10.2 islam expands
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10.2 Islam Expands10.2 Islam ExpandsIn spite of internal In spite of internal
conflicts, the conflicts, the Muslims create a Muslims create a huge empire that huge empire that includes land on includes land on three continents.three continents.
VocabularyVocabulary Caliph Highest political and religious
leader in a Muslim government Umayyads Dynasty that ruled the
Muslim Empire from A.D. 661 to 750 Sunni Branch of Islam whose
members believe the first four caliphs are the rightful successors of Muhammad
Shi’a Branch of Islam whose members believe Ali and his descendants are the rightful successors of Muhammad
VocabularyVocabulary Sufi Muslim who tries to achieve
direct contact with God Abbasids Dynasty that ruled much
of the Muslim Empire from A.D. 750 to 1258
al-Andalus Muslim-ruled area in what is now Spain
Fatimid Member of a Muslim dynasty that traced its ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima
Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamMuhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
A New LeaderA New Leader• In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect
Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph.Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph.• Caliph—title for a Muslim leader—means Caliph—title for a Muslim leader—means
“successor” or “deputy.“successor” or “deputy.
Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamMuhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
““Rightly Guided” CaliphsRightly Guided” Caliphs• The first four caliphs are guided by the The first four caliphs are guided by the
Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions.Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions.• Jihad—an armed struggle against Jihad—an armed struggle against
unbelievers—is used to expand Islam.unbelievers—is used to expand Islam.• Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies
conquer Syria and lower Egypt.conquer Syria and lower Egypt.• By 750, the Muslim empire stretches By 750, the Muslim empire stretches
from the Altantic Ocean to the Indus from the Altantic Ocean to the Indus River.River.
Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamMuhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success• Muslim armies are well disciplined and Muslim armies are well disciplined and
expertly commanded.expertly commanded.• Byzantine and Sassanid empires are Byzantine and Sassanid empires are
weak from previous conflict.weak from previous conflict.• Persecuted citizens of these empires Persecuted citizens of these empires
welcome Islam.welcome Islam.• People are attracted to Islam’s offer of People are attracted to Islam’s offer of
equality and hope.equality and hope.
Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamMuhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
Treatment of Conquered PeoplesTreatment of Conquered Peoples• Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.• Christians and Jews receive special Christians and Jews receive special
consideration as “people of the book.”consideration as “people of the book.”
From 632 to 750, highly mobile troops mounted on camels were successful in conquering lands in the name of Allah.
Internal Conflict Creates a CrisisInternal Conflict Creates a Crisis
Rise of the UmayyadsRise of the Umayyads• Struggles for power end the elective Struggles for power end the elective
system of choosing a caliphsystem of choosing a caliph• A wealthy family, the Umayyads, take A wealthy family, the Umayyads, take
power and move the capital to power and move the capital to Damascus.Damascus.
Internal Conflict Creates a CrisisInternal Conflict Creates a Crisis
Sunni—Shi’a SplitSunni—Shi’a Split• Shi’a— “party” of Ali—believe the caliph Shi’a— “party” of Ali—believe the caliph
should be a descendant of Muhammad.should be a descendant of Muhammad.• Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s
example—supported the Umayyads.example—supported the Umayyads.• Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and
spirituality. They reject the Umayyads.spirituality. They reject the Umayyads.• In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—
topple the Umayyads.topple the Umayyads.
Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsControl Extends Over Three-Continents
Fall of the UmayyadsFall of the Umayyads• Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one
prince escapes, Abd al-Rahmanprince escapes, Abd al-Rahman• He flees to Spain and establishes the He flees to Spain and establishes the
Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus.Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus.• al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern
Spain settled by North Africans.Spain settled by North Africans.
Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsControl Extends Over Three-Continents
Abbasids Consolidate PowerAbbasids Consolidate Power• In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital
from Damascus to Bagdad.from Damascus to Bagdad.• Location provides access to trade goods, Location provides access to trade goods,
gold, and information.gold, and information.• Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy
to manage empire.to manage empire.
Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsControl Extends Over Three-Continents
Rival Groups Divide Muslim LandsRival Groups Divide Muslim Lands• Independent Muslim states spring up; Independent Muslim states spring up;
Shi’a Muslims form new caliphateShi’a Muslims form new caliphate• Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from
Fatima, daughter of Muhammad.Fatima, daughter of Muhammad.• The Fatimid caliphate begins in North The Fatimid caliphate begins in North
Africa and spreads to the Red Sea, Africa and spreads to the Red Sea, western Arabia, and Syria.western Arabia, and Syria.
Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsControl Extends Over Three-Continents
Muslim Trade NetworkMuslim Trade Network• Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia
and Europeand Europe• Muslim merchants use Arabic, single Muslim merchants use Arabic, single
currency, and checks.currency, and checks.• Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling
center of Muslim cutlure.center of Muslim cutlure.