1030 robert hertling jr
TRANSCRIPT
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ELECTRICAL POWERDISTRIBUTION FOR
INFORMATION TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Bob Hertl ing
Senior Communications Engineer / RCDD, OSP
PARSONS
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Your ITS equipment requires AC
power
Do you know what is on the other side ofthat receptacle before you plug it in ???
What you should know (and do) before youplug it in !!!
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How we got where we are Then (1843-1955)
Telecommunications equipment and networks largely
powered by local battery installations and large
centralized DC power sources (e.g. Central Offices),
typically at 24/48/130 VDC.
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How we got where we are Then (1843-1955)
Majority of telecommunications equipment was
electromechanical (CO/PBX switching systems,
telephone sets, teletypewriters, etc.).
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How we got where we are Then (1843-1955)
Electronic equipment (audio/voice amplifiers, carrier
equipment, RF transmitters and receivers, etc.) used in
telecommunications networks and systems utilized
electron tubes and hard-wired discrete components.
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How we got where we are Then (1843-1955)
Use of batteries and associated charging equipmenteffectively isolated equipment and networks fromcommercial AC power variations and disturbances andmaintained service in the event of a commercial ACpower failure.
Equipment was largely immune to all but the mostserious power disturbances.
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How we got where we are Then (1843-1955)
Service Providers (AT&T, Western Union, etc.) hadalmost total control of equipment installation andmaintenance.
Limited need to utilize commercial AC power, especiallyat the customer premises.
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How we got where we are Transition (1955-1975)
Installation of key systems (1A, 1A1, 1A2) and small
PBX systems began.
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How we got where we are Transition (1955-1975)
Invention of transistor (1956) begins introduction of
solid-state equipment
Modem installations at customer premises for data
communications usage begins.
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How we got where we are Transition (1955-1975)
FCC Carterfone Decision (1968) allows connection ofcustomer-owned equipment to the telecommunicationsnetwork.
Use of commercial AC power at the customer premisesfor powering telecommunications equipment begins toincrease.
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How we got where we are Now (1975-Present)
ITS equipment and networks are almost exclusively
electronic and computer-based.
Most, if not all, ITS equipment utilizes integrated circuit
technology.
Reduced use of centralized DC power sources.
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How we got where we are Now (1975-Present)
ITS equipment is now a consumer item, similar toother generic electronic equipment and appliances.
A large need to utilize commercial AC power atcustomer premises for ITS equipment !!
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ITS Power Requirements and Trends
Availability
Reliability
Stability
ITS power needs have been and are growingexponentially !
Equipment and systems are becoming more efficientin terms of power usage
but there is an ever-increasing number being installed
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Overview of Typical Electr ical Power Distribution System
GENERATION
(11-24 KV)
TRANSMISSION
(138-765 KV)
STEP-UP SUBSTATION STEP-DOWN SUBSTATION
SUB-TRANSMISSION
(66-138 KV)
STEP-DOWN SUBSTATION DISTRIBUTION
PRIMARY (2.4-34.5 KV)
SECONDARY (120-480 V)
UTILIZATION
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General Commercial AC Service
Characteristics
Normally, both primary and secondary
distribution systems util ize either:
Wye-connected 3-phase circuits with multi-
grounded neutrals.
Center tapped single-phase circuits with multi-
grounded neutrals.
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General Commercial AC Service
Characteristics (cont.)
These arrangements provide:
The greatest degree of flexibility forconnecting loads.
Generally a high degree of voltagestability.
A high degree of protection for equipmentand personnel in case of faults and rapiddetection and clearance of faults inconjunction with appropriate overcurrentand fault detection devices.
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General Commercial AC Service
Characteristics (cont.)
In certain cases, three-phase circuits may
uti lize delta instead of wye connection
schemes for items such as motors,
transformers and similar equipment.
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General Commercial AC Service
Characteristics (cont.)
Depending on the distribution and
utilization voltages and the size of the
connected load, the associatedtransformers, switchgear, and over-
current/fault detection and protection
equipment may be provided by both the
customer and the serving electricalUtility.
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Typical Primary Distribution Voltages
(Single-Phase/Three-Phase)
2400/4160 Volts Wye
4800 Volts Delta
7200/12,470 Volts Wye
7620/13,200 Volts Wye
14,400/24,940 Volts Wye
19,920/34,500 Volts Wye
13,800 Volts Delta
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Secondary Distribution and Utilization
Single-Phase - 120/240 volts
PRIMARY SECONDARY
SINGLE-PHASESECONDARY (RED)
PRIMARY AND SECONDARYMULTI-GROUNDED
NEUTRAL
120 V
120 V
240 VSERVICENEUTRAL
& EQUIPMENTGROUND(GREEN)
2.4-19.9 KV(7200 V OR 7620 VTYPICAL)
PRIMARYNEUTRAL
SINGLE-PHASESECONDARY (BLACK)
SINGLE-PHASEPRIMARY
SECONDARY
NEUTRAL (WHITE)
SINGLE-PHASE DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
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Secondary Distribution and Utilization (cont.)
Three-Phase - 120/208 volts (scheme A)
PRIMARY (WYE) SECONDARY (WYE)
THREE-PHASESECONDARY
(RED)
PRIMARY AND SECONDARYMULTI-GROUNDED
NEUTRAL
120 V
120 V
208 V
SERVICENEUTRAL
& EQUIPMENTGROUND(GREEN)
4.1-34.5 KV
(7200/12470 VOR 7620/13200 V
TYPICAL)
PRIMARYNEUTRAL
THREE-PHASESECONDARY
(BLACK)
THREE-PHASEPRIMARY (A)
SECONDARYNEUTRAL(WHITE)
(1) THREE-PHASE OR (3) SINGLE-PHASEDISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER(S)
THREE-PHASEPRIMARY (B)
THREE-PHASEPRIMARY (C)
THREE-PHASESECONDARY
(BLUE)
120 V
208 V
208 V
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Secondary Distribution and Utilization (cont.)
Three-Phase - 277/480 volts
PRIMARY (WYE) SECONDARY (WYE)
THREE-PHASESECONDARY
(ORANGE)
PRIMARY AND SECONDARYMULTI-GROUNDED
NEUTRAL
277 V
277 V
480 V
SERVICENEUTRAL
& EQUIPMENTGROUND
(GREEN/YELLOWSTRIPE)
4.1-34.5 KV
(7200/12470 VOR 7620/13200 V
TYPICAL)
PRIMARYNEUTRAL
THREE-PHASESECONDARY
(BROWN)
THREE-PHASEPRIMARY (A)
SECONDARYNEUTRAL
(GRAY)
(1) THREE-PHASE OR (3) SINGLE-PHASEDISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER(S)
THREE-PHASEPRIMARY (B)
THREE-PHASEPRIMARY (C)
THREE-PHASESECONDARY
(YELLOW)
277 V
480 V
480 V
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Secondary Distribution and Utilization (cont.)
Three-Phase - 120/208 volts (scheme B)
PRIMARY (DELTA) SECONDARY (WYE)
THREE-PHASESECONDARY
(RED)
SECONDARYMULTI-GROUNDED
NEUTRAL
120V
120V
208V
SERVICENEUTRAL
& EQUIPMENTGROUND(GREEN)
THREE-PHASESECONDARY
(BLACK)
THREE-PHASEPRIMARY(BROWN)
SECONDARYNEUTRAL(WHITE)
(1) THREE-PHASE OR (3) SINGLE-PHASEDISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER(S)
THREE-PHASEPRIMARY(ORANGE)
THREE-PHASEPRIMARY(YELLOW)
THREE-PHASESECONDARY
(BLUE)
120V
208V
208V
480V
480V480V
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Secondary Distribution and Utilization (cont.)
Typical Secondary Branch Circuit Arrangements - 120/240 volts
RED
120V
120V
240V
PANELBOADGROUND
BLACK
WHITE
DISTRIBUTION PANELBOARDWITH 120/240V 1-PHASE FEEDER
BLACK
WHITE
BLACKRED
120V
BLACK
RED
WHITE
240V
GREEN EQUIPMENTGROUNDING
CONDUCTORS
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Secondary Distribution and Utilization (cont.)
Typical Secondary Branch Circuit Arrangements - 120/208 volts
RED
120V
120V
208V
PANELBOADGROUND
BLACK
WHITE
DISTRIBUTION PANELBOARDWITH 120/208V WYE 3-PHASE FEEDER
BLACK
WHITE
BLACK
RED120VBLACK
RED
WHITE
208V
GREEN EQUIPMENTGROUNDING
CONDUCTORS
BLUE
208VBLACK
RED
BLUE208V
208V
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Secondary Distribution and Utilization (cont.)
Typical Secondary Branch Circuit Arrangements - 277/480 volts
ORANGE
277V
277V
480V
PANELBOADGROUND
BROWN
GRAY
DISTRIBUTION PANELBOARDWITH 277/480V WYE 3-PHASE FEEDER
BROWN
GRAY
BROWN
ORANGE277VBROWN
ORANGE
GRAY
480V
GREEN/YELLOW STRIPE
EQUIPMENT
GROUNDINGCONDUCTORS
YELLOW
480VBROWN
ORANGE
YELLOW480V
480V
Secondary Distribution and Utilization (cont )
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Secondary Distribution and Utilization (cont.)
Special Cases - 120/208 volt and 277/480 volt metropol itan networks
TO
LOADS
NETWORKTRANSFORMER
AND PROTECTOR INUNDERGROUND
VAULTS
SECONDARY LINESALONG ALLEYS/STREETS
120/208 VOLT WYE OR277/480 VOLT WYE
THREE-PHASE
NETWORKTRANSFORMER
AND PROTECTOR INUNDERGROUND
VAULTS
PRIMARY FEEDERS
12470/34500 VOLTTHREE-PHASE
PRIMARY FEEDERS12470/34500 VOLT
THREE-PHASE
NETWORKTRANSFORMER
AND PROTECTOR INUNDERGROUND
VAULTS
NETWORKTRANSFORMER
AND PROTECTOR INUNDERGROUND
VAULTS
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Secondary Distribution and Utilization (cont.)
Special Cases - 120/208 volt and 277/480 volt spot networks
NETWORK TRANSFORMERAND PROTECTOR
NETWORK TRANSFORMERAND PROTECTOR
PRIMARY FEEDERS
12470/34500 VOLTTHREE-PHASE
PRIMARY FEEDERS
12470/34500 VOLTTHREE-PHASE
277/480 VOLT WYE
THREE- PHASE BUS
120/208 VOLT WYETHREE- PHASE BUS
STEP-DOWNTRANSFORMERS
TO UTILIZATION PANELBOARDS
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Typical Unit Substation and Metal-Clad Switchgear
Used in Spot Networks
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What is your role in the process for
obtaining AC power for ITS systemsand equipment ?
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1. Understand That This is a Team Effort !
Some or all of the KEY PLAYERS (besides yourself) involved infurnishing and meeting your ITS AC power requirements:
Electrical Engineers,
Electricians/Electrical Contractors/Facilities Maintenance Personnel,
Electrical Utility Personnel,
Access/Service Provider Personnel,
Facility/Building Owners,
The Authority(ies) Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).
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2. Determine ALL of Your ITS AC Power Requirements
Include ALL of your ITS spaces and equipment this could include, in some cases:
All CLA (Communications, Life Safety and BuildingAutomation) elements,
Work Area/end-user requirements and remotelocations.
Include loads related to test equipment used formaintenance and diagnostics, and equipment loadsrelated to MAC (moves, adds and changes).
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2. Determine ALL of Your ITS AC Power Requirements
(cont.)
Identify which equipment is to be directly connected(i.e. hard-wired) and which equipment is to be cord-and-plug connected through a receptacle; also identifythe correct NEMA plug and receptacle configurations
required.
If applicable, include auxiliary loads (e.g. lighting,HVAC) within your ITS spaces.
Include loads required for Access/Service ProviderEquipment.
Allow for at least a 25 percent growth factor.
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2. Determine ALL of Your ITS AC Power Requirements(cont.)
Identify ALL of your individual loads in terms of voltage,amperage, and wattage.
Separate your loads by required operating voltage
(e.g. 120, 120/240, 120/208, 277 or 277/480 volts).
Are your loads single-phase, three-phase or acombination of both ?
Group loads by location.
Develop a detailed summary of your requirements.
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3. Special Areas to Consider
Grounding/Bonding
Overcurrent/fault protection equipment:
Selection and sizing
Coordination
Load demand characteristics (continuous,
cyclical or intermittent)
Load balancing
Load segregation
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3. Special Areas to Consider (cont.)
Need for power conditioning
Reactive versus non-reactive power loads:
Reactive (large inductive and capacitive loads
because of motors, transformers and similarequipment that result in a significant lagging orleading Power Factor).
Non-reactive (all or mostly resistive loads suchas incandescent lighting, heating and similarequipment that result in a unity or a reasonablyclose to unity Power Factor).
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3. Special Areas to Consider (cont.)
Reactive loads are normally stated inkilovolt-amperes reactive (KVAR), non-reactive loads are normally stated inkilowatts (KW).
The total of both reactive and non-reactiveloads are normally stated in kilovolt-amperes (KVA).
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3. Special Areas to Consider (cont.)
Service continuity for critical loads
Locations of AC Power Equipment used for ITSloads and related access and security issues:
Service equipment
Panelboards
Transformers
Power conditioning equipment (UPS, etc.)
Codes, Standards and other published requirements
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4. Discuss Your AC Power Needs With the Key Players
Practice the three Cs when meeting with theKey Players:
Communicate
Coordinate
Cooperate !
Support your needs and requirements with clear,
complete, factual documentation (drawings,specifications, equipment data, calculations, etc.).
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4. Discuss Your AC Power Needs With the Key Players
(cont.)
Meet with the Key Players as early as possible andas often as necessary.
Understand their requirements and limitations inmeeting your needs and be prepared to negotiate !
If necessary, dont forget to discuss and agree ontesting, acceptance, labeling and documentationtasks related to the AC Power system for your ITS
installation.
All agreements between you and the Key Playersrelating to technical, contractual, financial or legalareas should be in writing.
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5. Moving Forward and Making it Work
Continue to meet with the Key Players as the
work progresses.
Make sure you are informed about any changesmade to the AC power system that may or will
affect your ITS equipment during the installation.Likewise, inform the Key Players if your AC powerneeds change before completion of theinstallation.
Keep up your end of the bargain regarding anyagreements made for things like testing support,field coordination and similar items.
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6. After the Installation
Make sure you are informed about any changesmade to the AC power system that may or will
affect your ITS equipment. Likewise, inform theKey Players if your AC power needs change.
Keep your records up-to-date !
If possible, coordinate any ITS inspection effortswith any premises electrical inspections. Payspecial attention to:
Bonding/Grounding integrity,
General condition and cleanliness of AC powerinstallations supporting ITS installations,
Unauthorized additions or modifications.
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Conclusion
A proactive approach to AC power needs forITS equipment and systems will result in:
Less downtime
More reliable operation
Satisfied customers
Lower maintenance costs
=
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Some Useful References NFPA 70 National Electr ical Code
IEEE C2 National Electr ical Safety Code
BICSI Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual; Chapter 16 Power Distribution
IEEE 241 Recommended Practice for Electr ic Power Systems in Commercial Buildings
(Gray Book)
IEEE 142 Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial PowerSystems (Green Book)
IEEE 242 Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industr ial andCommercial Power Systems (Buff Book)
IEEE 1100 Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensit ive ElectronicEquipment (Emerald Book)
IEEE 446 Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industr ialand Commercial Applications (Orange Book)
Electrical Power Distribut ion and Transmission by Faulkenberry and Coffer (Prentice-Hall)
Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers by Beaty and Fink (McGraw-Hill)
American Electricians Handbook by Croft and Summers (McGraw-Hil l)