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42 © Pearson Education Limited 2002Exploring Science for QCA Copymaster File 9

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9Ba

1 Suppleness means being able to:

A lift heavy weights.

B bend and twist easily.

C keep going during exercise.

D react quickly.

2 When you exercise:

A your pulse rate stays the same, butyour breathing rate goes up.

B your pulse rate goes up, but yourbreathing rate goes down.

C your pulse rate goes down, but yourbreathing rate goes up.

D your pulse rate goes up, and yourbreathing rate goes up.

3 Which three organ systems work togetherto release energy from food?

A digestive, excretory and nervous

B respiratory, skeletal and circulatory

C digestive, respiratory and circulatory

D reproductive, respiratory and excretory

4 Which is the correct word equation foraerobic respiration?

A glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

B glucose + water → carbon dioxide + oxygen (+ energy)

C water + carbon dioxide (+ energy) →glucose + oxygen

D water + oxygen → glucose + carbon dioxide (+ energy)

On your answer sheet, write in or circle the correct letter for each question.

9

B

9B Quick Quiz

9Bb

1 What part of the lung is labelled Y, in thediagram?

A diaphragm B windpipe

C air sac containing alveoli D bronchus

2 When you breathe out:

A the diaphragm moves downwards andthe ribs move down and inwards.

B the diaphragm moves upwards and theribs move down and inwards.

C the diaphragm moves downwards andthe ribs move up and outwards.

D the diaphragm moves upwards and theribs move up and outwards.

3 The name of a poisonous gas in cigarettesmoke is:

A carbon monoxide.

B oxygen.

C water vapour.

D helium.

4 Which mineral is needed for healthy teethand bones?

A iron B zinc

C sodium D calcium

Y

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9B Quick quiz (continued)

9

B

9Bc

1 Exercise:

A strengthens the heart, strengthensbones and increases blood pressure.

B decreases blood pressure, strengthensbones and can make you feel happier.

C helps to control body mass, weakensthe heart and decreases blood pressure.

D damages blood vessels, weakens bonesand strengthens muscles.

2 Heart disease is:

A when muscle cells in the heart die.

B when fat cells in the heart die.

C when arteries get blocked up.

D a disease that only male deer can get.

3 Which of the following organs is mostaffected by alcohol abuse?

A liver

B lungs

C heart

D kidneys

4 Which part in the diagram gets shorterwhen the arm moves upwards?

2 Which of these drugs is legal?

A heroin B Ecstasy (E)

C cocaine D caffeine

3 Which of these drugs is a stimulant?

A marijuana B heroin

C alcohol D caffeine

4 Which organ can be damaged by themisuse of any drug?

A lungs B pancreas

C liver D ovaries

AD

C

B

9Bd

1 Medicines are:

A drugs that are illegal.

B drugs that help the body.

C chemicals that are not drugs.

D drugs that are not chemicals.


9B Target Sheet

Topic Targets Before the unit I have learned this I have revised this9Ba 1 Know what it means to be fit.

2 Know how exercise affects the pulse rate and breathing rate.

3 Know which organ systems work together to release energy from food.

4 Know how muscles release energy from food using aerobic respiration.

9Bb 1 Know how the lungs are adapted to their job.

2 Know what happens to the diaphragm and muscles when you breathe.

3 Know the names of some of the major poisons in cigarette smoke.

4 Know what is needed for healthy teeth and bones.

9Bc 1 Know how to stay fit and healthy.

2 Know what heart disease is.

3 Know the effects of alcohol abuse.

4 Know how joints and muscles allow movement.

9Bd 1 Know what drugs and medicines are.

2 Know about other drugs and alcohol and their dangers.

3 Know what stimulants and depressants are.

4 Know how different drugs can harm the body.

9

B

Name Class

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9B Word Sheets

9

B

Word Pronunciation Meaning

aerobic respiration air-rO-bick Process that releases energy from food. Needs oxygen from the air. Carbon dioxide isproduced as a waste gas.

breathing rate The number of times that you breathe in and out in one minute.

circulatory system System containing the heart and blood vessels.

digestive system The group of organs that carries out digestion.

fitness If you are able to do all the things that your lifestyle needs you to do, you are fit.

heart beat rate The number of times your heart beats in one minute.

organ systems Collection of organs working together to do an important job.

respiratory system Made up of the trachea, bronchi and lungs. Gets oxygen into the blood and takescarbon dioxide out of the body.

S-factors Four factors that describe how fit you are: suppleness, strength, stamina and speed.

speed How quickly your body can do an activity.

stamina How long your body can exercise for.

strength How strong your body is.

suppleness How easily your body can bend and twist.

9Ba – Fighting fit


addictive If something makes you feel that you need to have it, it is said to be addictive.

air sacs Pockets in the lungs where oxygen diffuses out of the air and goes into the blood.Carbon dioxide also diffuses from the blood to the air in these.

alveoli Pockets in the lungs where oxygen comes out of the air and goes into the blood. Carbondioxide is also transferred from the blood to the air in alveoli. (Singular = alveolus.)

balanced diet Eating a variety of foods to provide all the things the body needs.

breathing Moving muscles to make air flow into and out of the lungs.

cilia sil-lee-a Small hairs growing from some cells. They wave to move mucus up and out of thetrachea to be swallowed.

ciliated epithelial cells sil-lee-ay-ted Cells in the trachea which have microscopic hairs (cilia) growing from them.eppy-theel-ee-al

deficiency disease Disease caused by not having enough of something in your diet.

diaphragm dye-a-fram Sheet of muscle underneath the lungs. It helps to work the lungs during breathing.

exhalation Breathing out.

gas exchange Process where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of theblood. It happens in the alveoli.

heart disease Disease caused by narrowing of the arteries carrying blood to the muscles of the heart.The heart does not receive enough oxygen and some of the cells die.

high blood pressure When the pressure of blood in the blood vessels gets too high.

inhalation Breathing in.

9Bb – A breath of fresh air/A smoking problem/Food to go

Word sheets that include new words from the ‘Focus on:’ pages are available on theExploring Science website.


Page 2 of 2

9

B

9B Word Sheets (continued)


antagonistic pair ant-tag-on-iss-tick Two muscles that work a joint by pulling in opposite directions, e.g. biceps and triceps.

arteriosclerosis are-tir-ee-O- Thickening and hardning of artery walls. May be due to a build up of a fatty substance skluh-rO-sis inside the arteries.

contract Get smaller.

depressant Drug that decreases the speed at which nerves carry impulses, e.g. alcohol.

drug Substance that affects the way your body works.

heart attack When the heart stops pumping.

heart disease Disease caused by narrowing of the arteries carrying blood to the muscles of the heart.The heart does not receive enough oxygen and some of the cells die.

impulse Electrical signal carried by a nerve cell.

relax When a muscle stops contracting it relaxes.

tendon Tissue connecting a bone to a muscle.

9Bc – Mixing your drinks/Healthy choices


caffeine caff-een A stimulant that increases the speed at which nerves carry impulses. Found in coffee,tea and cola drinks.

cocaine cO-cane Very powerful and harmful stimulant that causes blocked arteries and mental problems.

depressant Drug that decreases the speed at which nerves carry impulses, e.g. alcohol.

drug Substance that affects the way your body works.

ecstasy A stimulant that can cause depression, mental illness and even death.

heroin A very dangerous depressant drug. Causes vomiting and severe headaches.

marijuana ma-roo-arn-a A depressant which can cause memory loss.

medicine med-iss-in A drug that helps the body to ease the symptoms of a disease or cure the disease.

recreational drug reck-ree-ay-shun-al A drug that is legal. Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are all recreational drugs.

side-effect Harmful or unpleasant effects caused by drugs.

solvent abuse Sniffing solvents used in glue and other things.

stimulant stim-you-lant Drug that increases the speed at which nerves carry messages, e.g. caffeine.

9Bd – Drugs and the body


kwashiorkor kwa-she-or-ker Deficiency disease caused by a lack of protein.

mucus Slimy substance moved out of the lungs by cilia or found in the digestive system.

nicotine nick-O-teen Poisonous, addictive drug found in cigarettes.

nutrient Substance needed in your diet to keep you healthy.

obese Someone who is very heavy for their size is said to be obese.

obesity The condition when someone is obese.

premature baby A small baby born early.

tar A poisonous, black, sticky substance found in cigarette smoke.

ventilation The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

9Bb – A breath of fresh air/A smoking problem/Food to go (continued)

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9B End of Unit Test

Name Class

1 Ayesha and her friend Jennywanted to improve their fitness,so they decided to take uprunning. The graph shows howAyesha’s heart rate changedduring a run.

a Plot Jenny’s heart rate datafor the same run and draw asmooth curve of best fitthrough the points.

[2 marks]

b For how many minutes were they running?

[1 mark]

c By how much did Ayesha’s heart rate increase?

beats per minute

[1 mark]

d i Who was the fitter, Ayesha or Jenny?

[1 mark]

ii Give a reason for your answer

[1 mark]

2 The diagram shows the cells that line the windpipe.

a Smoking cigarettes causes the goblet cells to produce more mucus and damages the cilia. Explain the effects of these changes.

[2 marks]

9

B

ciliaciliated epithelial cell

goblet cell that produces mucus

Time (minutes) Jenny’s heart rate

(beats per minute)

0 70

2 70

4 94

6 120

8 118

10 89

12 74

14 70

16 70

50

Time (minutes)

0

60

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Hea

rt r

ate

(bea

t p

er m

inu

te)

AyeshaAyesha


Page 2 of 3

9B End of Unit Test (continued)

b Cigarette smoke contains many harmful chemicals. Describe one harmful effectof each of the following chemicals:

i Tar

ii Nicotine

[2 marks]

3 a Alcohol is a drug. Which statement explains why alcohol is a drug?Tick the correct box.

It is a chemical. It dissolves in water.

It boils at 78 °C. It affects the nervous system.

[1 mark]

b What effect can drinking alcohol during pregnancy have on the developing baby?

[1 mark]

4 Look at the drawing.

a What are the parts labelled A–D?

A is

B is

C is

D is

[2 marks]

b What mineral is needed for healthy

bones and teeth?

[1 mark]

c What does part B do?

[1 mark]

d The shape of part D changes to help someone breathe in. How does it change?

[1 mark]

9

B

A

D

biceps

tricepsC

B

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9B End of Unit Test (continued)

e The biceps and triceps are muscles in the upper arm. To move the lower arm up,what happens to the muscles? Tick the two correct boxes.

The biceps contracts. The biceps relaxes.

The triceps contracts. The triceps relaxes.

[1 mark]

f What are pairs of muscles like this called?

[1 mark]

5 Caffeine is a widely used recreational drug.

a Give one way in which people take caffeine.

[1 mark]

b What is meant by the term ‘recreational drug’?

[1 mark]

c Give one effect that caffeine has on the body.

[1 mark]

6 The drawing shows an air sac.

9

B

a How does oxygen get into the blood?

[1 mark]

b How is oxygen carried by the blood?

[1 mark]

c What are the pockets that an air sac is divided into called?

[1 mark]

alveolus

carbon dioxidediffuses intothe alveolus

capillary

oxygen diffusesinto capillary


Page 1 of 2

9B Summary Sheets

Being fit means that your body can cope with the activities that you need to do. To stay fit you should eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, avoid smoking and avoidalcohol and drug abuse. If you follow these rules your heart will stay healthy and youwill be less likely to suffer from high blood pressure and other circulatory problemslike heart disease (when heart muscle cells start to die).

During exercise muscle cells need more energy. This is obtained from a sugar calledglucose by the process of aerobic respiration. This is the word equation:

oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

There are several organ systems involved to allow respiration to occur in muscle cells.

• The respiratory (or breathing) system supplies the oxygen and removes thecarbon dioxide.

• The digestive system provides the glucose.• The circulatory system carries the glucose and oxygen to the muscle cells, and

carries the carbon dioxide away to the lungs.

When you exercise your breathing rate (number of breaths in one minute) and yourpulse rate (number of times your heart beats in one minute) increase. This is becauseyour cells need more oxygen and glucose for respiration.

Breathing is carried out by two sets of muscles, the diaphragm and the rib muscles(found between the ribs). These change the volume of the chest. Breathing ventilates(moves air into and out of) the lungs.

9

B

Fit and healthy

rib muscle

lung

diaphragm

ribs

Breathing in (inhalation). Breathing out (exhalation).

• Diaphragm contracts and movesdownwards.

• Rib muscles contract and lift ribs upand outwards.

• The volume of the chest increases.• Air flows into the lungs.

• Diaphragm relaxes and movesupwards.

• Rib muscles relax and move ribs downand inwards.

• The volume of the chest decreases.• Air flows out of the lungs.

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9B Summary Sheets (continued)

Drugs are chemicals that affect how the body works. Cigarettes contain a drug callednicotine which is addictive (you feel that you cannot do without it). The chemicals incigarette smoke can cause diseases.

9

B

Medicines are drugs that can help people who are suffering from diseases, e.g.antibiotics. Recreational drugs are legal drugs that people take because they likethe effect that they have on their body, e.g. caffeine in coffee and alcohol. Illegaldrugs include heroin and Ecstasy.

Drugs that slow down the nervous system are called depressants. Alcohol is adepressant. It alters behaviour and slows reaction time. Drugs that speed up thenervous system are called stimulants, e.g. caffeine. Misuse of any drug can beharmful especially to the liver.

A balanced diet is essential to health. It is made up of the correct amounts of thefollowing seven food substances: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals,water and fibre.

A shortage of a particular substance can cause a specific deficiency disease.

Eating too much of a particular substance can also cause problems. Too much fat cancause obesity and heart disease.

Muscles move bones at joints. Muscles cannot push and so joints need pairs ofmuscles (antagonistic pairs) to pull in opposite directions. One muscle contractsand gets shorter and fatter, to pull a bone. At the same time the other muscle in thepair relaxes and gets longer and thinner.

Poison in cigarette smoke Harm it causes

nicotine Makes arteries narrower, causes heart disease.

tar Clogs up the lungs and stops the cilia working, causes cancer and bronchitis.

carbon monoxide Stops red blood cells carrying so much oxygen.

Muscles areattached to bones bytendons.

an antagonistic pair

Triceps muscle – pulls the lowerarm down.

Biceps muscle – pulls the lower arm up.

The elbow joint.

Exercise strengthens bonesand muscles. Too muchexercise can damagemuscles and joints.

9B

35Exploring Science for QCA Teacher’s Guide 9 © Pearson Education Limited 2003

9B Mark schemes

Question Answers Marks

Topic 1 2 3 4

9Ba B D C A 4

9Bb C B A D 4

9Bc B A A B 4

9Bd B D D C 4

Question Level Answers Mark scheme

1 5 a All points plotted correctly. 1 mark – subtract �� mark for each incorrect point to a minimum of 0

7 Smooth curve through points that should peak at 1 markabout 122 beats per minute just before 7 minutes.

6 b 5 minutes ± 0.5 minutes 1 mark6 c 45 beats per minute 1 mark5 d i Ayesha 1 mark

ii Her heart rate returned to normal quicker/her 1 markresting heart rate was lower.

2 7 a Mucus builds up in the air passages or mucus 2 marks – 1 mark for each of any two pointscannot be cleared from the air passages; the smoker may develop an infection; the smoker has to cough to clear the airways.

6 b tar – causes lung cancer; 1 mark6 nicotine – addictive/narrows blood vessels/increases 1 mark

blood pressure/increases heart rate

3 6 a It affects the nervous system. 1 mark6 b low birth weight/born early/abnormalities. 1 mark

4 3 a A – lung; B – heart; C – rib 1 �� marks – �� mark for each5 D – diaphragm �� mark5 b calcium 1 mark5 c pumps blood 1 mark6 d contracts/moves down/flattens 1 mark6 e biceps contracts and triceps relaxes 1 mark7 f antagonistic (pairs/muscles) 1 mark

5 4 a drink it in tea/coffee 1 mark5 b Drugs that people take because they like the 1 mark

effect they have on their body.6 c increases heart rate/speeds up reaction time 1 mark – accept ‘acts as a stimulant’

6 4 a It diffuses from the air sacs. 1 mark6 b by the red blood cells 1 mark4 c alveoli 1 mark

Quick Quiz

End of Unit Test marks

Level Marks Cumulative Suggested available total threshold for

achieving level

3 1 �� 1 �� 1 ��

4 3 4 �� 4

5 6 �� 11 9

6 10 21 16

7 4 25 22

Matching End of Unit Test marks to NC levels


Page 1 of 2

9Ba/1 How fit are you?

Name Class

9

B

a

How quickly do your pulse and breathing rates return to normalafter exercise?

How quickly your pulse and breathing rates return to normal after exercise gives ameasure of how fit your heart and lungs are. The quicker the rates return to normalthe fitter you are.

finger probe datalogger

chest strap

P Apparatus� Stopclock � Pulse sensor and finger probe (optional)� Datalogger (optional) � Breathing sensor and chest strap (optional)

Method

1 Sit still and measure your resting pulse rate (in beats per minute) and restingbreathing rate (in breaths per minute). One breath is when you breathe inand out again. You can do this by counting or using a datalogger. Writedown these rates.

2 Either run on the spot or lift a 1 kg mass and lower it continuously for 30 seconds.

3 As soon as you have finished your exercise measure your breathing rate for1 minute whilst your partner measures your pulse rate.

4 Continue measuring your pulse and breathing rates every other minute untilthey are the same as they were before you did the exercise. Remember torecord all your results.

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9Ba/1 How fit are you? (continued)

9

B

a

observing, consideringS

Recording your resultsRecord your results below:

Resting pulse rate = beats per minute.

Resting breathing rate = breaths per minute.

Considering your results/conclusionsPlot a line graph for each set of results on these axes.

Time after finishing exercise (min) Pulse rate (beats per minute) Breathing rate (breaths per minute)

0

2

4

6

8

10

How many minutes did it take for your pulse and breathing rates to return to normalafter exercise?

Pulse rate took minutes.

Breathing rate took minutes.

Compare your results with others in the class.

Who do you think is the fittest person in the class?

Why do you think this?

Time after finishing exercise (minutes)

Pu

lse

rate

(be

ats

per

min

ute

)

050

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

2 4 6 8 10Time after finishing exercise (minutes)

Bre

ath

ing

rate

(br

eath

es p

er m

inu

te)

05

10

15

20

25

30

2 4 6 8 10

Pulse rate. Breathing rate.


Page 1 of 2

9Ba/2 Fitness tests

Name Class

9

B

a

You are going to carry out some activities to measure different aspects of your fitness.

Apparatus� Fat callipers � Bathroom scales marked in newtons

Experiment A: Body fatThe thickness of a skinfold gives an indication of how much body fat a person has.There are many different parts of the body you can measure like this. In thisexperiment, you are going to measure the thickness of a skinfold in the upper arm.

Method

1 Gently pinch your partner’s skin between yourthumb and finger in the position shown.

2 Place the callipers around the skinfold at a depth ofabout 1 cm and measure the thickness in millimetres.

3 Repeat the measurement twice more, leaving 15seconds between each reading. Calculate the mean(average) thickness by adding the three numberstogether and dividing the answer by 3.

P

Recording your results

Record your results in the table below.

Part of body Thickness of skinfold (mm) Mean (mm)

upper arm

Upper arm skinfold measurement (mm)

Boys Girls

lean below 6 below 8

below average 6–8 8–11

average 8–15 11–20

above average 15–23 20–25

overfat above 23 above 25

Considering your results/conclusion

Using the chart below decide whether you are lean, below average, average, aboveaverage or overfat.

My skinfold measurement tells me that I am .

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9Ba/2 Fitness tests (continued)

9

B

a


Experiment B: Muscle strength

Method

1 Hold a set of bathroom scales that are marked in newtons in front of yourhead and squeeze them as hard as possible.

P


The force my hands exerted on the scales was newtons.

How does this compare with other members of your class or your teacher?

2 Record the force that you put on the scales.


Page 1 of 2

9Ba/3 Sport and you

9

B

a

All of us are different shapes and sizes. Some sports are more suited to some peoplethan others because of these differences in body shape. To find out a good sport foryou to do you need to know some things about your body.

1 How tall are you in centimetres?

2 What is your mass in kilograms?

3 The graphs below show the mean (average) masses for various heights. Areyou above, below or about the mean mass for your height?

(Remember, these are means and so few people will be exactly ‘average’.)

?

4 If you know your mass and height you can get an approximate idea of yoursurface area. That is how much skin you have. On the chart below line upyour mass and your height with a ruler. Your surface area is where the rulercrosses the central line. What is your surface area?

40

50

60

70

80Male

Mas

s (k

g)

Height (m)

40

50

60

70

80Female

Mas

s (k

g)

Height (m)

1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.901.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.901.40

80

100

150

200

220

Hei

ght

(cm

)

0.5

0.6

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Su

rfac

e ar

ea (

m2)

20

30

40

50

60

708090100

150

200

Mas

s (k

g)

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9Ba/3 Sport and you (continued)

9

B

a

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5 Look at the table.?

a What sort of body do you think a jockey should have?

b Which of these sports do you think you are most suited to?

c Name one more sport that being heavy is good for.

d Fitness is made up of four S-factors: suppleness, strength, speed andstamina. Write down which S-factor you think is the most important foreach sport.

6 The graph shows the masses and heights of various athletes at the Olympics.If you were an Olympic athlete which sport do you think you would be bestat? Explain your reasoning.

1.50

50

60

70

80

90

100

1.60 1.70

Female

A gymnasticsB canoeingC swimmingD sprintingE jumpingF heptathlon/

decathlonG throwing

Key

Mas

s (k

g)

Height (m)

1.80 1.90

Male

A

B

B

C

C

D

D

E

E

F

F

G

G

A

Body type Good sports Poor sports

tall basketball, cricket, fencing, netball, volleyball jockey, weight-lifting

heavy rugby, weight-lifting distance running, jockey,

synchronised swimming


9Ba/4 Organ systems

Name Class

9

B

a

knowledge,literacy, revisionS

1 The diagrams show the main organs in the different organ systems that areimportant when you exercise. Label the organs on the diagrams.

?

2 Complete the table below to list the main organs in each system and thefunction (job) of the system.

System Main organs Function

respiratory (or breathing)

digestive

circulatory

skeletal

3 There are seven organ systems altogether. Name one other system apart fromthe ones mentioned above.

respiratory

circulatory

digestive

skeletal

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9Ba/7 S-factors

The table below shows how well different sports develop the four S-factors.

9

B

a

considering, knowledge, researchS

Sport Suppleness Strength Stamina Speed

hiking * ** *** *

jogging ** ** **** *

disco dancing *** * *** *

hard cycling ** *** **** *

swimming **** **** **** **

weight training * **** * *

gymnastics **** *** ** **

football *** *** *** ***

tennis *** ** *** ***

Key

* little effect **good *** very good ****excellent

1 Which of these sports would be the best to develop all round fitness? Explainyour answer.

2 Which sports would be the best to develop faster reaction times?

3 Which sports would be the best to develop your strength?

4 What activities would you suggest for the following people?

a a Year 9 girl who hates sports

b a middle-aged man who has recently recovered from a heart attack

c a 30 year old woman who fractured her femur (thigh bone) and hasrecently had her plaster cast removed.

5 Design a fitness programme for atennis player who is preparing toplay tennis at Wimbledon in onemonth’s time.

• Think of all the skills a tennisplayer needs.

• You may need to find out moreinformation from magazines or asports centre before you writeyour final programme.

?

of 2


9Bb/1 Breathing air

9

B

b

Name Class

You are going to find out how much air you breathe in and out in each minute.

Method

1 Take the bottle and using the measuring cylinder, put 50 cm3 of water in it.

2 Mark a line where the water level is. Label the line 50 cm3.

3 Add another 50 cm3 of water. Mark a line labelled 100 cm3 along the newwater level.

4 Carry on doing this until the markings reach 500 cm3.

5 Place the bottle into the bowl of water and make sure it is completely fullof water.

6 Get your partner to turn the bottle upside down in the water without letting any water come out of it. Lift the bottle so that the open end doesnot go above the surface of the water.

7 Place one end of the tubing inside the bottle.

P Apparatus� Clean piece of tubing � Empty fizzy drink bottle (1 litre)� Large bowl of water � Measuring cylinder� Permanent marker � Stopclock

8 Do not take a big breath! Hold your nose and breathe out normally throughthe tube.

9 The volume of air that collects in the bottle is the volume that you normallybreathe in each breath.

10 Do the experiment three times and then let your partner do it, using a clean tube.

50100150200250300350400450500

cm3


Page 2 of 2

9Bb/1 Breathing air (continued)

9

B

b

Recording your resultsRecord your results in this table.

First time you did Second time you did Third time you did Mean

the experiment the experiment the experiment

volume of air

breathed out (cm3)

Considering your results/conclusions

Count how many breaths you take in 1 minute. Write it down.

Now work out the volume of air that you breathe in and out in 1 minute. Show yourworking.

Volume of air in 1 minute = .

Now try to work out the volume of air that you breathe in and out in a day. Showyour working.

Volume of air in 1 day = .

If you did no exercise, how much air would you expect to breathe in and out in ayear? Show your working.

Volume of air in 1 year = .

Why would you expect to breathe more air in and out than this in a year?

Find out some of the results from others in your class. Why do you think the amountsbreathed in and out vary between people?


of 2


9Bb/2 How much vitamin C?

Name Class

9

B

b

You are going to investigate whether cooking affects the amount of vitamin C in a food.

Prediction

Write down whether you think cooking will affect the amount of vitamin C in lemon

juice.

Why do you think this?

P Apparatus� Dropping pipette � Lemon juice� DCPIP solution � 5 cm3 syringe� Three test tubes � Stop clock

and rack� Eye protection � Boiling tube and holder� Heating apparatus (see below)

�Wear eye protection.

Method

1 Use the syringe to add 1 cm3 of DCPIP to a test tube.

2 Use the dropping pipette to add unheated lemon juice, one drop at a timeuntil the blue colour disappears. Count and write down the number of dropsyou add.

3 Set up the heating apparatus. Label its parts on the diagram below.


Page 2 of 2

9Bb/2 How much vitamin C? (continued)

9

B

b

4 Take the boiling tube and add lemon juice to about 2 cm in depth. Whenthe water in the beaker is boiling, place the boiling tube in it using the tubeholder. Start timing.

5 Use the syringe to add 1 cm3 of DCPIP to a test tube.

6 After 5 minutes, take the boiling tube out of the water and let it cool downfor 10 minutes.

7 Use the dropping pipette to remove some of the lemon juice. Add it onedrop at a time until the blue colour disappears. Record the number of dropsyou have added.

8 Place the boiling tube into the water again and boil for a further 5 minutes.

9 Repeat steps 5 to 7.

P


Record your results in this table.


Which lemon juice did you need to add the most drops of to make the blue colour

disappear?

The more drops needed to make the blue colour disappear, the less vitamin C in eachdrop.

Which lemon juice contained the least vitamin C?

Which lemon juice contained the most vitamin C?

Explain why some people think that raw carrots are better for you than cooked ones.

Treatment given to lemon juice Number of drops taken for blue colour to disappear

unheated

boiled for 5 minutes

boiled for 10 minutes


P


9Bb/3 Smoking machine

Name Class

9

B

b


Look carefully at the apparatus set up for this demonstration.

1 Your teacher will first run the apparatus without a cigarette. When the pump isswitched on fresh air is drawn through the apparatus for a few minutes.

2 Record the temperature and the colours of the glass wool, universal indicatorsolution and limewater in the table below.

3 Your teacher will then attach a cigarette to the apparatus and light it. As thecigarette burns down repeat your observations.

to pump

limewater

cigarette

cotton wool orglass wool

thermometer

universalindicatorsolution

Fresh air Cigarette smoke

temperature (°C)

colour of glass wool

colour of universal indicator solution

colour of limewater


What was the difference in temperature between fresh air and cigarette smoke?

What effect might this have on the cells lining the tubes leading to the lungs?

What collected on the glass wool?

What effect can this have on the body?

What does the colour change of the universal indicator solution show?

What does the colour change of the limewater show?

Why was fresh air drawn through the apparatus first?



9Bb/4 Smoking

9

B

b

197220

Year

Per

cen

tage

of

the

po

pu

lati

on

wh

o s

mo

ke

1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

% of adult men

% of adult women

All SMOKERS will have:

� less money to spend

� a smell of ashtrays

� cilia in the lungs that don’t work

� less oxygen in their blood.

Facts and Figures

Number of cigarettes Increase in chance of getting

smoked per day cancer compared to a non-smoker

5 × 4

10 × 8

15 × 12

20 × 16

HYDROGENCYANIDE

CARBONMONOXIDE

AMMONIA BUTANE

Smokers are three times more likely to get heart disease.

9 out of 10 people with lung cancer are smokers.

25% of people who take up smoking, die from it.

Most smokers live 10–15 years lessthan non-smokers.

100 000 people per year die fromdiseases caused by smoking, like

cancer, heart disease, emphysema and bronchitis.

Smoke contains all of these poisonous gases.

You make me choke.It’s my healthtoo, y’know!

Discussion questions

1 Why is smoking less acceptable now thanit was in the early 1970s?

2 What health warnings are found oncigarette packets?

3 Why is smoking not allowed in manypublic places now?

4 Why is it illegal for people under the ageof 16 to buy cigarettes?

?


9Bb/5 Breathing

Name Class

9

B

b

1 Label the diagram with the following words.

?

2 Complete the following sentences using the words from the box:

Breathing in or out Do the ribs Does the diaphragm Does the air havemove in or out? move up or down? more or less carbon

dioxide in it?

breathing in (inhaling)

breathing out (exhaling)

Breathing in is called . Breathing out is called .

Breathing is brought about by two sets of muscles, the

muscles found between the ribs and the , which separates the

chest from the body below.

When you inhale the muscles and make the volume inside the

chest so air moves into the lungs.

When you exhale the muscles , and the volume inside the

chest becomes smaller, so air is forced out of the lungs.

3 Complete this table, showing what happens when you breathe.

This drawing shows the respiratory systemand some of the bones in the chest.

diaphragm

lungs

rib muscles

ribs

windpipe

bigger contract inhalation

exhalation diaphragm rib relax

knowledge, literacyS


9Bb/6 Smoking crossword

9

B

b

Name Class

Use the clues below to complete the crossword.

1

4 5

6

7 8

9

3

2

ACROSS

1 & 2 down. Gas found in cigarette smoke that stops the blood carrying somuch oxygen.

4 Tiny hairs on cells in the lungs. They stop working in smokers.

6 Addictive chemical found in cigarette smoke that causes arteries to narrow.

7 Age at which you can buy cigarettes.

9 Any chemical that has an effect on the body.

DOWN

1 Disease caused by smoking.

2 See 1 across.

3 Smoking costs a lot of this.

5 Organs that take in air.

8 Black chemical found in cigarette smoke that causes cancer.



9Bb/7 Well ventilated

9

B

b

1 Look at the diagram on the right.Write down the name of the partcorresponding to each letter.

?

9541_b8c_4_fig.01

2

a Which drawing, A or B, shows someone inhaling?

b What happens to the parts labelled X when someone inhales?

c What moves these parts?

d What is part Y called?

e What happens to the part labelled Y when someone exhales?

3 This model can be used to show what happens when you breathe.

a In the model, which part of the respiratory system is represented by:

i the rubber sheet

ii the balloons

iii the tube at the top?

b Write two short paragraphs to explain how this model works.

c This model shows how the lungs can be ventilated. What is the difference between ventilation and breathing?

XY

A

B

C

E

D

F


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1. Rubber sheet goes back up.

2. Air goes out.3. Balloon

deflates.

1. Rubber sheet is pulled down.

2. Air goes in.3. Air fills up

the balloons.


9

B

b

9Bb/8 Smoking and health

1 The drawings show some ‘hairs’ that grow from cells in the lungs.?

A B

a What are these ‘hairs’ called?

b What do they do?

c Which diagram shows cells from a smoker’s lung?

d How can you tell?

e What problems do smokers have when these ‘hairs’ are affected?

2 a Name one disease that is caused by smoking.

b What part of cigarette smoke causes this disease?

c What is the name of the addictive chemical in cigarette smoke?

d This chemical can cause arteries to narrow. Explain what problems thismight cause.

e Carbon monoxide is also found in cigarette smoke. What is the effect ofthis gas?

3 This letter was received recently by a magazine’s agony aunt. How would youreply to it?

I am 13 years old and my two best friends have started to smoke. Theyonly smoke one or two a day but I don’t like it. I think it smells and I amworried that I might get a disease from it. They say that I won’t get adisease and they call me names because I won’t try it. Should I try itjust once to see what it’s like? I know if my mum found out she’d go ape.

Anon

knowledgeS


9

B

b

9Bb/9 Smoking-related illnesses

The table below shows the incidence of fatal diseases in male smokers and non-smokers in the UK.

knowledge, numeracyS

1 Plot a bar chart to compare the number of deaths of smokers and non-smokers caused by the fatal diseases listed in the table.

2 a What is the total number of deaths per 100 000 men per year from lung cancer?

b What percentage of these deaths are smokers?

c There are approximately 23 million males over the age of 16 in the UK.Estimate the number of men who die from lung cancer each year in the UK.

3 a What percentage of the deaths from pneumonia occur in smokers?

b Explain why smokers are more likely than non-smokers to becomeinfected with pneumonia.

4 a Which disease is the most common cause of death in both smokers andnon-smokers?

b Explain why smoking increases the risk of this disease.

c The death rate due to this illness is high in the non-smoking population.Suggest factors, other than smoking, that cause this illness.

?

Number of deaths per 100 000 men per year

Fatal disease Non-smoker Cigarette smoker

lung cancer 14 209

upper respiratory system cancers, e.g. throat cancer 1 24

bladder cancer 13 30

cancer of the pancreas 16 35

heart disease 392 582

aortic aneurysm (a weakening of the

wall of the main artery leaving the heart) 15 62

obstructive lung diseases 10 127

stroke 152 203

pneumonia 71 138


9

B

b

9Bb/10 Vitamins


Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947) was an English scientist who is known asthe father of British biochemistry, the chemistry of living things.

In 1906–1907 Hopkins performed a series of experiments in which he fed mice a dietof fat, carbohydrate, protein and mineral salts. At the time, it was believed that aslong as an animal ate enough energy-providing food it would be healthy and grow.Hopkins’ experiments proved this to be wrong. The mice that were fed this dieteventually stopped growing, but when they were given the same diet plus a smallamount of milk they began to grow again.

After years of careful experiments he published his findings in 1912. He concludedthat certain substances, that he called accessory food factors, were missing from theartificial diet. They were only needed in small amounts, but they were essential forgrowth. These were later called vitamins.

Around the same time a Dutch scientist, Christiaan Eijkman (1858–1930), discoveredhow to cure and prevent the disease beriberi. This disease was common in south andeast Asia. Beriberi affects the nerves and causes pain, paralysis and swelling in thelimbs. Eijkman found that he could cause the disease in chickens by feeding them adiet of hulled and polished rice. This is rice that has had the outer layers removedfrom the grains. By feeding the chickens a diet of whole grain rice he could cure themof the disease. He believed that the grain contained a poison that was neutralised bythe outer layer. It was Hopkins who realised that beriberi was another deficiencydisease caused by a lack of a certain vitamin in the diet. It was not until the 1930sthat the vitamin was identified as being vitamin B1 (thiamine). Hopkins and Eijkmanshared the 1929 Nobel Prize for physiology for their work.

1 What is biochemistry?

2 a Briefly describe Hopkins’ experiments with mice.

b What control experiments would he have set up?

c What conclusions did he make?

d Why do you think it took so long before he published his findings?

3 a What is beriberi and what are its symptoms?

b What causes beriberi?

c How can beriberi be cured?

d What conclusion did Eijkman draw from his experiments?

e Why do you think both Eijkman and Hopkins were awarded the NobelPrize in 1929?

?

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9Bc/2 Antagonistic muscle action 1

You are going to make a model to show how the biceps and triceps muscles work tobend and straighten the arm.

9

B

c

observing, knowledgeS

Apparatus� String � Card� Scissors � Glue� Butterfly clip � Worksheet 9Bc/3� Something to make a hole with (pair of compasses)

1 Stick Worksheet 9Bc/3 onto fairly rigid card.

2 Cut out both shapes along the solid lines.

3 Using something sharp, like a pair of compasses, make holes at the positionsmarked 1, 2 and P on both shapes.

4 Attach the pieces at point P using a paper fastener (butterfly clip). Check thatthe pieces can move freely.

5 Cut 2 pieces of string at least 15 cm long.

6 Tie a knot in one end of each piece of string and thread through the holes asshown on the diagram. The knots should be at the ‘elbow’ end of the model.

Your final model should look like the one below.

1 Which muscle does string 1 represent?

2 Which muscle does string 2 represent?

3 What happens when you pull string 1?

4 What happens when you pull string 2?

1

1 2

2

long lengths of string

paper fastener

knots at this end


9Bc/3 Antagonistic muscle action 2

9

B

c

P

1

2

2

P

1

A

B


9Bc/4 Alcohol quiz

Name Class

9

B

c

knowledgeS

1 Read each of the statements about alcohol and mark whether you think it is true or false.

2 Write any other related information that you know in the box below eachstatement.

?

Alcohol is produced by yeast cells. True False

Alcohol is poisonous. True False

You cannot become addicted to alcohol. True False

A pint of beer contains 1 unit of alcohol. True False

A glass of wine contains 1 unit of alcohol. True False

You can buy alcohol when you are 16 years old. True False

The legal limit for driving is 100 mg of alcohol in 100 cm3 of blood. True False

Alcohol makes you react more quickly. True False

Alcohol makes you more relaxed. True False

Too much alcohol can damage the liver. True False

Alcohol affects all people in exactly the same way. True False

Women react more quickly to alcohol than men. True False


9Bc/5 Muscles and moving

Name Class

9

B

c1 Use the words in the box to complete the sentences below.

Muscles are used to move the bones at . Muscles can

only , they cannot push and so they are often found in

. As a muscle pulls a bone, the muscle gets shorter and

fatter. It is said to . When it gets thinner again it is said

to . Muscles need energy to work. Muscle cells release

energy by using .

2 a On the drawing below label a muscle and a bone.

?

tendon

cartilage

b Where in the body is this joint found?

c What do tendons connect together?

d Cartilage is a slippery substance found on the ends of bones in joints.

What do you think the job of cartilage is?

contract joints pairs pull relax respiration



9Bc/6 Alcohol abuse

Name Class

9

B

c


Alcohol abuse is when someone regularly drinks too much alcohol. This can causeserious health problems.

Alcohol is poisonous and it damages nerve cells in the brain and can kill liver cells. Italso affects the stomach and can cause a person to be sick. Over a period of timealcohol can cause stomach ulcers.

An alcoholic is someone who is addicted to alcohol. Many alcoholics die of a diseasecalled cirrhosis (pronounced ‘sir-O-sis’) of the liver.

Pregnant women who drink too much alcohol risk causing damage to the brain andliver of their baby, as well as slowing down how quickly it grows. This is why babiesof alcoholic women have a low birth mass.

1 What is alcohol abuse?

2 Name three organs that can be damaged by alcohol.

3 What is an alcoholic?

4 What disease do many alcoholics die of?

5 a Why do alcoholic women often give birth to babies that are smaller thannormal?

b Which organs of a developing baby may be damaged if the mother drinkstoo much alcohol when she is pregnant?

?

of 2


9Bc/7 Blood alcohol concentration

Name Class

9

B

c

Nick went to a party and had too much to drink. The table shows the concentration ofalcohol in Nick’s blood during and after the party.

Time Concentration of alcohol in Nick’s blood (mg/100 cm3 )

8 pm 0

9 pm 50

10 pm 90

11 pm 135

midnight 180

1 am 210

2 am 195

3 am 180

4 am 165

5 am 150

6 am 135


Page 2 of 2

9Bc/7 Blood alcohol concentration

(continued)

9

B

c


1 Plot the data on the grid below as a line graph.?

2 Around what time did Nick stop drinking?

3 By how much did his blood alcohol concentration fall each hour after he

stopped drinking?

4 Extend the line on your graph and state the time at which Nick’s alcohol

concentration would be zero again.

5 The legal limit for driving in the UK is 80 mg/100 cm3 of blood.

Nick got up and drove to work at 8 am the following morning.

a What would his blood alcohol concentration have been then?

b Should he have driven to work? Explain your answer.

6 At what time could Nick have legally driven to work?

Blo

od a

lco

ho

l co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

mg/

10

0 c

m3)

Time of day


9Bc/8 Heart diseaseIn the United Kingdom about 25% of deaths ofall women and 30% of deaths of all men aredue to heart disease. Unlike many diseases,there are many different causes of heart disease.

When some of the muscle cells in the heart die,this is known as heart disease. The cells diebecause they cannot get enough oxygen andglucose. It often happens because the arteriescarrying blood to the muscle tissue of the heartstart to get blocked up with a fatty substanceand so less blood can flow through them. Whenthis happens it is known as arteriosclerosis(pronounced ‘are-tir-ee-O-skluh-rO-sis’).

The fatty substance that builds up contains a substance called cholesterol. Althoughcholesterol is important for the body, if there is too much in the blood it can start tocause arteriosclerosis. Many scientists agree that reducing the amount of cholesterol inthe diet is a good way of reducing your chances of developing arteriosclerosis. Somescientists think that having a lot of fibre in the diet can stop the small intestineabsorbing too much cholesterol. Some scientists also think that some vitamins canreduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood. Alcohol increases the amount ofcholesterol that the blood carries.

Smoking can also cause arteriosclerosis. Nicotine makes blood vessels narrower andspeeds up the heart beat rate. These two factors cause a higher blood pressure whichweakens the walls of the arteries and helps to cause the build up of the fattysubstance on the artery walls.

Exercise is important in helping the heart to remain strong and healthy. In fact,people who do no regular exercise are three times more likely to die from heartdisease than those who do.

9

B

c

literacy, knowledge, researchS

1 a What process do the muscle cells of the heart need oxygen and glucose for?

b What can happen to the cells if they do not get enough oxygen and glucose?

c What disease can this cause?

d Why is this disease unlike many diseases?

2 Doctors have come up with a set of ‘risk factors’ for heart disease. These are thingsthat can help to cause the disease. What do you think these risk factors are?

3 What advice would you give to someone who has arteriosclerosis?

4 Carbon monoxide is found in cigarette smoke. Scientists do not think that itcauses arteriosclerosis but it may lead to heart disease. How does it do this?(Hint: Think about how oxygen is carried in the blood.)

Optional extra5 Plan and carry out a survey to find out how many people are at risk of getting

heart disease.• Who will you question?• How many people will you question?• What questions will you ask?• Do you need to do any more research into ‘risk factors’ before designing

your questions?

?


9Bc/9 Medical developments

9

B

c

literacyS

Throughout our lives we put strain on our joints. Sometimes the bones do not moveeasily against each other and the ends of the bones may become damaged. If a personsuffers from arthritis the problem is made even worse because the cartilage becomesworn away. The bones rub against each other, causing joint pain and stiffness.

Damage to the hip joint is quite common because it has to support a lot of weight.This can be extremely painful and walking becomes very difficult. Fortunately, adamaged hip joint can be replaced with an artificial hip. Each year many people whoare unable to walk have successful operations.

A replacement hip joint has to be able to work like a real one. It needs to movesmoothly, be strong enough to support the weight of the body, be lightweight and bemade of materials that do not react with the body or harm the body.

Artificial joints are usually made of a plastic socket and a metal ball. Other hard-wearing materials are also being developed. The design and production of a hip jointinvolves many different scientists to ensure that the new hip will fit properly and thatthe materials used are suitable for their purpose. As new materials are developed theyneed to be trialled and evaluated. Also, new surgical techniques may be tried out andthe success of these also needs to be evaluated and recorded.

Once in hospital a whole team of different scientists become involved in the diagnosis,treatment and follow-up care of the patient.

roundedsocket

cartilage

head offemur

thighbone(femur)

narrow jointspace

worncartilage

rough weight-bearing surface

A normal hip joint. A hip with arthritis. A replacementhip joint.

A replacement hipjoint in position.

1 Michael has arthritis and has been to see his doctor who has told him thathe needs a hip replacement.

a Make a list of all the medical people that you think Michael will comeinto contact with after he has seen the doctor.

b Make a list of all the different scientists (e.g. materials scientist) that youthink will have helped make Michael’s operation a success.

c When a new way of doing a hip replacement is tried, the patient is takingpart in an experiment. How do you think the patient should be treated?

2 Using your list from question 1b, display the information as a flow chart.Your diagram should show the order in which scientists develop and testnew ways of replacing hips.

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9Bc/10 Units of alcohol

9

B

c


The government recommends that men should not drink more than 21 units ofalcohol per week and women should not drink more than 14 units per week.

The number of units of alcohol in a drink can be calculated using the following equation:

number of units = volume of drink (cm3) × % alcohol concentration

1000

1 Using this equation calculate the number of units in each of the following drinks:

a a 125 cm3 glass of wine

b a 25 cm3 measure of gin

c a 25 cm3 measure of vodka

d a 330 cm3 bottle of lager

e a 40 cm3 measure of vermouth.

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2 a What does BAC stand for?

b Calculate how much each of the drinks listed in question 1 would increasethe blood alcohol concentration by.

c If a man drank two bottles of lager and two glasses of wine what would hisblood alcohol concentration be? Use the average figure given above towork your answer out.

d Would he be above or below the legal limit for driving?

e If a smaller person drank the same amount of alcohol how do you thinkthis would effect their blood alcohol concentration?

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The effect of one unit of alcohol on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is different indifferent people, depending on their age, sex and body size. On average, one unit ofalcohol increases the BAC by 15 mg/100 cm3.

The legal limit for driving in the UK is 80 mg/100 cm3.


9Bd/1 Reaction times

Name Class

9

B

d Method

1 Take a metre ruler and get your partner to hold itso that 0 cm is nearest the floor.

2 Place your thumb and first finger just underneaththe end of the ruler, ready to catch it.

3 As soon as your partner lets go, catch the rulerusing your thumb and first finger.

4 Read off the number of centimetres that the rulerfell (read the number just above the top side ofyour thumb).

P Apparatus� Metre ruler

00.0

Distance the ruler was caught at (cm)

Rea

ctio

n t

ime

(sec

on

ds)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Graph to work out your reaction time

5 Do this three times. Use the graph below to work out your reaction times.

6 Now work out a mean ‘distance’ and a mean ‘reaction time’.

observingS

Recording your resultsFill in this table of your results.

Go number Distance ruler fell (cm) Reaction time (seconds)

1

2

3

Mean


9Bd/2 Caffeine

9

B

d

Does caffeine improve our reaction time?Caffeine is a chemical that affects the body. It is found in many common drinks. You are going to find out if caffeine makes you react more quickly.

Planning

1 Write down a method for your investigation. You will need to think about thesequestions:

• How will you find out if caffeine improves someone’s reaction time?• What drink will you use?• How much of the drink will you need?• What will you measure?• How will you do your measuring?• How often will you take measurements?• Which factors will you keep the same and which will you vary?• How will you try to make this a fair test?• What will you do to make sure you stay safe?

Show your method to your teacher before you begin.

Prediction

2 Write down a prediction. Say what you think will happen and why.


3 Make a table to record your results.

4 Draw a graph to show your results.

Considering your results/conclusion

5 Use the graph to decide what your investigation shows you. This is yourconclusion. Write it down.

6 Say if there are any measurements that do not fit the pattern. Try to explain whythese measurements do not fit the pattern.

7 Does your conclusion match your prediction? If not, say how they differ.

Evaluation

8 Did you do a fair test, or were there some factors that you forgot to or could notkeep the same?

9 Do you think you have enough results to support your conclusion?

10 How might you improve your experiment?

planning, observing, presenting, considering, evaluatingS


9Bd/3 Drugs

9

B

d

alcohol Ecstasy

amphetamines heroin

barbiturates LSD

caffeine nicotine

cannabis paracetamol

cocaine penicillin


9Bd/4 Improving health?

Are we healthier than our great-grandparents were?Work in groups and discuss your views on this question.Use textbooks, CD-ROMs and the internet for information. History resources will alsobe useful.Produce arguments for and against it.

You may want to consider the following points or different groups may wish toconcentrate on a different point each:• life expectancy• causes of illness and death• medical developments• lifestyle• living conditions• diet• environmental health issues• economic reasons.

Be prepared to present your views to the class.

9

B

d

literacy, knowledge, researchS

1840s – 66 infants in every 1000 died1900s – 46 infants in every 1000 died1985 – 2.3 infants in every 1000 died

1930s – antibiotics introduced1990s – improved vaccination

programme

During the First World War(1914–1918), rationing of food wasintroduced. It actually meant that thepoorest people were provided withbetter food than before, and more of it!

Homes for HeroesIn the 1920s and 1930s overcrowdedslum areas were cleared to build betterhousing for war heroes and theirfamilies.

Today’s health problems:• obesity• pollution• antibiotic-resistant bacteria• food safety – BSE, GM foods• incurable diseases e.g. AIDS.

Life expectancy 1920 – 50 yearsLife expectancy 1990 – 75 years

1920 –14% of deaths due to heartconditions

1990 – 46% of deaths due to heartconditions

1948 – National Health Service introduced to provide free medical care for all.


9Bd/5 How to stay fit andhealthy

Name Class

9

B

d

knowledge,literacyS

Complete the table below to explain how each factor can affect health andfitness. Include as much detail as you can. Then make recommendations forstaying fit and healthy.

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Factor How it affects Recommendations for staying

health and fitness fit and healthy

exercise

smoking

diet

alcohol

drugs

doctors and scientists

lifestyle


9Bd/6 Drug search

Name Class

9

B

d


1 Find the following drugs in the wordsearch. ?alcohol amphetamine caffeine cannabis cocaine

Ecstasy heroin LSD nicotine paracetamol penicillin

2 Draw a red line through all the stimulants.

3 Draw a blue line through all the depressants.

4 Draw a yellow line through the drugs that are neither stimulants nor depressants.

A P C A N N A B I S P

M E O B R T J K Z O A

P N C A F F E I N E R

H I A F R I H T B M A

E C I E N Z E G F H C

T I N I C O T I N E E

A L E T O L P G H E T

M L W A H E R O I N A

I I S L S D X N I L M

N N A L C O H O L P O

E E C S T A S Y O E L


9Bd/7 Drug crossword

Name Class

9

B

d


Use the clues below to complete the crossword.?

Across

1 Smokers get addicted to this drug.

5 If you’ve got a headache you couldtake one of these tablets.

8 An antibiotic.

Down

2 An illegal drug that upsets thewater balance in the body.

3 Don’t drink too much of this or itwill make you drunk!

4 This stimulant is found in coffeeand cola.

6 A dangerous depressant drug madefrom the opium poppy.

7 Made from leaves of the coca bush.It was tried as an anaesthetic butfound to damage patients’ brains.

9 A very dangerous drug that makespeople hallucinate.

1

3

4

5

8 9

6 7

2


9Bd/8 The thalidomide storyIn the 1950s antibiotics were very important to drugs companies. The companieswere trying to develop simple, cheap techniques for making these drugs that werebeing widely used to treat bacterial infections.

In 1954, a German drug company was carrying out experiments and produced a newdrug called thalidomide. It was not an antibiotic and in animal tests it had no anti-cancer or sedative effects. It was also non-toxic, even in high doses. The Germanscientists wondered if the drug might act as a sedative in humans. As it appeared to bea safe drug they decided to try it out. It worked very well, putting patients into adeep, all night sleep. They thought the drug would make them a lot of money becausealternative sedatives were all toxic.

Thalidomide was released in West Germany in 1957 and in the UK and other parts ofthe world in 1958. It quickly became the best selling sleeping pill and was advertisedas completely safe, even for pregnant women, although there was no data to supportthis. It was taken by thousands of pregnant women to treat morning sickness.

By 1960 a rare birth defect was appearing in Germany and in other countries. Babieswere being born without arms and legs – their hands and feet were attached directlyonto the body. This condition is called phocomelia. By 1962 around 12 000thalidomide babies had been born but only 8000 survived. It was estimated that afurther 12 000 embryos had been affected by the drug, but died before birth.

Doctors around the world needed to know what was causing these defects. Afterinterviewing the mothers it was found that the common factor was that they had alltaken thalidomide. Further research suggested that the drug most affected the embryoif taken between the 20th and 36th day after conception. Chemicals that cause defectsin embryos are called teratogens.

Thalidomide was withdrawn from the UK market in 1962. Shortly afterwards it wasrevealed that high doses of thalidomide caused limb defects in the offspring of rabbits,but not in other animals. The reason for this has never been found, but it is nowthought that the drug causes defects in humans by interfering with the growth anddevelopment of new blood vessels.

Thalidomide is in the news again because it is now being used for many seriousillnesses. It is used to treat multiple sclerosis, AIDS and the painful inflammationcaused by leprosy. It also reduces the size of some cancers. Thalidomide is beingmanufactured in the UK, but women are not allowed to enter the factory.

9

B

d

knowledge, literacy, research, numeracyS

1 What do the following words mean?

a antibiotic b sedative c phocomelia d teratogen

2 Why did the German drug company expect to make a lot of money fromthalidomide?

3 a What percentage of all affected embryos died before birth?

b What percentage of all affected embryos died after birth?

4 a How is thalidomide thought to cause limb defects?

b Using this information, explain how it might work to reduce the size ofsome cancers.

5 Why are women banned from entering thalidomide factories in the UK today?

6 How do you think thalidomide has affected the way in which drugs aretested and marketed today?

7 Find out about the regulations that govern the registration of a new drug.

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