Answers—RonaldWantsToKnow:Tacoma

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Word of the Weekelevation — the height towhich something is elevated orto which it rises

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• Mount Rainier is Washington's highest moun-tain. It is the 21st most prominent mountain inthe world with an elevation rise of 13,211 feetfrom its nearest low point. It is the most promi-nent mountain in the lower 48 states (the con-tiguous United States).

• Mount Rainier is the highest peak in theCascade Range, a long range of volcanicmountains that stretches fromWashingtonthrough Oregon to northern California. OtherCascade peaks seen from the summit ofMount Rainier include Mount St. Helens, MountAdams, Mount Baker, Glacier Peak and MountHood on a clear day.

• Mount Rainier, a giant stratovolcano in theCascade Volcanic Arc, is considered an activevolcano with its last eruption in 1894. Rainiererupted over a dozen times in the last 2,600years, with the largest eruption 2,200 yearsago.

• As an active volcano, Mount Rainier hasmany small high-frequency earthquakes, oftenoccurring on a daily basis. Every month asmany as five quakes are recorded near themountain's summit. Small swarms of five to 10earthquakes, occurring over a few days, alsooccur often. Geologists say most of theseearthquakes result from hot fluids circulatinginside the mountain. Go to “Recent MountRainier Earthquakes” to get the latest seismicdata about what's shaking on Rainier.

• Rainier's summit has two overlapping vol-canic craters, each more than 1,000 feet indiameter. It also has a small crater lake that is16 feet deep and 130 feet long by 30 feet wide.This is the highest crater lake in NorthAmerica. The lake, however, lies beneath 100feet of ice in the west summit crater. It can onlybe visited by following a network of ice caves inthe craters.

• Mount Rainier is the most glaciated mountainin the contiguous United States with 26 majorglaciers as well as 35 square miles of glaciersand permanent snowfields.

• Mount Rainier has three separate summits –14,411-foot Columbia Crest, 14,158-foot PointSuccess, and 14,112-foot Liberty Cap. Thestandard climbing routes reach the crater crestat 14,150 feet and many climber stop here,deeming that they've reached the top. Theactual summit at Columbia is a quarter mileaway and reached by a 45-minute hike acrossthe crater.

• Liberty Cap at 14,112 feet (4,301 meters), isthe lowest of Mount Rainiers three summits buthas a prominence of 492 feet (150 meters)which makes it a separate peak from ColumbiaCrest, the high point. Most climbers, however,do not consider it a separate mountainbecause of Rainier's huge size so it is seldom

climbed in comparison to the higher summit.

• The volcanic cone of Mount Rainier is about500,000 years old, although an early ancestralcone composed of lava flows is more than840,000 years old. Geologists say the moun-tain once stood at about 16,000 feet but debrisavalanches, mudflows or lahars, and glacia-tions reduced it to its present elevation. Thehuge Osceola Mudflow, occurring 5,000 yearsago, was a giant debris avalanche that sweptrock, ice, and mud more than 50 miles to theTacoma area and removed more than 1,600feet from the mountain top. The last majormudflow happened over 500 years ago.Geologists say future mudflows could reach asfar as Seattle and inundate the Puget Sound.

• Mount Rainier is the centerpiece of 235,625-acre Mount Rainier National Park, which lies50 miles southwest of Seattle. The park is 97percent wilderness with the other 3 percent aNational Historic Landmark District. More than2 million visitors come to the park every year.President William McKinley created the nation-al park, the nation's fifth, on March 2, 1899.

• Native Americans called the mountainTahoma, Tacoma, or Talol from a Lushootseedword meaning "mother of waters" and a Skagitword meaning "great white mountain."

• The first Europeans to see the great peakwere Captain George Vancouver (1757-1798)and his crew, who sailed into Puget Sound in1792 while exploring the northwest coast ofNorth America. Vancouver named the peak forRear Admiral Peter Rainier (1741-1808) of theBritish Royal Navy. Rainier fought against thecolonists in the American Revolution and wasseverely wounded on July 8, 1778 while cap-turing a ship. He later became a commodoreand served in the East Indies before retiring in

1805. After his election to parliament, he diedon April 7, 1808.

• In 1792, Captain George Vancouver wroteabout newly discovered and named MountRainier: "The weather was serene and pleas-ant, and the country continued to exhibitbetween us and the eastern snowy range thesame luxuriant appearance. At is northernextremity, Mount Baker bore by compass N.22E.; the round snowy mountain, now formingits southern extremity, and which, after myfriend, Rear Admiral Rainier, I distinguish bythe name of Mount Rainier, bore N(S) 42 E."

• Through the 19th century the mountain wascalled both Mount Rainier and Mount Tacoma.In 1890, the United States Board ofGeographic Names deemed that it would becalled Rainier. As late as 1924, however, a res-olution was introduced in the U.S. Congress tocalled it Tacoma.

• The first ascent of Mount Rainier was thoughtto be in 1852 by an undocumented party. Thefirst known ascent was in 1870 by HazardStevens and P.B. Van Trump. The pair werefeted in Olympia after their successful ascent.

• The great American naturalist John Muirclimbed Mount Rainier in 1888. He later wroteabout his climb: "The view we enjoyed from thesummit could hardly be surpassed in sublimityand grandeur; but one feels far from home sohigh in the sky, so much so that one is inclinedto guess that, apart from the acquisition ofknowledge and the exhilaration of climbing,more pleasure is to be found at the foot of themountains than on their tops. Doubly happy,however, is the man to whom lofty mountaintops are within reach, for the lights that shinethere illumine all that lies below."

Mount Rainier: Highest mountain in WashingtonNIE Coordinator: Dana Wolfe / Graphic Designer: Scarlett E. Smith

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On This DayIn 1964, it was announced thatsoviet leader NikitaKhrushchev had been removedfrom office. He was succeededas premier by Alexei Kosyginas Communist Party secretaryby Leonid Brezhnev.

Did You Know?Mount Rainier:

Elevation: 14,411 feet (4,392meters)

Prominence: 13,211 feet(4,027 meters); 21st mostprominent peak in the world.

Location: Cascade Range,Pierce County, Mount RainierNational Park, Washington.

Coordinates: 46°51′10″ N121°45′37″WFirst Ascent: First recordedascent in 1870 by HazardStevens and P. B. Van Trump.

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here’s no place like home.” “There’s noplace like home.”

Remember those lines from The Wizardof Oz? Well, in some ways they’re right on

the money. There really is no place on Earth likethe continent you call home.

North America is made up of Canada, the UnitedStates, Greenland, Mexico, Central America, andthe islands of the Caribbean. Although the conti-nent was inhabited by Indians for thousands ofyears before it was settled by Europeans, most of

the people who live there today are descendants ofthe Europeans. African Americans and AsianAmericans make up small but significant portionsof the population.

North America is the third largest and fourthmost populous continent. And if you want evi-dence of the world’s diversity, this is the place tolook. There are people from just about every dif-ferent cultural and ethnic background; there aregreat rivers, high mountains, grassy plains, andexpansive deserts; there are huge, modern cities,

and tiny, primitive villages. North America is also the richest continent in the

world. It has more useful and valuable resourcesthan any other.

North America is the only continent that hasevery kind of climate in the world, from the bittercold of the Arctic to the steamy tropics.

Most of the people in the United States andCanada, and many in the Caribbean islands, speakEnglish. In the rest of the continent, Spanish is thedominant language.

north america

statisticsChoose one North American country and find out the following:

Capital:________________________________________

Language:______________________________________

Type of government:______________________________

Head of government:______________________________

Topography:_____________________________________

Major exports:___________________________________

Major industries:__________________________________

Typical dress:______________________________________

What are the schools there like?________________________

______________________________________________

“t

14

PASSPORT TO: NORTH AMERICA

• The city with the largestpopulation in North Americais Mexico City, Mexico. Themost populous country isthe United States. (2010census)

• The longest river in NorthAmerica is the MississippiRiver.

• Lake Superior is thelargest fresh water lake inthe world. It is located onthe border between theUnited States and Canada.

• The country of Greenlandis the biggest island on theplanet.

• The North American andSouth American continentsare thought to have beennamed after Italian explorerAmerigo Vespucci.