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Step 3: Chapter 8 Guided Worksheet (Created by Parisa Watson)

Name: Period Date _Directions: As you read the chapter, fill in the blanks on the guided worksheet.

FIELD NOTE--INDEPENDENCE IS BETTER THAN SOLITUDE

1. Ghana, the first African colony to become independent, gained itsindependence in . A wave of decolonization swept through Africa in the____ , fueled by the hope that decolonization would bring political and economic

2. Each country had to deal with significant problems after independence, including a mixtureof peoples, cultures, and that were grouped within single politicalunits during the colonial period.

HOW IS SPACE POLITICALLY ORGANIZED INTO STATES AND NATIONS?

3. is the study of the political organization of the world. At theglobal scale, we have a world divided into individual which are commonly called

4. A is a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a definedterritory, and a government. To be a state, an entity must be as such by otherstates.

5. Today on a map, there are more than countries and territories.6. Central to the state are the concepts of and territoriality. Stuart Elden pointed

out that the modern concept of territoriality arose in early modern as a systemof political units came into being with fixed, distinct boundaries and some type ofgovernment. Robert Sack defined as "the attempt by an individual or groupto affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting andasserting control over a geographic area."

7. Today, the concept of territoriality is tied to the concept of as the behaviorimplies an expression of control over a . Under international law, states are____ , and they have the right to defend their territorial against incursion fromothers.

8. The emerging political state was accompanied by , which led to theaccumulation of wealth through plunder, colonization, and the protection of homeindustries and foreign markets.

9. The Peace of Westphalia marks , whichwas negotiated in the year _

10. The popular media and press often use the words and _interchangeably, but the word is distinct.

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11. A group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture andhistory, and who seek some degree of political autonomy is defined as

••

12. When a nation and state occupy the same territory, it is known as a . The goalof creating dates back to the French Revolution. The Revolution initiallypromoted , the idea that the people, the , have the ultimate say overwhat happens within a state.

13. People with a sense of belonging to a particular nation reside within a singlestate's borders. Nearly every state in the world is a , a state with morethan one inside its borders. When a nation stretches across borders and acrossstates, the nation is called a _

14. Some nations do not have a state, they are . The are anexample. A much larger stateless nation is the whose population covers parts ofsix states.

15. Europe exported its concepts of state, sovereignty, and desire for nation-states to much ofthe rest of the world through two waves of . The colonizing parties met at the_________ and arbitrarily laid out the colonial map of without regardto indigenous cultural or political arrangements.

16. During the heyday of , the imperial powers exercised ruthless control over theirdomains and organized them for maximum economic exploitation. Colonizers organized theflows of for their own benefit.

17. and were the countries with the most African colonies(Figure 8.8).

18. The world-systems theory views the world as much more than the of theworld's states. According to Wallerstein, the development of a world economy began with____ exchange around 1450. means that in the world economy,individuals, corporations, and states produce goods and services that are exchanged forprofit.

19. Lastly, the world-systems theorists see the world as a three-tiered structure: the _____ and . The is where one is most likely to find higherlevels of education, salaries, and more technology and generate more inthe world economy. The more commonly has lower levels of education,____ salaries, and less technology and are associated with a more positionin the world economy. Places where both core and periphery processes are occurring arecalled _

HOW DO STATES SPATIALLY ORGANIZE THEIR GOVERNMENTS?

20. A force helps unite people within a state, while _are divisive forces in a state.-----

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21. Highly centralized governments in which the power is focused on the capital city are called_______ governments.

22. The system gives much more control to regions than the centralgovernment.

23. is the movement of power from the central government to regionalgovernments within the state.

24. Nigeria's are an example of the federal system.25. is the movement of power from the central government to regional

governments within the state. It does not necessarily fuel greater calls for _Nations within states can, instead, call for autonomy within the borders of the . Inthe UK, Scotland established its own in 1997.

26. Cite at least three examples of devolution throughout the world (Figure 8.14).

27. The domain in which electoral geographers can have the most concrete influence is in thedrawing of . The U.S. Constitution establishes a system of _____ . In the Senate, each major territorial unit gets two representatives, and in theHouse of Representatives, members are elected from territorially defined districts based on

28. The Constitution requires a census every years to enumerate the population andreapportion the representatives accordingly. When districts are moved according topopulation shift, it is known as _

29. Majority-minority districts are packed districts in which the majority of the population isfromthe _

30. Redistricting for advantage is called _

HOW ARE BOUNDARIES ESTABLISHED, AND WHY DO BOUNDARY DISPUTESOCCUR?

31. The territories of individual states are separated by international boundaries, often referredto as . They may appear on maps as lines or turn and conform withrivers and curves of hills and valleys. But a boundary is more than a , far more thana fence or wall on the ground.

32. A between states is actually a plane that cuts through the rocksbelow and the airspace above, dividing one state from another.

33. boundaries are drawn using a grid system such as latitude and longitude ortownship and range. The boundary between the countries of and is anexample of this, along with many of the boundaries of _

34. are boundaries that follow an agreed-upon feature in thenatural landscape, such as the center point of a river or the crest of a mountain range. The________ is an example of this, dividing the United States and Mexico.

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35. Boundary disputes can take four principal forms: , __ , , and

36. boundary disputes focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement, suchas the median line of a boundary disputes center on the delimitationand possibly demarcation of the boundary. boundary disputes involveneighbors who differ over the way their border should function. An example would be____ functions in terms of migration. boundary disputes are common asthe search for resources intensifies. reserves and supplies are twocommon examples of this dispute.

HOW DOES THE STUDY OF GEOPOLITICS HELP US UNDERSTAND THE WORLD?

37. is the interplay among geography, power, politics, and internationalrelations on the Earth's surface.

38. Classical geopolitics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries generally fit into twocamps: the school and the school.

39. Ratzel's organic theory said that the state resembles a biological organism that needs____ just as an organisms needs . Such nourishment is provided by theacquisition of that provide adequate space for members of the state. This theory ismost associated with the philosophy of _

40. proposed the heartland theory, stating that whoever rules the heartlandrules the world island and the world. The heartland includes the region of

WHAT ARE SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, AND WHAT ARE THEIRIMPLICATIONS FOR THE STATE?

."41. A supranational organization is an entity comprised of or more states for mutual

benefit.42. The modern beginnings of the supranational movement can be traced to conferences

following __ . After World War II, states formed a new organization tofoster international security and cooperation: the . By participating in theUN, states commit to internationally approved standards of . States still violatestandards, but such violations can lead to collective action such as sanctions orSecurity Council supported _

43. From the Marshall Plan came the Organization for European Economic Cooperation( ). Eventually, in 1958, this led to the . Theirsuccess encouraged others to join and the organization became known as the _____ . In 1992, the 12 members initiated a program of cooperation and unification thatled to the formal establishment of a . In the late 1990s the EU begannegotiations for the establishment of a single currency-the . Under the rules ofthe , the richer countries have to the poorer ones.

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44. Some people would like to see Turkey join the EU, but the conflict between and_____ over Cyprus is an issue.

45. The EU is an example of a _46. List a supranationational organization in North America , South America

______ , Asia , Europe _