10/24/2015describe the layers of the atmosphere this is due at the end of class warm up question:...

04/22/23 describe the layers of the atmosphere

This is due at the end of class Warm up question: List the 4 layers of the

atmosphere and explain the differences

Exit: What is reflection


Essential QuestionExplain how radiant energy reaches the earth.

Homework

Read pages 455-462 : answer questions on page 462

Vocabulary page 474 ; define and give one fact

Read page 463-468 ; answer questions on page 468

Study for vocabulary quiz on Friday


Chapter 23 standards

Energy enters the Earth system primarily as solar radiation and eventually escapes as heat. As a basis for understanding this concept:

Heating of Earth's surface and atmosphere by the sun drives convection within the atmosphere and oceans, producing winds and ocean currents. As a basis for understanding this concept:

Climate is the long-term average of a region's weather and depends on many factors. As a basis for understanding this concept:

Life has changed Earth's atmosphere, and changes in the atmosphere affect conditions for life. As a basis for understanding this concept:


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Characteristics of the

Atmosphere ; page 455

Atmosphere is a layer of gases and particles that surround the earth.

Meteorologist – study climate and weather


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Composition of the

atmosphere ; page 455 Most abundant gases in

atmosphere – SEA LEVEL up to 50 MILES UP Nitrogen Oxygen Argon

Atmosphere also has……. Water – not on graph

because of varying amounts Carbon Dioxide – VERY

small amount Ozone – much higher

concentration in STRATOSPHERE


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Oxygen in the atmosphere ;

page 456

Oxygen is a chemical process to maintain a balance.

Animals, plants, bacteria, forest fires, burning of fuels, and weathering all use up oxygen.

Land and plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis.


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Nitrogen in the atmosphere

; page 457

Nitrogen fixing bacteria remove it from the air and fix it into the soil

The bacteria changes it into nitrogen compounds that plants use for growth.

Animals eat the plants and return the nitrogen to the air and soil from the release of waste


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Atmospheric pressure ;

page 457

The closer you are to the surface the more air pressure there is – 99% of the air is within 32 Km of the surface, Mount Everest is

0.885 Km


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Mercurial Barometer ; page

458

It measures the amount of air pressure on a pool of mercury.

We measure the movement up and down a tube – 760 mm is the average pressure at sea level.

Weather maps use millibars – one millibars is 0.001 of standard pressure


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Aneroid Barometer ;

page 459

Is a canister that has a vacuum inside – the sides flexing tell the pressure.

It can also be used to measure altitude and is called an altimeter.


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Layers of the

Atmosphere ; page 459

Layers are not set by pressure changes, but by changes in temperature.

Solar energy absorption is responsible.

There are 4 layers

Dec

reas

ing

Air

Pre

ssu

reD

ecre

asin

g A

ir P

ress

ure


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes The Troposphere ; page

460 The layer closest to the

surface – means change Almost all weather, water

vapor and carbon dioxide are found here.

Temperature decrease with altitude by 6.5 degrees km, at 10 km the temp levels off and is called the Tropopause.

Latitude and seasons affect the level.


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes The stratosphere ; page

460

Starts at the Tropopause and extends up to 50 km.

Temp starts at -60 degrees and gets warmer with altitude.

This increase is due to the ozone layer.

The high temperature point is called the Stratopause


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes The Mesosphere ; page

461

Starts at Stratopause and up to 80 km.

Temp decrease with altitude and reaches the coldest at -90 degrees.

At the Mesopause temp begins to increase.


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes The Thermosphere ; page

461 Thermosphere is

HOTTEST layer due to solar energy absorption by Oxygen & Nitrogen (2,000 degrees)

Ionosphere found in lower Thermosphere Responsible for radio wave

reflection around Earth Above the Thermosphere is

the Exosphere, goes up into space


What is happening to the air pressure as you move up through the atmosphere?


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Air Pollution ; page 462 ANY substance in the atmosphere

that is harmful to people, animals or PROPERTY is an air pollutant.

Main source: FOSSIL FUELS Burning of coal and petroleum

fuels Acid rain – sulfur compounds

released combine with rain in clouds and fall to Earth

Acid Rain poisons wildlife, soil and human water supply in addition to corroding metal found on most exposed buildings


Chapter 23 Section 1 notes Temperature

inversion ; page 462

Normally, warm air rises above colder air moving polluted air away from land

A Temperature InversionTemperature Inversion occurs when COLD air is trapped under WARM air, keeping polluted air next to the ground


Los Angeles & Denver:Smog Capitals


Chapter 23 Section 2 notes Solar Energy and the

Atmosphere

The earth is heated by energy being absorbed by certain gases in the atmosphere.

It is also heated by radiated heat from the oceans and land


Chapter 23 Section 2 notes Radiation All energy travels from sun

in form of Electromagnetic Radiation

The shorter the wavelength – HIGHER ENERGYHIGHER ENERGY


X-Rays, Gamma Rays and UV rays are absorbed by Nitrogen and Oxygen in the thermospherethermosphere

Nitrogen and oxygen stripped of electrons – Ions – form IonosphereIonosphere - a layer in lower thermosphere that blocks and reflects radio waves

UV light absorbed by ozone in stratospherestratosphere

Energy Absorption by Layer

IonosphereIonosphere


Chapter 23 Section 2 notes Scattering Water droplets, dust

and gases in the atmosphere bend and reflect light.

The sky is blue because it scatters more easily.

A sunset or sunrise is red because the blue is scattered away from the sun


100% of Solar Energy

20% Absorbed by Clouds,

dust & gases

30% Reflected by clouds, dust, gas

and Earth

50% Absorbed by Earth’s Surface

Land & Oceans

Chapter 23 Section 2 notes Reflection

The Albedo is the fraction of light reflected – for the Earth, the Albedo is 0.3


Chapter 23 Section 2 notes Absorption and infrared Energy The solar energy not reflected is

ABSORBED by the Earth. When warmed, the Earth gives

off its own IR rays Ex. IR Night Vision – used by

military and police, one can see objects in complete darkness by IR energy they give off.

Where the Ozone layer filters out HARMFUL UV light, the ozone layer reflects IR energy given off by the Earth See figure 23-10 – p.466


Chapter 23 Section 2 notes The greenhouse effect http://earthguide.ucsd.e

du/earthguide/diagrams/greenhouse/


Chapter 23 Section 2 notes Variations in

temperature

Latitude effects the amount of light you get.

The closer to the equator the more light and the warmer it gets.

Water helps moderate the temperature on land.


Chapter 23 Section 2 notes Conduction and

convection

In conduction the molecules move faster to transfer heat, but since air is so far apart it does not transfer heat well.

In convection warm air moves up and cold air moves down.


Chapter 23 Section 3 notes Winds At the equator is low

pressure, High pressure at the poles.

This causes global winds to balance the difference.


Chapter 23 Section 3 notes Global winds Winds and ocean current

are affected by earth’s rotation.

Coriolis effect: deflected to right in the north and left in the south

There are three convection cells in the northern hemisphere. (equator-30, 30-60,60-pole)


Chapter 23 Section 3 notes Trade winds Winds are named for the

direction they come from. Northeast trades and southeast trades.

Meet at the equator in a zone called the doldrums – low

At 30 degrees is the horse latitudes – a banned of high pressure


Chapter 23 Section 3 notes Westerlies Westerlies blow from

the southwest in the north and the northwest in the south.

Located between 40 and 60 degrees.

Blow across the United States.


Chapter 23 Section 3 notes Polar Easterlies Result of polar high

pressure. Strongest off

Antarctica, where they meet warm air from the Westerlies.

Deflected by the Coriolis effect.


Chapter 23 Section 3 notes Wind and pressure shifts

Jet streams

Wind belts shift with the seasons.

Formed at cell boundaries, very fast and changing in mid latitudes. Steady and unchanging in tropical areas.

Form at 10 to 15 km up, 100 km wide and 2 to 3 km thick


Chapter 23 Section 3 notes Local Winds

Land and sea breezes

Cover a distance of less then 100km or breezes.

Uneven heating of land and water cause breezes to form, inland during the day and out to sea at night.


Chapter 23 Section 3 notes Mountain and Valley

breezes

Warm valley air moves up the mountains during the day, the mountain air cools faster after sunset and descends back into the valley.


Chapter 23 extra credit opportunities

1. Write questions and answers out completely.1. Pages 474 – 475

2. Review questions 1 – 12


Group Drawings Group 1 – page 177 Group 2 – page 408 Group 3 – page 410 Group 4 – page 416 Group 5 – page 429 Group 6 – page 431

Group 7 – page 455 Group 8 – page 456 Group 9 – page 457 Group 10 – page 460 Group 11 – page 465 Group 12 – page 472


How to phrase your statement I believe the ___________ will ___________.


Lab – Atmospheric Pressure ( page 457) Materials

Air pump Bell Chamber Marshmallows Water bottles – empty ,

half full Shaving cream Balloons – one closed,

one open

1. Write a prediction of what will happen to the item in the chamber.

2. Observe what happens and write it down.

3. Did it do what you thought, why or why not.


Vocabulary Quiz – Chapter 23Define these terms in your own words.

1. Weather

2. Climate

3. Ozone

4. Nitrogen cycle

5. Atmospheric pressure

10/24/2015describe the layers of the atmosphere this is due at the end of class warm up question:...

Documents