/html/cons/features/0206_01/slide3.html

• Establishment• By the end of the war, two Union slave states

And three Confederate States had abolishedSlavery• In 1865, Congress approved and the states ratified the 13th amendment•Enforcement• The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in all parts of the United States• Millions of free men and women were now jobless and uneducated in the U.S.• Southern Farmers were able to move around the 13th amendment through the

Black codes, which is when blacks forced to work because of vagrancy • After more than two centuries, legalized slavery finally ceased to exist in the

United States

136. 14th Amendment pg. 377-378

• Proposal • It was proposed in 1866 by the Joint Committee on Reconstruction and Congress approved it later that summer and sent the amendment to the states for ratification• The amendment stated that everyone born in the United States, and everyone naturalized,

was automatically a citizen and entitled to all the “privileges and immunities” guaranteed by the Constitution

• There will be no other requirements for citizenship

• Enforcement• The amendment was used by congress as a way for Confederate States to get back into the

Union• In order to be reinstated into the Union, the states government had to be approved by

Congress and then the state legislature had to ratify the amendment

http://www.examiner.com/article/the-absurdity-of-citing-the-14th-amendment-to-endorse-gay-marriage

137. 15th Amendment pg. 378

• Proposal• The 15th Amendment was proposed in 1870 by Congress• The new amendment forbade the states and federal government to deny suffrage to any citizen on account of “race, color, or

previous condition of servitude”

• Enforcement• Like the 14th amendment, the 15th amendment had to be ratified by a

Confederate states in order to be reinstated into the union• Ratification by the states was completed in 1870• This amendment gave the right to vote to all males in the U.S.

http://1954brownveducation.weebly.com/15th-amendment.html

138. Sharecropping pg.382

• Definition • When blacks and some whites began to becomeTenants of white landowners,

• The laborer works their own plot of land and pays their land lords eithera fixed rent or a share of their crops (where sharecropping comes from)• Many would become in debt because the crops would not be enough to pay for their plot of

land

• Benefit compared to slavery• Blacks , for once, were able to enjoy a physical independence from their landlords

and had a sense of working their own land• In most cases though the worker was never able to buy the land

• The land lords were relieved of the cost of purchasing slaves and of the responsibility for the physical well being of their workers.

http://www.tahg.org/module_display.php?mod_id=149&review=yes

139. Black Codes pg. 376-377

• Beginning Of Codes• Throughout the South in 1865 and early 1866, state legislatures enacted sets of laws called

the Black Codes• The Black Codes authorized local officials of a state to detain unemployed blacks, fine them

for vagrancy, and hire them out to private employers to satisfy the fines

• Impact• These codes were used by southern states to get around slavery

• Some codes forbade blacks to own or lease farm or to take jobs as plantation workers or domestic servants, jobs formerly done by slaves

• Congress responded by expanding the powers of the Freedmen’s Bureau and they passed the Civil Rights Act, which declared that the Federal government had the power to protect their citizens

• The Act was vetoed by President Johnson, but the veto was overridden by Congress

http://thoughtprovokingperspectives.wordpress.com/2014/10/21/the-history-of-black-codes/

140. Jim Crow Laws pg. 395-397

• Beginning of the Laws• It began in 1883 when the court ruled that the 14th amendment prohibited states from discriminating

against people but that it did not restrict private organizations • In cases like Plessy v. Ferguson and Cumming v. County Board of Education, blacks were even more

segregated from withes on transportation and schools

• Establishment of the Laws• The First Jim Crow Laws were established in 1890 and they continued to expand• The Jim Crow laws goals were to segregate the black population from the white population

• By the end of the completion of the Laws, blacks were segregated from everything imaginable (parks, beaches, had to sit in the back of the bus, railroad cars, schools, bathrooms, water fountains, hospitals, ect.)

• Impact• These laws also sparked an increase of violence against Blacks

• Lynching became more common(187 lynches a year) and 80 percent of them were in the South

• These laws will later spark a Civil Rights Movement in the mid 20th century

https://206soph.wikispaces.com/Jim+Crow+Laws

141. Poll Tax, Literacy Test, Grandfather Clause pg. 397

http://hti.osu.edu/opper/lesson-plans/the-civil-rights-movement/images/literacy-test

• Devices used to keep blacks from voting• Poll Tax (1889-1910)

• Tax that had to be paid in states in order to vote during an election• Many blacks could not afford the tax, so they were unable to vote

• Literacy Test (first introduced in 1890)• A test that voters had to pass in order to vote in some states• At the time, blacks were uneducated and could not pass the test

• Grandfather Clause (enacted in Southern States between 1895 and 1910)• Many whites could not pay the Poll tax or even pass the literacy test• This caused states to create the clause which stated that if your grandfather or

father voted in elections before the current one, then you can vote• This did not apply to blacks because most blacks fathers and grandfathers were

slaves

142. Compromise of 1877 pg. 388-391• Situation

• During the election of 1876, there was a tie between Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes and Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden

• The reason for the tie was that there were 20 disputed votes from four states that could give either of them the victory

• Compromise (1877)• The republicans come up with the compromise • Compromise was that If the Democrats let Hayes win the election, then

they will end Reconstruction in the South• Democrats gladly agreed

https://prezi.com/fmf903ifsjo1/compromise-of-1877/