Nutrition & You, 4e (Blake)Chapter 10 Weight Management and Energy Balance

1) According to BMI, a woman who is 5 feet 6 inches tall and weighs 175 pounds is considered to beA) of normal weight.B) overweight.C) obese.D) underweight.Answer: BPage Ref: 370, 373Skill: ApplicationLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

2) Which of the following conditions is not related to being overweight?A) certain types of cancerB) allergic reactionsC) type 2 diabetesD) osteoarthritisAnswer: BPage Ref: 370-371Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.1Section: 10.1

3) One of the easiest ways to assess whether you are at a healthy weight is toA) compare yourself to your friends.B) weigh yourself.C) look in the mirror.D) calculate your BMI.Answer: DPage Ref: 372Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

4) A man who has a BMI of 20 is considered to beA) overweight.B) underweight.C) at a healthy weight.D) obese.Answer: CPage Ref: 373Skill: ApplicationLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

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5) Which of the following BMI values is considered to represent a healthy weight?A) 18.4 and underB) between 18.5 and 24.9C) between 18.5 and 39.9D) between 20 and 39.9Answer: BPage Ref: 373Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

6) Which of the following methods of assessing body fat percentage involves passing an electric current through the body?A) underwater weighingB) bioelectrical impedanceC) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometryD) skinfold thickness measurementsAnswer: BPage Ref: 375Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

7) Which of the following methods of assessing body fat percentage involves the use of a BodPod?A) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometryB) bioelectrical impedanceC) underwater weighingD) air displacementAnswer: DPage Ref: 375Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

8) The fat that is stored in the abdominal region is classified asA) subcutaneous fat.B) visceral fat.C) central fat.D) gynoid fat.Answer: BPage Ref: 374Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

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9) About 60 percent of an individual's daily energy needs is determined byA) the amount of physical activity.B) the thermic effect of food.C) the individual's basal metabolic rate.D) both the amount of physical activity and the thermic effect of food.Answer: CPage Ref: 378Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

10) The factor that most affects an individual's BMR is theA) number of calories consumed.B) degree of physical activity.C) individual's lean body mass.D) number of hours slept each night.Answer: CPage Ref: 378Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

11) Which of the following factors can lower an individual's basal metabolic rate?A) epinephrine release during stressB) large body sizeC) caffeine or nicotine intakeD) starvationAnswer: DPage Ref: 378Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

12) What is the approximate TEF of a 260-calorie bagel?A) 62 caloriesB) 2.6 caloriesC) 26 caloriesD) 260 caloriesAnswer: CPage Ref: 378Skill: ApplicationLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

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13) Which of the following hormones is produced in fat tissue and helps regulate body fat by signaling the brain to reduce food intake?A) ghrelinB) leptinC) thyroid hormoneD) cholecystokininAnswer: BPage Ref: 381Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

14) Which of the following hormones is both released when the stomach is distended and triggers the feeling of satiation?A) insulinB) glucagonC) cholecystokininD) leptinAnswer: CPage Ref: 381Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

15) Which of the following statements correctly describes a factor that contributes to the growing obesity epidemic?A) People have become less physically active.B) Portion sizes have become too large.C) People now consume too many ready-to-eat foods prepared outside the home.D) All of the answers are correct.Answer: DPage Ref: 384-386Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

16) Which of the following procedures is cosmetic and not a way to lose weight?A) gastric bandingB) liposuctionC) gastric bypass surgeryD) treatment with sibutramineAnswer: BPage Ref: 397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

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17) Which of the following statements regarding dieting and/or weight-loss diets is incorrect?A) Consuming modest portions of any food is beneficial.B) Such diets are designed to reduce caloric intake.C) Carbohydrates are the main cause for weight gain.D) Americans spend more than $60 billion annually on weight-loss programs.Answer: CPage Ref: 388Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

18) Weight loss resulting from a low-carbohydrate diet is primarily due toA) water loss.B) fat loss.C) protein loss.D) None of the answers is correct.Answer: APage Ref: 388-389Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

19) Which of the following products has been proven to promote weight loss?A) guar gumB) chitosanC) bitter orangeD) None of the answers is correct.Answer: DPage Ref: 390Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

20) Which of the following statements about eating disorders is incorrect?A) Over their lifetimes, about twice as many women as men struggle with eating disorders.B) Eating disorders are psychological illnesses.C) The highest prevalence of eating disorders is among African-American women.D) Among women of all ages, eating disorders are most prevalent in adolescents and young adults.Answer: CPage Ref: 401Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.8Section: 10.8

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21) Which of the following substances that increase satiety has the most dramatic effect?A) proteinB) artificial sweetenersC) vitaminsD) sugarAnswer: APage Ref: 392Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

22) Which of the following nutritious foods is the most energy dense?A) 1 oz cooked chicken breastB) 1 cup of granolaC) 1 cup of mashed potatoesD) 1 tbsp of real mayonnaiseAnswer: BPage Ref: 400Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 10.7Section: 10.7

23) What is the energy content of unsaturated fats?A) 4 calories per gramB) 7 calories per gramC) 9 calories per gramD) 11 calories per gramAnswer: CPage Ref: 392Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

24) An individual who walks about 10,000 steps daily walks about how far each day?A) 1 mileB) 3 milesC) 5 milesD) 7 milesAnswer: CPage Ref: 393Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

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25) Which of the following activities expends the most calories per hour?A) walking at 3.5 miles per hourB) bicycling at less than 10 miles per hourC) swimming slow freestyle lapsD) stretchingAnswer: CPage Ref: 393Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

26) What is lanugo?A) fine, downy hair that sometimes is associated with anorexia nervosaB) a sudden drop in blood pressure resulting from excessive dietingC) a common side effect of liposuction surgeryD) a supplement that claims to increase metabolismAnswer: APage Ref: 403-404Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.8Section: 10.8

27) Which of the following actions is not a diagnostic criterion of bulimia nervosa?A) abuse of laxatives or diureticsB) self-induced vomitingC) excessive exerciseD) excessive caloric restrictionAnswer: DPage Ref: 405Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.8Section: 10.8

28) Binge eating disorder involvesA) recurrent episodes of bingeing without purging.B) side effects such as scar tissue on the knuckles.C) abuse of laxatives.D) abuse of diet pills.Answer: APage Ref: 405-406Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.8Section: 10.8

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29) Which of the following types of surgery involves stapling the majority of the stomach shut?A) liposuctionB) gastric bandingC) gastric bypass surgeryD) hernia surgeryAnswer: CPage Ref: 396-397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

30) Which of the following statements describes the likely cause of suppressed appetite after gastric bypass surgery?A) The loss of stomach area results in the production of lower levels of ghrelin.B) Bypassing the small intestine results in higher levels of leptin secretion.C) The stomach produces lower levels of intrinsic factor.D) The surgery renders foods unpalatable.Answer: APage Ref: 397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

31) Which of the following weight-loss medications has been prohibited by the FDA?A) supplements containing ephedraB) BelviqC) QysmiaD) orlistatAnswer: APage Ref: 396Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

32) Which of the following hormones signals the brain to decrease in food intake?A) ghrelinB) thyroid hormoneC) leptinD) cholecystokininAnswer: CPage Ref: 381Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

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33) Which of the following hormones affects basal metabolic rate?A) ghrelinB) thyroid hormoneC) leptinD) cholecystokininAnswer: BPage Ref: 378Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

34) Which of the following terms describes the sensation of having had enough to eat?A) satietyB) anxietyC) hungerD) scarcityAnswer: APage Ref: 381Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

35) The release of which of the following hormones is signaled when the stomach is distended?A) leptinB) ghrelinC) cholecystokininD) thyroid hormoneAnswer: CPage Ref: 381Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

36) Which of the following prescription weight-loss medications reduces hunger and increases thermogenesis?A) orlistatB) sibutramineC) QsymiaD) BelviqAnswer: BPage Ref: 396Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

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37) Which of the following hormones is produced in the stomach and stimulates hunger?A) leptinB) thyroid hormoneC) cholecystokininD) ghrelinAnswer: DPage Ref: 381Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

38) Which of the following prescription weight-loss medications inhibits an intestinal enzyme needed for the breakdown of fat?A) QsymiaB) MeridiaC) XenicalD) BelviqAnswer: CPage Ref: 396Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

39) Which of the following surgeries reduces the functional volume of the stomach?A) gastric bandingB) liposuctionC) colectomyD) gastric bypass surgeryAnswer: DPage Ref: 396-397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

40) Which of the following surgeries involves the removal of subcutaneous fat?A) gastric bypassB) liposuctionC) gastric bandingD) valvuloplastyAnswer: BPage Ref: 397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

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41) Cellulite is a type of fat that is distinctly different from other fat within the body.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

42) Individuals who undergo gastric bypass surgery can experience nutrient deficiencies due to reduced absorption of nutrients.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

43) Storing too much subcutaneous fat is more likely to lead to health problems than storing too much visceral fat.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 374Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

44) A BMI of 30 is considered healthy.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 373Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

45) Overweight individuals weigh 10 to 15 pounds more than their healthy weights.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 370Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.1Section: 10.1

46) A BodPod measures air displacement as a method of estimating BMI.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 375Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

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47) Underwater weighing as a method for calculating percentage of body fat is based on the fact that fat is less dense than muscle.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 375Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

48) Over time, positive energy balance leads to weight loss.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 376-377Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

49) The basal metabolism rate (BMR) decreases about 1 to 2 percent per decade for adults.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 378Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

50) Dining at home is associated with a higher BMI.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 385Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

51) It is recommended that overweight individuals lose 4 to 7 pounds per week.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 387Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

52) A person in negative energy balance can expect to lose weight.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 377Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

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53) About 20 percent of your daily energy needs is determined by your BMR.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 378Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

54) Hormone fluctuations before a woman ovulates tend to increase her BMR.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 378Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

55) African Americans have BMRs that are about 10 percent lower than those of Caucasians.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 378Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

56) Cholecystokinin is a hormone released when the stomach is distended.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 381Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

57) Leptin is a hormone that is made in the stomach and increases hunger.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 381Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

58) Purchasing a large bag of potato chips instead of a small bag doesn't usually change the amount you actually eat.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 385Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

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59) Nonexercise-associated thermogenesis (NEAT) is the energy expenditure that occurs during fidgeting, standing, and chewing gum.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 383Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

60) An environment characterized by cheap and easily obtainable food may be one of the biggest culprits in the current obesity epidemic.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 385Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

61) Eating low-volume, high-calorie foods helps in weight management.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 387Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

62) The fiber in vegetables contributes to their bulk and their ability to prolong satiety.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 390Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

63) Techniques that focus on changing the eating patterns that contribute to weight gain or impede weight loss are referred to as behavior modification techniques.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 394Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

64) In gastric banding, a silicone band is placed around the lower end of the stomach to greatly reduce emptying time.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

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65) To be absorbed, vitamin B12 needs extrinsic factor from the stomach, which is missing after gastric bypass surgery.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

66) A person needs an energy deficit of approximately 3,500 calories over time to lose one pound of fat.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 387Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

67) Abnormal and potentially harmful eating behaviors that do not meet the specific criteria for an eating disorder are categorized as disordered eating.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 401Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.8Section: 10.8

68) Binge eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of bingeing and purging.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 401-402Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.8Section: 10.8

69) Self-starvation and excessive weight loss characterize the eating disorder called anorexia nervosa.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 401-402Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.8Section: 10.8

70) The difference between the numbers of calories needed to maintain weight before and after weight loss is known as the energy gap.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 399Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.6Section: 10.6

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71) Body mass index (BMI) is a calculation of your weight in relationship to your age.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 372Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

72) The basal metabolism rate (BMR) is the amount of energy the body expends to meet its basic physiological needs.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 378Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

73) The fat that surrounds organs in the chest, stomach, and above the hips is called subcutaneous fat.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 374Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

74) The fat located under the skin is called visceral fat.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 374Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

75) Deciding to begin eating breakfast and to skip a snack before lunch is an example of behavior modification.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 394Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

76) A woman with a hip circumference of more than 35 inches is at a higher risk for certain diseases than a woman with slimmer hips.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 375-376Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.2Section: 10.2

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77) Rapid weight loss during the first week of low-carbohydrate dieting is due to the loss of water and stored glycogen.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 388-389Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

78) Each gram of glycogen removed from storage in the liver also causes the loss of 5 grams of water.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 388-389Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

79) Taking 10,000 steps is the equivalent of walking 7 miles.Answer: FALSEPage Ref: 393Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

80) To successfully maintain weight loss, people need to adjust their diet, engage in physical activity, and modify their behavior.Answer: TRUEPage Ref: 387Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

81) Which nutrients are likely to be inadequately absorbed following gastric bypass surgery?Answer: Vitamin B12, iron, and calcium—which are normally absorbed in the now-removed upper portion of the small intestine—can become inadequately absorbed after gastric bypass surgery.Page Ref: 397Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

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82) List the medical complications that can result from laxative abuse.Answer: Medical complications of laxative abuse include constipation, dehydration due to fluid loss from the intestines, electrolyte imbalances, fluid retention, bloody stools, and impaired bowel functions.Page Ref: 405Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.8Section: 10.8

83) List at least three warning signs for eating disorders.Answer: Among the warning signs for eating disorders are weight below 85 percent of ideal body weight; exercising excessively; preoccupation with food, weight, and diet; distorted body image; refusing to eat; diet pill or laxative use; changes in mood; hair loss; and avoiding eating around others.Page Ref: 406-407Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.8Section: 10.8

84) How do orlistat and Alli work to treat obesity? What are the common side effects of these medications?Answer: Both orlistat and its reduced-strength version, Alli, inhibit an intestinal enzyme that is needed to break down fat. Fat that isn't broken down is not absorbed, and up to 30 percent of the dietary fat is expelled in the stool. As a result of reduced fat absorption, side effects of treatment with these medications can include oily and more frequent stools, flatulence, and oily discharge.Page Ref: 396Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

85) List the information that should be included in a food log so that it is maximally useful in documenting your eating behavior.Answer: Keeping track of when, where, and what you eat, as well as why you ate it, can provide revealing information. A typical food log provides the following information for each meal or snack: the time at which you ate the meal or snack; what exactly you ate and drank; where you had the meal or snack; a rating of how hungry you were, with 1 representing not hungry and 5 representing super hungry; and some indication of your mood during the meal or snack. Examples of moods include happy, content, bored, depressed, rushed, stressed, tired, lonely, anxious, and angry.Page Ref: 394-395Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.5Section: 10.5

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86) Briefly list the habits of individuals who have lost weight and have been able to keep it off for at least five years.Answer: Such weight loss success can be attributed to their maintaining their physical activity habits and positive behavior changes after they reached their weight goal, and not reverting to earlier unhealthy habits. Those who kept the weight off typically continued to limit fatty foods and to monitor caloric intake each day; to weigh themselves regularly; to eat up to five small meals daily, including breakfast, each day; and to maintain high levels of physical activity (the equivalent of walking four miles each day).Page Ref: 399Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 10.6Section: 10.6

87) Briefly describe the environmental factors that contribute to the growing obesity problem in the United States today.Answer: Americans today don't cook and eat more healthful meals at home often enough because we spend more time working and going to and from work; we eat more food, at more different kinds of places, and in larger portion sizes; and each day we consume more calories and are more sedentary, due to less-physical occupations, the presence of a variety of labor-saving devices, and reduced time spent in physical activities for fun.Page Ref: 384-386Skill: KnowledgeLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

88) Describe the effects of the gene-environment interaction on the Pima Indians.Answer: The Pimas are genetically prone to obesity, regardless of where they live. Pimas who live in Mexico have a more active lifestyle and eat a diet rich in complex carbohydrates and lower in animal fats compared to Pimas in Arizona, and thus Pimas who live in Mexico are less likely to become obese. Pimas who live in Arizona typically adopt a more sedentary lifestyle and consume a high-fat diet, and thus they are more likely to become obese. The main point is that proper diet and exercise can overcome a genetic predisposition to being overweight and can enable individuals to maintain a healthy body weight.Page Ref: 383-384Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 10.4Section: 10.4

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89) Briefly describe the three components of the body's energy needs, and indicate the one that is most amenable to change.Answer: The three components of the body's energy needs are its basal metabolic rate, the thermic effect of food, and the calories needed to fuel physical activities. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy the body needs to maintain basic physiological needs such as regulating body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate; BMR accounts for about 60 percent of the body's energy needs. The thermic effect of food (TEF) is the amount of calories the body expends to digest, absorb, metabolize, and store food; it constitutes about 10 percent of caloric intake. The body's caloric needs for physical activity depends on how active the individual is, as well as on such traits as age, sex, height, and body weight. Physical activity is the one component that is most easily modified.Page Ref: 378-379Skill: ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

90) List the factors that negatively affect the BMR of a sedentary, 60-year-old African American woman who is 5 feet tall and overweight. What can this woman do to increase her BMR?Answer: Being a woman, being short, being older, having a low lean body mass (due to being overweight), and rarely exercising all promote a lower basal metabolic rate. Additionally, African-Americans have BMRs that are about 10 percent lower than those of Caucasians. Beginning an exercise program that includes building more muscle mass can help her increase her BMR.Page Ref: 379Skill: ApplicationLearning Outcome: 10.3Section: 10.3

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