11-07 lecture notes

7/30/2019 11-07 Lecture Notes

1/20

or a e,

er e ra e,an

om n n

vers ca on

o ay sques ons:

I. W atsynapomorp es e net ec or ates

II. Whatsynapomorphies define

major

vertebrate

neages

III. Whattrendsoccurredinhominin evolution?


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I.What

synapomorphies define

the

chordates?

EchinodermsLancelets

HagfishLampreysSharks, rays, skates

Ray-finned fishesCoelacanthsNotochord,

LungfishFrogs & toads

Musculartail

Dorsalhollownerve

cord

MammalsLizards and snakesTurtles

CrocodilesDinosaurs & Birds


3/20

Whatistheadaptivesignificanceof

amusculartailthatextendspasttheanus?

aCNSwithadorsalhollownervecord?

-Stiff rod of tissue that runs the length of the body. Anterior toposterior.

-Develops into vertebrae.

-Function as endoskeleton, allows movement.

-Helps with maintaining balance during vigorous movement by extendingbody to posterior.

-Muscular tail allows for fast swimming in aquatic animals.

-Rapid transmission of information down the length of the body,

important for rapid movement.


4/20


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II.

What

synapomorphies define

major

vertebrate

lineages?

EchinodermsLancelets

HagfishLampreysSharks, rays, skates

Ray-finned fishesCoelacanths

Vertebrae,

cranium

LungfishFrogs & toads

Jaws

Lungs,bony

MammalsLizards and snakes

Lobedfins

Turtles

CrocodilesDinosaurs & Birds

m s

Amnioticegg


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III.Whattrendsoccurred


7/20

Westerngorillas,easterngorillas,chimps,andbonobos

knucklewalk,liveinAfricanforests,andliveinsocial

groups. Chimpsandbonobos makeandusetools;chimps(and

ono os unt. eya soteac t e ro spr ng owto o

thingsmeaningthattheytransmitculture.

Basedonthesedata,

describethetraitsof

thecommon

ancestor

ofchimpsandhumans.

-Use tools.

-Transmission of culture.

-forest, Africa.

-Part knuckle-waking, tree-dwelling.


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.

Braincase:300350cc Ethiopia

Females~1.2m;males~?m

Partlybipedal;partlyknucklewalking;treedwelling?


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. . Braincase:400500cc Africa

Females~1.1m;males~1.41.5m

Squarejaw(apelike)


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. . Braincase:400500cc SouthAfrica

Females~1.1m;males~1.41.5m

Roundjaw(Hsapienslike);largeteethandjaws


11/20

.

.

Braincase:530cc Kenya

Females~1.3m;males~1.6m

Molars4xHsapiens;sagittal crest


12/20

.

.

Braincase:530cc SouthAfrica


Largezygomatic arch


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. . Braincase:650cc Kenya


Stonetools;animalboneswithmarksindicatingbutchery


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. . Braincase:900cc* Africa,Caucasus,Asia(PekingMan;JavaMan)Females?m;males~1.7m

Extensivestonetools;fire? *earlyspecimens;1100cclate


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. . Braincase:417cc Flores(Indonesia)Females1.06m;males?m

Stonetools,fire;hunteddwarfelephants? NicknamedHobbits


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. . Braincase:1450cc Europe,MiddleEast,CaucasusFemales1.56m;males~1.68m

Preparedgraves;speech? H.heidelbergensis (Africa)avariant?


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. Braincase:CroMagnon1350cc(now1200cc) Europe,Asia,AfricaCurrently:Malesabout10%tallerthanfemales,onaverage

Gravewith2otheradultmen,adultwoman,infant,animalbones,

jewelry,stone

tools

Why did sexual dimorphism of body size decrease?


18/20

- Role of dad change, they are also more likely

to be care takers now.


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1. Bod size hei ht

2. Male:female size

3. Posture

4. Toothsize

5. Facialfeatures

6. Braincasevolume

Massive increase.

Much more equal.

More upright.

Increase.

More flat.

Increase and then decrease.


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**Adaptive Radiation:**

- Lots of speciations event.

- Done in a short amount of time.

- Lots of diversity in habitats or how they exploit resources.

- Create artificial adaptive radiation:

- To create speciation, you need to restrict gene flow give different

environments.- You need to increase divergence (food), there has to be a diversity in

resources or habitat so as to have different adaptions.

11-07 lecture notes

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