11. academic writing
DESCRIPTION
Karya TulisTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Academic Writing
Writing Research Papers
Some of the work in this course involves research. Many handbooks of Standard English provide succinct guides to writing research papers that adhere to the University’s citation requirement.
The Center for Writing Excellence
The online Center for Writing Excellence, available from your student Web page, offers WritePoint, an automated essay-review system. WritePoint provides feedback on basic grammar, usage, and some formatting issues by inserting comments into the text of your paper. Generally, a paper can be processed within a matter of minutes.
The Academic Word ListAcademic writing is often couched in so-called academese—a form of Standard English that can seem daunting to the uninitiated and tedious even to those accustomed to it. Yet this academic language is not terribly difficult to learn. Researcher Averil Coxhead of Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand, has compiled a relatively small list of words that identify a piece of writing as academic English. In her teaching, Coxhead helps students master academic writing by mastering the terms in this list, which she calls the Academic Word List (AWL).
Mastering the Terms in the AWL
The introductions to the Academic Word List provided by Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (http://www.vuw.ac.nz/lals/research/awl/awlinfo.html), and by the University of Nottingham (http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~alzsh3/acvocab/) include suggestions on how to master the AWL’s words. The sites http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~alzsh3/acvocab/exercises.htm, http://www.geocities.com/aepmail/awl.htm, and http://www.uefap.co.uk/vocab/exercise/wordsrch/awl/awl.htm, among others, provide useful exercises based on the AWL.
Monitoring the Frequency of AWL Terms
Averil Coxhead’s research indicates that about ten percent of the words in a broad sample of academic writing can be found in the AWL. The first paragraph of this handout is a fair example of such academic writing: about ten percent of the words in it come from the AWL. The online utility “Profile a text with the MFWL K1 + K2 and the Academic Word List” at http://www.edict.com.hk/textanalyser/ reports what percentage of a writing sample comes from the Academic Word List:
![Page 2: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Percentage of words in the sample that come from the AWL
This enables you to know, ahead of time, whether ten percent of the words in an assignment come from the AWL. If you need to, you can edit the assignment before you turn it in and bring the number of AWL terms up to ten percent.
Terms Found in the AWL
The Academic Word List consists of 570 key words, along with related terms (for example, appreciation is related to the Academic Word List key word or headword appreciate). The AWL’s 570 key terms are reproduced below, with permission from Averil Coxhead:
![Page 3: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
abandon
abstract
academy
access
accommodate
accompany
accumulate
accurate
achieve
acknowledge
acquire
adapt
adequate
adjacent
adjust
administrate
adult
advocate
affect
aggregate
aid
albeit
allocate
alter
alternative
ambiguous
amend
analogy
analyse
annual
anticipate
apparent
append
appreciate
approach
appropriate
approximate
arbitrary
area
aspect
assemble
assess
assign
assist
assume
assure
attach
attain
attitude
attribute
author
authority
automate
available
aware
behalf
benefit
bias
bond
brief
bulk
capable
capacity
category
cease
challenge
channel
chapter
chart
chemical
circumstance
cite
civil
clarify
classic
clause
code
coherent
coincide
collapse
colleague
commence
comment
commission
commit
commodity
communicate
community
compatible
![Page 4: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
compensate
compile
complement
complex
component
compound
comprehensive
comprise
compute
conceive
concentrate
concept
conclude
concurrent
conduct
confer
confine
confirm
conflict
conform
consent
consequent
considerable
consist
constant
constitute
constrain
construct
consult
consume
contact
contemporary
context
contract
contradict
contrary
contrast
contribute
controversy
convene
converse
convert
convince
cooperate
coordinate
core
corporate
correspond
couple
create
credit
criteria
crucial
culture
currency
cycle
data
debate
decade
decline
deduce
define
definite
demonstrate
denote
deny
depress
derive
design
despite
detect
deviate
device
devote
differentiate
dimension
diminish
discrete
discriminate
displace
display
dispose
distinct
distort
distribute
diverse
document
domain
domestic
dominate
draft
drama
duration
dynamic
![Page 5: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
economy
edit
element
eliminate
emerge
emphasis
empirical
enable
encounter
energy
enforce
enhance
enormous
ensure
entity
environment
equate
equip
equivalent
erode
error
establish
estate
estimate
ethic
ethnic
evaluate
eventual
evident
evolve
exceed
exclude
exhibit
expand
expert
explicit
exploit
export
expose
external
extract
facilitate
factor
feature
federal
fee
file
final
finance
finite
flexible
fluctuate
focus
format
formula
forthcoming
foundation
founded
framework
function
fund
fundamental
furthermore
gender
generate
generation
globe
goal
grade
grant
guarantee
guideline
![Page 6: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
hence
hierarchy
highlight
hypothesis
identical
identify
ideology
ignorant
illustrate
image
immigrate
impact
implement
implicate
implicit
imply
impose
incentive
incidence
incline
income
incorporate
index
indicate
individual
induce
inevitable
infer
infrastructure
inherent
inhibit
initial
initiate
injure
innovate
input
insert
insight
inspect
instance
institute
instruct
integral
integrate
integrity
intelligence
intense
interact
intermediate
internal
interpret
interval
intervene
intrinsic
invest
investigate
invoke
involve
isolate
issue
item
job
journal
justify
label
labour
layer
lecture
legal
legislate
levy
liberal
licence
likewise
link
locate
logic
![Page 7: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
maintain
major
manipulate
manual
margin
mature
maximise
mechanism
media
mediate
medical
medium
mental
method
migrate
military
minimal
minimise
minimum
ministry
minor
mode
modify
monitor
motive
mutual
negate
network
neutral
nevertheless
nonetheless
norm
normal
notion
notwithstanding
nuclear
objective
obtain
obvious
occupy
occur
odd
offset
ongoing
option
orient
outcome
output
overall
overlap
overseas
panel
paradigm
paragraph
parallel
parameter
participate
partner
passive
perceive
percent
period
persist
perspective
phase
phenomenon
philosophy
physical
plus
policy
portion
pose
positive
potential
practitioner
precede
precise
predict
predominant
preliminary
![Page 8: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
presume
previous
primary
prime
principal
principle
prior
priority
proceed
process
professional
prohibit
project
promote
proportion
prospect
protocol
psychology
publication
publish
purchase
pursue
qualitative
quote
radical
random
range
ratio
rational
react
recover
refine
regime
region
register
regulate
reinforce
reject
relax
release
relevant
reluctance
rely
remove
require
research
reside
resolve
resource
respond
restore
restrain
restrict
retain
reveal
revenue
reverse
revise
revolution
rigid
role
route
scenario
schedule
scheme
scope
section
sector
secure
seek
select
sequence
series
sex
shift
significant
similar
simulate
site
so-called
sole
somewhat
source
specific
specify
sphere
stable
statistic
status
straightforward
strategy
![Page 9: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
stress
structure
style
submit
subordinate
subsequent
subsidy
substitute
successor
sufficient
sum
summary
supplement
survey
survive
suspend
sustain
symbol
tape
target
task
team
technical
technique
technology
temporary
tense
terminate
text
theme
theory
thereby
thesis
topic
trace
tradition
transfer
transform
transit
transmit
transport
trend
trigger
ultimate
undergo
underlie
undertake
uniform
unify
unique
utilise
valid
vary
vehicle
version
via
violate
virtual
visible
vision
visual
volume
voluntary
welfare
whereas
whereby
widespread
![Page 10: 11. Academic Writing](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022072002/563db977550346aa9a9d9f26/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)