11 basic lighting

8/6/2019 11 Basic Lighting

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Emergency Lighting

De nitions, Standards and RecommendationsLaws o the European Union require that many places o work andplaces o gathering must be equipped with an alternative sourceo emergency lighting. In the case o particularly hazardous placeso work, or escape routes, special sa ety lighting (EuropeanStandard Dra t pr EN 50172) has to be provided. In additionthere are also the Regulations On Sa ety and Health ProtectionSigns (EWGR 92/58).

The most important electrical engineering standard concerningthe provision o emergency lighting installations in Europe is theEuropean Standard Dra t pr EN 50172. The standard concerningthe mechanical and electrical design or sa ety luminaires is EN60598-2-22 (European Standard). The technical requirements

or a sa ety luminaire are to be ound in the German StandardDIN 5035, Part 5, and or the sa ety signs in German DIN 4844

and in the European regulation EWGR 92/58.

De nitions

Emergency lighting:Emergency lighting describes lighting which is subsequentlyturned on in case o ailure o the mains supply to the lightingsystem. We distinguish between sa ety lighting and reservelighting.

Sa ety lighting: When talking about sa ety lighting we distinguish between sa etylighting or escape routes, anti-panic lighting and sa ety lighting

or particularly hazardous places o work.Sa ety lighting or escape routes:

The sa ety lighting installed or escape routes is to provide theemergency exit with su cient minimum lighting intensity to enablethe sa e escape rom areas or acilities in case o emergency.

Anti-Panic lighting: Anti-panic lighting is the minimum amount o lighting required toensure that within a large room or hall enough lighting is availableto ensure that escape and escape routes can be sa ely used.

Sa ety lighting or particularly hazardous places o work:Particularly hazardous places o work must be provided withsa ety lighting which enables the sa e completion o necessarytasks, as well as the possibility to evacuate the place o work.By de nition, at places o work which are particularly hazardousthere is an acute danger o accident in the case o breakdownin the lighting system.

Reserve lighting:Reserve lighting is installed voluntarily to enable the continuationo work throughout a certain period (power cut without danger).

This kind o lighting can be installed where sa ety lighting isotherwise not required. Reserve lighting is installed in order toavoid a loss o production in the event o power cuts. Reserve

lighting can also be provided by the installation o sa ety lighting.

Sa e LuminairesSa ety luminaire is used to describe luminaires, with or withouttheir own source o power, which can be used or providingsa ety lighting. We distinguish between luminaires designed toilluminate escape routes, and those used as sa ety signs or escape purposes. A sa ety luminaire or escape purposes isa shaped luminaire displaying a sa ety moti . They are used toindicate escape routes and emergency exits.In respect o sa ety lighting various circuits are possible accordingto EN 60598-2-22: We distinguish between maintained operation(abbreviation 0 in the catalogue), and non-maintained operation(abbreviationB).

Sa ety luminaires or maintained operation (D) are working inconjunction with the. ordinary lighting system, it is powereddirectly or indirectly by the mains. In this mode the lamp is onall the time. In case o mains ailure the luminaire is switchedautomatically to the battery pack.

In case o sa ety luminaires installed or non-maintained operation(B), the lamp is o when mains power is available to charge thebatteries. Upon mains ailure the lamp is energized by the batterypack.

The system will recognize as ailure o the mains supply whenthe voltage alls by more than 15 % or a period o more than0,5 seconds.

Switch-over time: The switch-over time is the time which elapses rom theoccurrence o an interruption to the general electricity supply till

the e ective operation o the necessary sa ety devices.

Nominal operation rating: The nominal operation rating o sa ety luminaires is the time or which the reserve power source is designed to run at normalrating. As a minimum, this must correspond to the period ooperation laid down or the necessary sa ety devices.

Sa ety lighting or escape routes: The minimum luminous intensity prescribed or escape routes

is 1 Ix horizontal (0.2 m height over ground). The uni ormity othe intensity o illumination must con orm to Lmin: Lmax greater than 1 : 40. The time-lag must not be more than a maximumo 15 seconds. The nominal rating time when per orming theprescribed unction must not be less than 1 hour or luminairesat places o work, and 3 hours at gathering places. Whencalculating the necessary luminous intensity, a sa ety-planning

actor o 1.25 must be taken into account to compensate or ageing and dirt accumulation.

Sa ety lighting at particularly hazardous places o work: The minimum luminous intensity must con orm to at least 15 lx,

or 10% o the nominal luminous intensity (DIN 5035 Part 2) o thenormal lighting system. The switch-over time must not exceed0.5 o a second.

Technical lighting requirements


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Escape luminaire signs: The speci cations or escape luminaire signs under generallighting conditions are governed by DIN 4844 and EWGR 92/58.

The technical lighting requirements or escape signs as part othe sa ety lighting system are contained in DIN 5035 Part 5.Only special moti s are permitted or escape signs, wording andlettering is not allowed. The recognition distance or a escapesign is the greatest distance at which the meaning o the signcan be reliably recognised. There are di erent requirementsconcerning escape signs, depending on whether used withmains or emergency power supply.Sa ety colour: green. Contrasting colour: white.

The size o the escape sign is not regulated, but the height-widthratio can only be 1:1 or 2:1.

I emergency lighting is to be operational when required, thena suitable source o alternative power supply must be provided

or. These include the ollowing possibilities: single-battery,group-battery, central-battery system, or systems with stand-bygenerators.

Single-battery system:Single batteries are sealed, non-rechargable storage batteries.

These batteries must be durable, capable o operation a ter long periods o non-use and able to conserve their charge. In

accordance with EN 60598-2-22 their service li e must be at least4 years. By using a single-battery system, it is possible to installthe power source within the sa ety light, or in separate holdersnear the unit. Sa ety luminaires incorporating battery, together

with all electronic parts or automatic charging, switch-over device, inverter as well as total discharge protection constituteautonomously unctioning units which can be connected directlyto the mains electricity supply: in the event o mains ailure, thelamp inside the luminaire is automatically switched over to analternative power supply.

Group battery system: A group battery system consists o several maintenance- reebatteries (service li e minimum 3 years) in a sealed unit and notrequiring any topping-up with water or electrolyte. A group batteryunit eeds at least 2, but not more than 20 sa ety luminaires,providing a maximum o 300 W ( 3-hour nominal period ooperation) or 900 W ( 1-hour nominal period o operation).

The same requirements apply to the charging units or centraland group batteries, including a maximum charging time o24 hours. Group batteries can be used to run luminaires withgeneral service lamps or fuorescent lamps with 4-pin base andelectronic ballasts.

Central-battery system:Central batteries are regulated by DIN VDE 510 Part 2. Theseare positive lead-plate storage batteries, or nickel cadmiumaccumulators whose plates con orm to the above mentionedservice li e. Generally the battery voltages are 24, 42, 60, 110,

and 220 volts. The central battery system (direct current) mayonly be used to power luminaires with general service lamps, or 4-pin base fuorescent lamps with electronic ballasts.

Systems with stand-by generators:In situations where the mains electricity supply is consideredto be unreliable, lighting systems can be powered or sa etyreasons by stand-by generators. We distinguish between stand-by generators, quick-start generators and on-line generators.

Stand-by generator: An interruption in the mains supply starts the generator rom thestationary mode. On reaching the rated rotational speed, theload is connected. Switch-over time is about 15 seconds andthe potential bridging time is virtually unlimited.

Instant-start generator:

An electric motor tted with a fywheel is constantly runningand linked to the generator. In the event o an interruption tothe power supply, the electric motor separates rom the fywheeland the generator. A diesel engine which runs the generator is immediately activated by the inertia. The switch-over time isapprox. 0.5 o a second and the potential bridging time virtuallyunlimited.

On-line generator: The sa ety luminaires are powered exclusively by the on-linegenerator which, in the event o an interruption to the power supply immediately switches over rom electricity to dieselpowered operation mode. There may be a brie requencyfuctuation.

Batteries and generators must be regularly serviced (DIN VDE0108 Part 1). The sa ety-lighting systems together with allconsumer apparatus must be checked or their rated operationalli e once a year. This must take place outside normal operatinghours. Group and central batteries together with their respectivesa ety installations are to be checked daily. The correct unctioningo single-battery sa ety luminaires must be checked once a

week. Where an automatic inspection device is installed, anannual manual inspection o the single, group and central batterysystems is su cient. Records o inspections must be maintainedand kept or at least two years. Checking sa ety luminaires run onsingle batteries can be considerably simpli ed by use o a BUS-type monitoring system. This entails the use o BUS compatiblecomponents. These products are to be ound on pages 308,309 and the product pages o RZB sa ety luminaires. Do nothesitate to contact us or advice - thats our business.

The electrical engineering requirements or sa etylighting:

Maintenance and monitoring o the electrical systemsand installations:


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Understanding Lighting Equipment

Generally a speci er selects luminaires is by ollowing guidelinesnecessarily not in the same order:

1) Application2) Product aesthetics3) Budget availability

However inspite o these selection criterias the need o thesituation / application does not essentially comply with requiredprovisions. Such cases lead to compromised selection o theproduct. Eventually this leads to premature ailure o product or results in de cient per ormance.

To avoid disappointment at a later date one must understand thecomposition o the product be ore nal selection based uponabove criterias.

Luminaire essentially consist o ollowing composition oengineering material to collectively per orm the designed output.

I) Housing materialII) Optical materialIII) Sealing materialIV) Hardware material

The available selection o product may however not beper ect solution or given application. Speci er may there orein consultation with manu acturer opt to select the derivativeproduct, i one understands in detail the sub-groups o theseabove our compositions.

I) Housing Materials Aluminum Aluminums low density, high strength in many alloys, goodcorrosion resistance and thermal properties make it the choice omaterial or housing construction. Easily ormed via dies, extrusionor casting, aluminum is a very versatile alloy. Common die-castaluminum will contain approximately 3-4% copper content toallow or appropriate die-casting properties. In most applications,indoor and outdoor, this alloy is an excellent choice. It is verycapable o resisting corrosion rom the majority o contaminants

ound in those spaces. Infated corrosive environments existing ina coastal area demand a di erent alloy. Marine grade aluminummust contain less than 0.4% copper in its content. This lower copper content minimizes the opportunity or corrosion.

SteelMost steel used in lighting manu acturing is low carbon. The steelis cold rolled to produce a better nish and improve mechanicalproperties. Stamping, rolling or a combination o these processes

orms the steel into its nal shape. The steel is normally painted

be ore stamping or rolling, although sometimes it is painteda ter the orming processes are complete. Used predominatelyin commercial and light industrial environments, steel is moresusceptible to corrosion i not properly painted. This should becare ully considered be ore it is placed in a harsh environment.

Stainless SteelStainless steel is an alloy o steel with varying amounts o Carbon,Manganese, Silicon, Chromium and Nickel. Molybdenumis added in the 316 grade. Type 304 and 316 are the mostcommon grades used in the lighting industry with 304L and316L (low carbon) alloys also being used. Stainless steel isused primarily or its high resistance to corrosive atmospheresand moisture, with the 316 grade o ering the best corrosionresistance. Housings manu actured rom stainless steel are

usually o welded construction. Ballast and optical componentshave to be attached to the housing using special brackets andhardware. The orming and welding processes do not producethe same precision as with cast housings and can lead toimproper component t or loosening o components in high

vibration areas. The high cost o manu acturing stainless steelhousings makes its use as a housing material very limited.

Fiberglass Rein orced Polyester (FRP)FRP is a polyester plastic material that is rein orced with berglassstrands to provide a strong, rigid material sometimes used in

luminaires. The drawback to using FRP in luminaire housings isthat it acts as an insulator, trapping heat within the housing andcausing electrical components to overheat thereby shorteningoperating li e. In interior industrial applications, routine cleaningmay also cause deterioration o the polyester material allowingglass bers to become loose.

II) Optical Materials Aluminum Aluminum is the predominate material used in the constructiono refectors or industrial lighting products. The low density,corrosion resistance and high refectivity o aluminum make it anexcellent choice as a refector material. The ease o shaping andrefective properties allows it to control various light sources. Itmay be either anodized or painted. Both the anodizing processand painting enhances the refective properties and act asprotective coatings to assist in greater corrosion resistance.

LENSI) Glass Lens

Though not abundantly in India, glass is used in lighting as are ractor, refector, and shielding media. The high resistance oborosilicate glass to thermal shock makes it a dominant materialas a refector and re ractor in industrial lighting products. Althoughglass is di cult to orm into exacting shape, its inert propertiesmake it ideal or high temperature environments and areas wherecorrosive compounds may be prevalent. Tempered glass insheet orm normally serves the purpose as a shielding mediaprotecting the lamp and optical sur aces rom contamination.

Predominantly two types o glass lenses are used in lighting; fatlense or cut o light distribution & sagged lense or semi-cut odistribution.

II) Acrylic Lens Todays newest and best-per orming optical acrylic materials aredeveloped speci cally or use with high intensity discharge lamps.

They eature long-lasting UV stabilizers that minimize the e ecto UVA and UVB radiation. They are designed or a maximumcontinuous operating skin temperature o 80C. At higher operating temperatures, acrylic tends to yellow under the e ect oUV radiation. Over time, the yellowing will cause temperatures toincrease, and ultimate ailure will occur. It is important, there ore,that luminaires incorporating acrylic refectors and/or re ractorsbe designed, tested and used in ceiling ambients that maintainskin temperatures below 80C. Properly engineered luminairesusing acrylic optical components are listed by wattage andlamp type or use in maximum ambient temperatures. To ensuretrouble- ree per ormance rom these luminaires, never use anacrylic optical system in an ambient higher than its listed rating.

III) Polycarbonate LensPolycarbonate is also orm o thermoplastic like acrylic.Polycarbonate is naturally transparent with ability to transmitlight nearly that o glass. One o the biggest advantages opolycarbonate is the impact strength and has high temperatureper ormance. Polycarbonate has a viable working temperature oaround 90 0C. Working temperature is that maximum allowabletemperature or a material that will not result in a loss o physicalcharacteristics.

SteelMost steel used in lighting manu acturing is low carbon. Thesteel is cold rolled to produce a better nish and improvemechanical properties. Stamping, rolling or a combination othese processes orms the steel into its nal shape. Normally,


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the steel is painted be ore stamping or rolling, but sometimesit is painted a ter the orming processes are complete. Usedpredominately in commercial and light industrial environments,steel more susceptible to corrosion i not properly painted. Post-

abrication painting should be considered i steel is to be placedin a harsh environment. Hot rolled steel being used by someunscrupulous manu acturers lead to early ailure o abricatedluminaires in aesthetics and ambience and per ormance.

III) Sealing Material Where moisture and chemical corrosion are concerns, it is notenough to consider protecting only the external mechanicalcomponents o a lighting xture. Internal components are alsosusceptible to corrosion. Ballast trans ormers are protected

rom moisture at the manu acturing stage by being vacuumimpregnated with a silica- lled polyester varnish. Most capacitorsare dry-type with a thermoplastic case and encapsulated leadterminations. These are also rated or continuous operation at100C unlike oil lled capacitors that are rated 90C. Ignitersused in HPS and pulse start metal halide ballasts are alwaysencapsulated in a non-moisture absorbing insulating compound.Lamp socket screw-shells are nickel-coated brass, as are wiringtermination connectors. Every precaution is taken to ensurethat moisture entering the luminaire during normal operatingconditions will not cause ailure o the electrical components.

Where atmospheric moisture also contains corrosive chemicalsor corrosive dust is likely to collect on the luminaire sur aces,extra protection can be provided by additional gasketing at theballast, housing and optical cavity. This gasketing can be madeo one o several di erent materials depending on the chemicalcomposition o the corrosive material. Typical gasketing materialsused in the manu acture o industrial luminaires include closed-cell neoprene, Santoprene, EPDM rubber and silicone. Each othese elastomers has mechanical properties that make them the

ideal choice or speci c industrial applications.Closed-Cell Neoprene

A common gasket material used in interior lighting luminaires. It isrelatively oil resistant (class E) and per orms well over temperatureranges normally ound on the exterior sur aces o lighting xtures(up to 105C). It has a high tensile strength and good wear resistance. It has good resistance to lubricating oils, hydraulicoils, vegetable oils, animal ats, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols,diluted acids, and alkalis. Conversely, it has a low resistanceto uel oils, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones and concentratedacids. It is not accepted by NSF or use in the ood processingindustry because o its cellular construction.Santoprene

A thermoplastic rubber with a continuous operating temperature

range o -60 to 135C. It has excellent resistance to moisture, vegetable oils, animal ats and oils. It is approved by NSF or usein the ood processing industry.EPDM RubberCommonly used as a lens gasket material in enclosed opticalsystems due to its ability to operate continuously at slightly higher temperatures (135C) and resist water permeation better thanneoprene. Like neoprene, it has a high tensile strength and good

wear resistance, but unlike neoprene it has a very low resistanceto mineral or vegetable oils.SiliconeSilicone has a continuous operating temperature range o -100C to 250C. It is used in industrial luminaires where a higher temperature seal is required. In spite o its excellent resistance

to temperature extremes however, it has a poor resistanceto abrasion and is generally not used in components that aresubject to periodic opening and resealing during maintenance. Italso has a very low resistance to mineral or vegetable oils. Siliconis also attacked by alkaline and dilute acid solutions.

IV) Hardware Material

Stainless SteelStainless steel hardware is considered by many to be theanswer to corrosion problems. This can be a dangerousassumption where industrial lighting products are concerned.

Many industrial ballast housings are manu actured rom castaluminum that contains a percentage o copper in the base alloy.Most grades o stainless steel will corrode rom the galvanicaction between dissimilar metals when in contact with thesealloys making normal maintenance o these luminaires almostimpossible. In e ect, the stainless hardware uses to the matingaluminum part. Where stainless steel hardware is requiredto resist corrosive atmospheres, a grade o stainless that iscompatible with the aluminum alloy must be used in the matingcomponent.Galvanized/Zinc-Plated SteelGalvanized steel parts are used in lighting products in variouscomponents. Zinc plating parts are manu actured or componentsupports and wire guards. Whether galvanized or plated, the

zinc coating allows or protection o the base metal rom mostcorrosive elements.SR27

The standard hardware used in most industrial luminaires iszinc plated steel with a special SR27 coating or extra corrosionprotection. The SR27 coating is rated or 1000hr slat spray tostandard ASTM E 117. Unlike stainless steel hardware, whenused in aluminum castings, there is no dissimilar metal contactto promote corrosion rom galvanic action. This hardware doesnot corrode and seized into the aluminum castings.


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Understanding upkeep o Lighting Installations

In morden days o computer aided lighting application understandingold manual techniques serves no purpose. However undamentalshave not changed over times. Depreciation in light output isa bothering issue not studied properly in our country even by

reputed designers.Initial illuminance o a lighting installation decreases graduallyduring use due to a reduction in the lamp lumens, ailing lamps ,accumulation o dirt on the lamps, luminaires and room sur aces.However, the illuminance can be maintained at or above theminimum permitted value (so-called maintained value) by cleaningthe lighting equipment and room sur aces and replacing ailedand end o service lamps at suitable intervals to an agreed-uponmaintenance schedule.

The guiding progaramme or the same is indicated below .Clearly, in the case illustrated, the illuminance in the unmaintainedsystem will all to 40 per cent o the initial value within three yearsand will continue to decline. But by annual cleaning and a three-

yearly relamp and repaint , the decline is checked at over 60 per cent o the initial value. At three years, the maintained scheme isproviding an illuminance 50 per cent higher than the unmaintainedsystem.

Variation o illuminance through li e (tubular luorescent industrial luminaire), showing

infuence o various maintenance operations.

A Loss due to lamp-lumen depreciationB Loss due to room-sur ace depreciationC Loss due to dirt on lamps and luminaires

LIGHTING DESIGN

Thus, a well designed and operated maintenance programme will:. Maintain illuminance levels at or above the recommended

values. Reduce capital and operating costs. Ensure that the installation itsel and the interior in general havea satis actory appearanceBut even with a well-designed and operated maintenanceprogramme some loss o illuminance is inevitable.. The lighting design there ore should make allowance or anydepreciation in light output by initially providing an illuminance thatis higher than that required. The amount o such an allowance

will depend on the maintenance actor applied to the lightingcalculations.

Causes o Depreciation in Light Output

. Dirt on Lamps and Luminaires- The greatest loss o light can usually be attributed to the dirt thatcollects on the lamps and the light-controlling (refecting, re ractingor di using) sur aces o luminaires.

The rate o depreciation caused by dirt deposited on light-controlling sur aces is a ected by the angle o inclination, nish,temperature o the sur ace, by the degree o ventilation or dusttightness o the luminaire, and by the degree to which theatmosphere surrounding the luminaire is polluted.

Depreciation in light output can be reduced by selecting luminaireso types best suited to the location. Luminaires with open basesand closed tops collect dirt at a higher rate than do those that are

ventilated. In ventilated luminaires, convection currents carry dustand dirt out through holes or slots in the canopy or refector andaway rom the refecting sur aces. In heavily polluted atmospheresit may be pre erable to use dust-tight or dust-proo luminaires,some types o which have a built-in lter to enable the necessarybreathing to take place.

. Dirt on Room Sur aces-

Dirt accumulated on ceilings and walls reduces their refectance value and hence the amount o light refected. The bearing thatthis has on the calculation o the illuminance will obviously depend

on the size o the room concerned and on the light distributiono the luminaires . The e ect will be most strongly pronounced insmall rooms or where luminaires with a large indirect componentare involved.

. Lamp Lumen Depreciation-

The luminous output o all lamps decreases with use, but therate o decrease varies widely between lamp types and alsomanu acturers. Lighting calculations must there ore take intoaccount the speci c depreciation in luminous output o theparticular lamps involved.

LIGHTING DESIGN

Lamps Failure

The lamp survival rate depends on the type o lamp used and, inthe case o discharge lamps, the switching cycle. Failed lampscause not only a reduction in illuminance levels, but may alsobring about an unacceptable reduction in the degree o lightinguni ormity.

Maintenance Schedule

The most economic cleaning interval or a given lightinginstallation will depend on the type o luminaire, the rate at whichdirt accumulates, and the cost o cleaning. For the maximumeconomic advantage, the luminaire cleaning interval should berelated to the lamp replacement interval.Lamps may be replaced individually as they burn out, so-calledspot replacement, or the entire installation can be relamped ata time, which is re erred to as group replacement. Quite o ten acombination o both systems is adopted. Generally speaking, or large installations, more money is saved by an e ciently organisedgroup replacement than by replacement o lamps individually.Moreover, a higher maintenance actor can be applied.

As the calculation o the lighting installation depends on aknowledge o the planned maintenance schedule, the latter must be adhered to i the calculated illuminance levels are to bemaintained. A contract with a company specialising in lightingmaintenance is o ten the most economical and reliable way oensuring that lighting installations are properly maintained.

Maintenance Factor (Light Loss Factor)

When determining the number o lamps and luminaires necessaryto provide the required illuminance or a particular lightinginstallation, it is usual to apply a maintenance actor to thecalculations. This actor is the ratio o the illuminance producedby the lighting system at the end o the maintenance period to


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the illuminance produced by the system when new. The maintenance actor (MF) takes into account the overall depreciation caused by the various actors already described in this setion, viz:

MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMFWhere LLMF = lamp lumen maintenance actor

LSF = Lamp survival actor LMF = Luminaire maintenance actor

RSMF = room sur ace maintenance actor These various actors can be obtained by re erence to Tables A to C, although the reader is advised to contact the nearest Havellsorganisation in case local gures are at variance with those published here .

LIGHTING DESIGN

Table A Lamps Lumen Maintenance (LLMF) and Lamp Survival Factors (LSF)

Burnign hours (x 1000) 0.1 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0

Incandescent LLMF 1.00 0.93(GLS) LSF 1.00 0.50

Fluorescent LLMF 1.00 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.87 0.84 Tri-Phosphor LSF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.000 0.99 0.75(TL)

Mercury LLMF 1.00 0.97 0.93 0.87 0.80 0.68 0.58 0.52

LSF 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.88 0.75 0.50

Metal Halide LLMF 1.00 0.93 0.87 0.78 0.72 0.63 0.52LSF 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.17 0.50

High-pressuresodium LLMF 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.80

LSF 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.89 0.75 0.50

Table B Luminaire Maintenance Factors (LMF)

Elapsed time 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0between cleaningcycle

Years

Envireonment 1 Any C N D C N D C N D C N DLuminaire typeBare lamp 1 .95 .92 .88 .93 .89 .83 .89 .84 .78 .85 .79 .73

batten

Open-top 1 .95 .91 .88 .90 .86 .83 .84 .80 75 .79 .74 .68

refector

Closed-top 1 .93 .89 .83 .89 .81 .72 .80 .69 .59 .74 .61 .52

refector

Enclosed 1 .92 .87 .83 .88 .82 .77 .83 .77 .71 .79 .73 .65

Dust-tight 1 .96 .93 .91 .94 .90 .86 .91 .86 .81 .90 .84 .79

Indirect 1 .92 .89 .85 .86 .81 .74 .77 .66 .57 .70 .55 .45

uplight1C = clean N = normal D = dirty (atmosphere in which the luminaire operate).


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LIGHTING DESIGN Table C Room Sur ace Maintenance Factors (RSMF)

Elapsed time between 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0

cleaning cycle YearsRoom Environment C N D C N D C N D C N DsizeK 2 Luminaire

Flux Fraction

Small Direct .97 .96 .95 .97 .94 .93 .95 .93 .90 .94 .92 .88

0.7 Direct/Indirect .94 .88 .84 .90 .86 .82 .87 .82 .78 .84 .79 .74

Indirect .90 .84 .80 .85 .78 .73 .81 .73 .66 .75 .68 .59

Medium Direct .98 .97 .96 .98 .96 .95 .96 .95 .94 .96 .95 .94

2.5 Direct/Indirect .95 .90 .86 .92 .88 .85 .89 .85 .81 .86 .82 .78

Indirect .92 .87 .83 .88 .82 .77 .84 .77 .70 .78 .72 .64

Large Direct .99 .97 .96 .98 .96 .95 .96 .95 .94 .96 .95 .94

5.0 Direct/Indirect .95 .90 .86 .94 .88 .85 .89 .85 .81 .86 .82 .78

Indirect .92 .87 .83 .88 .82 .77 .84 .77 .70 .78 .72 .651C = clean N = normal D = dirty (atmospheric pollution).2 k = Room Index k = I x w I = Room length h m = Mounting height o luminaire w = Room width h m (I+w)

The maintenance actor is determined by working through the ollowign step-by-step procedure:

a Determine the optimum lamp group replacement inetrval or the lamp type in use. This will depend on the lamp lumen maintenanceand survival actors, coupled with a knowledge o labour, lamp and electricity costs.

b Obtain LLMF and LSF rom Table A or the period established in Step 1.

c Assess the cleanliness category o the interior, and determine the cleaning interval or luminaires and room sur aces.

d Obtain LMF rom Table B or period established in Step 3.

e Obtain FSMF rom Table C or period established in Step 3

Calculate MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMF. Repeat the procedure, adjusting the various composnents until a satis actory maintenanceactor and maintenance programme is evolved.

Notes:

1. I spot lamp replacement rather than group replacement is adopted, LSF will be 1.2. All MF values may be rounded o to the second decimal place.


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There are basically three ways o classi ying luminaries as ar astheir design and construction are concerned.

1. According to the sort o protection o ered against electricshock, viz. electrical sa ety.

2. According to the degree o protection provided against theingress o oreign bodies (e.g. dust and moisture)

3. According to the degree o fammability o the supportingsur ace or which the luminaire is designed.

The ollowing are summaries o the classi cations detailed in IEC598 Part 1.

The electrical sa ety classi cation drawn up by the IEC embracesour luminaire classes: class 0, I, II and III. The o cial de nitions

are too long to be reproduced in ull here, but, can be summarizedas ollows:

Class 0 symbol(Note: Applicable to ordinary luminaires only. Viz. a luminaire

without special protection against dust or moisture)

These are luminaires that are electrically insulated. There isno provision or earthing. The housing may be o an insulatingmaterial which wholly or partly per orms the insulating unction, or it may be o metal that is insulated rom current-carrying parts.

Class 0 luminaires may include parts with rein orced insulation or double insulation.

Class I symbol

Luminaires in this class apart rom being electrically insulatedare also provided with an earthing point (labelled) connecting allthose exposed metal parts that could conceivably become livein the presence o a ault condition.

Where the luminaires is provided with a fexible power lead,this must include an earth wire. Where this is not the case, thedegree o electrical protection a orded by the luminaire is thesame as that a orded by one o class 0.

Where a connection block is employed instead o a power lead,the metal housing must be connected to the earth terminal onthe block. The provision made or earthing the luminaire must inall other respects satis y the requirements laid down or class I.

Class II symbolClass II luminaries are so designed and constructed that exposedmetal parts cannot become live. This can be achieved by meanso either rein orced or double insulation, there being no provision

or protective earthing.

In the case o a luminaire provided with an earth contact as anaid to lamp starting, but where this earth is not connected toexposed metal parts, the luminaire is nevertheless regarded asbeing o Class II.

Luminaire classi cations

Electrical Sa ety ( our luminaire classes)

Protection against electrical shock

Sa ety class Symbol Protection

0 Basic insulation only(not recommended)

I Basic insulation plus protectiveearth connector

II Double or rein orced insulation,no provision or protective earthing

II Supply o sa ety extra-low voltage

Class III symbol The luminaires in this class are those in which protection againstelectric shock relies on supply at Sa ety Extra-Low voltage (SELV),and in which voltages higher than those o SELV (50 V a.c.r.m.s.)are not generated. An a.c. operating voltage o 42 V maximum

is common. A Class III luminaire should not be provided with ameans or protective earthing.

The energy e ciency index

The European Community has agreed upon a new directive or banning electromagnetic control gear or fuorescent lamps. Thisnew directive is based upon the Energy E ciency Index (EEI) asagreed by the Committee o European Luminaire Manu acturers

Association. This Celma Components group has made aproposal on how the industry can be more energy e cient inlighting systems, ranking the di erent ballasts in di erent classes

rom A1 to D. A1 is the most e cient system. D the least e cient.Since January 1998 the method employed or measuring theenergy classi cation became obligatory.

Energy E ciency Index (EEI)(based on T8 36W FTL)

Class Description System powerin Watts

D = Magnetic ballasts with very high losses >45WC = Magnetic ballasts with moderate losses


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The Stroboscopic E ect is the apparent change o motion o an object when illuminated by periodically varying light o the appropriaterequency.

Flicker is the fuctuation o the lamps light output on account o movement o the discharge arc on the electrodes.Striations are noticeable as a pattern o more or less bright regions in the long discharge tube. This pattern can move through thedischarge tube. It can appear when the lamp is cold or when the lamp is dimmed down to too low a level.

One or more o these three phenomena may appear, especially in combination with conventional gear.

In the case o HF ballasts, the rst two e ects are not notice-able, thanks to the inertia o the fuorescent material, which cannot ollowthe high operating requency and also because the ballast limits the light modulation in the 50 Hz mains to a large extent. However,at low ambient temperatures and/or at low dimming levels striations can also occur with HF ballasts and lamp may appear to be on,especially at night time.

To what extent fuorescent lamps can be dimmed, very much depends on the related gear and the dimming circuit. The ollowinggeneral observations can be made:

1. Retro t lamps are normally not dimmable.

2. Two-pin versions o CFL amily cannot be dimmed.

3. Induction lamps cannot be dimmed.

4. When operated on conventional gear, all TL lamps can be dimmed without any gear problems down to approx. 50 per cent lightoutput. Normally, the li etime o the lamps will scarcely increase, i at all, by doing this. I , however, proper measures are taken tokeep the lamp electrodes heated, dimming can increase the li etime o lamps. Appropriate lamps are available or this purpose indeveloped world.

5. In combination with the appropriate regulating HF ballast, the 4-pin FP-L and the fuorescent tubes can be properly dimmed andthe li etime o the lamps will increase.

Contrary to common belie not all the amily o lamps can be dimmed. Following categories can be e ectively dimmed.

The table suggests the types and techniques used in dimming the lamps.

Stroboscopic e ect and striations

Dimming

Type o Dimming Methods o control

lamp Yes No Voltage Current Normal Spl geargear

GLS - - -

FTL - - -

Halogen - - -

Retro t-2 pin - - - - -

2 pin CFL (non-retro) - - - - -

Induction Lamp - - - - -

4 pin FP-L - - -

HPMV NR - -

HPSV - -

MH NR - - -NR - Not Recommended


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Louvres

White painted CAT III re ector N- (Non-category Louvre) Acrylic Diffuser

L2 - Specular (CAT II) L2 - Matt (CAT II) L1 - Specular (CAT III)

Luminaires categories

To ensure that sa e luminance limits are selected or more onerous tasks being per ormed in a space, three standard display screen

luminaire types have been de ned, each with a di erent luminance limit angle. The luminaires so derived are re erred to as Category1, 2 or 3.These have luminance limitation at and above 55, 65 and 75 respectively to the downward vertical. In general, the greater the density o display screens in an area, the greater the intensity o use and the more critical the errors, then the lower the luminancelimit should be, i.e. a smaller category number It must be emphasised that Category 1 is not better than Category 2, nor Category 2better than Category 3. The correct category should be selected, where the luminance will not rise above a limiting value.

Category 1 luminairesFor Category 1 luminaires the calculated luminance is limited to 200 cd/m 2 or less, at and above55 to the downward vertical at all angles o azimuth. Such luminaires would be speci ed or screens con taining sa ety-critical or similar in ormation where errors have serious consequences.

They may also be required in areas where there is a high density o screens and displays screenusage is o an intensive nature or sustained over long periods.

Category 2 luminaires (L2 Louvre)For Category 2 luminaires the calculated luminance is limited to 200 cd/m 2 or less, at and above65 to the downward vertical when viewed rom all angles o azimuth. This category o luminaireshould be used in an interior or which airly widespread use o display screens is intended. Thiscould include areas where there is one terminal per desk or general usage or a ew terminalsused continually.

Category 3 luminaires (L1 Louvre) This is the greatest relaxation o the luminance limiting angle that can be recommended or areas where display screens may be used. The calculated luminance is limited to 200 cd/m 2 or less,at and above 75 to the downward vertical when viewed rom all angles o azimuth.

Relaxation o category applicationsCategory 2 or 3 luminaires are also acceptable where the space planning is either small cellular o ces, or open plan with screendividers where, by simple geometrical checking, it can be shown that the luminaires will not be seen at angles below their limiting angle

rom the display screens. Note that the dra t European norms, with respect to luminance limits or luminaires used or workplaces,are more or less in line with the CIBSE recommendations: a luminance limit o 200,500 or 1000 cd/m 2 all round the luminaire isdemanded or an elevation angle o 65 in normal circumstances, and 55 in critical situations.


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Luminaire Selection guide

The ceiling system and its dimensions usually determine the luminaire you will choose. However, the luminaire optics combinationmust ul l the lighting requirements or each speci c area. Which o the possible optics must be selected strongly depends on theimportance o the area, its dimensions and task being per ormed.

However, also other requirements such as image and standing will infuence the choice o luminaire and optics.

This selection guide lists the requirements o a restricted number o areas. In the matrix you will nd the luiminaire / luminaire opticscombination that ul ls the lighting requirements in these areas.

Requirements

Executive o ceUni ormity is not essential, but the right light

where it is needed. Attractive di erent lightingLimited glare o luminaires is acceptableGood luminaire distribution

Con erence roomMulti-purpose area or overhead, slide, video &

lm presentation Adjustable lighting Attractive di erent lightingControllable luminance distributionControlled luminaire glare

Design o ce(Artistic and inventory o ces)High illuminanceGood luminance distributionDaylight controlled lightingControlled luminaire glare

Administrative, typing o ce(Data input and output through VDU)Medium illuminanceGood uni ormityHigh luminance glare limitationsGood luminance distributionDaylight controlled lighting

Corridors, stairsLow illuminanceGood uni ormity (at eye level)

Requirements

Managers o ceUni orm lightingGood luminance distributionLimited glare o luminaires isacceptable

General o ceOccasional VDU useMedium illuminanceGood uni ormityGood luminance distributionDaylight controlled lighting

CAD o ceExtreme luminaire glare limitations

Adaptable illuminance Adapted luminance distribution

Public service area(Reception, lobby, waiting area etc.)Low illuminanceIlluminance increased through locallightingGood luminance distributionControlled luminaire glare

L2 (Cat II)

Louvre

L1 (Cat III)

Louvre

N (Non-Cat)

Louvre

Acrylic

Di user


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Protection against ingress o solid bodies, dust and moisture The Ingress Protection system (IP) de nes various degreeso protection against the ingress o oreign bodies, dust and

moisture. The term oreign bodies includes things like ngersand objects, tools coming into contact with the electrical liveparts o the luminaire.

Both sa ety aspects (contact with live parts) and harm ul e ectson the unction o the luminaire are de ned.

Note that the conditions during the testing might di er rom thespeci c conditions in an application.

The designation to indicate the degree o protection consistso the characteristic letters IP ollowed by 2 digits indicatingcon ormity with the conditions stated in the two tables. AllHavells Lighting luminaires ul ll the minimum classi cation. IP20 (protected against nger contact with live parts), however aselection o luminaires especially those or industrial applications

meet a higher IP classi cation.It is important to realise that the speci cation and sa ety oluminaires are only secured i the necessary maintenanceaccording the instructions o the manu acturer is carried out intime. Luminaires are not available in all possible combinations oingress and moisture protection. The most common applicationso the IP classi cations or luminaires are:

IP 20Luminaires which can be applied indoors only i no speci cpollution rates are expected. O ces, dry, heated industrialhalls, shops, shopping malls and theatres are typical applicationsegments.

IP 21/22Luminaires which can be applied in unheated (industrial) hallsand under canopies as the luminaires are drip and condensation

water protected.

IP 23Luminaires which can be applied in unheated industrial halls or outdoors.

IP 43/44Luminaires and bollards or outdoor street lighting and streetlanterns. Bollards mounted at a low height are protected againstsmall solid objects and against rain and splash.

A common combination within an industrial high-bay luminaireor street lantern is IP 43, or the electrical part o the luminaire tosecure sa ety and IP 54/65, or the optical part o the luminaire toprevent pollution o refector and lamp.

IP 50Luminaires which are applied in dusty environments to preventrapid pollution o the luminaire.

The exterior o IP 50 luminaires can be cleaned easily. In the oodindustry, closed luminaires are speci ed to prevent glass particles

rom accidentally broken lamps entering the production area,preventing contamination o the products under preparation.

Although ingress protection is speci ed to protect the luminaireunction, it also means that particles cannot leave the luminaire

housing, thereby meeting the speci cation o the ood industry. Inthe wet ood industry, luminaires meeting the IP 50 classi cationshall not be applied.

IP 54 The traditional water protected classi cation. Luminaires can becleaned with water without any harm ul e ect. This classi cationis o ten speci ed in the ood processing industry, or industries

Ingress Protection where dust and moisture are generated in the hall, and or useunder canopies.

IP 60Luminaires which are completely sealed against dustaccumulation, and are used in very dusty environments (wood

and textile industry, stone carving) and in the ood industryas explained above. IP 60 luminaires are rarely applied mostrequently IP 65/ IP 66 is applied instead.

IP 65/66Jet-proo luminaires which are applicable where the surroundingsare hosed down requently by water jets, or where luminaires areapplied in a dusty environment. Although the luminaires are not

ully watertight, the potential ingress o moisture will not have anyharm ul e ect on the luminaire unction.

IP 65/66 luminaires are o ten available in impact-protected versions.

IP 67/68Luminaires complying this classi cation are suitable or immersion

in water. Typical application areas are underwater lighting o swimmingpools and ountain lighting.

Deck lighting on ships should also meet this classi cation.

The test method does not imply that IP 67/68 luminaires meetthe IP 65/66 classi cation as well.


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Protection against mechanical shockIK code Shock Description Example

energy

IK00 -

IK01 0.15J

IK02 0.2J Standard Standard open luminaire, closed luminaire with acrylic cover

IK03 0.3J

IK04 0.5J Standard plus Open luminaire with rein orced optical system

IK05 0.7J

IK06 1JIK07 2J Rein orced

IK08 5J Vandal- Closed luminaire with polycarbonate or hardenedprotected glass cover

IK09 10J

IK10 20J Vandal-resistant Closed

The impact resistance o a luminaire de nes the protection o the luminaire against mechanical shock. The European norm EN 50102de nes the degrees o protection against external mechanical impact (IK code) and the method o testing. The luminaire housingshould withstand the de ned energy o the mechanical shock without losing its electrical and mechanical sa ety and the basic

luminaire unction. Translated into a more practical implementation, this means that a ter withstanding the shock, de ormation o themirror and housing is allowed, though broken lamps, an unsa e electrical situation and ailure to meet the speci ed IP classi cationsare not permitted. The impact resistance is expressed as a group numeral, or instance IK06, which is related to the impact energyin joule.

All types o luminaires o Havells Lighting have a minimum impact resistance o 0.2J IK02. The table shows the ten IK classi cationsand the de ned shock energy in joule.

For example: an IK07 classi ed luminaire can withstand a mechanical shock o a pendulum hammer, a spring hammer or a ree- allinghammer o 2 joule (e.g. a hammer o 0.5 kg alling 0.40 m).

Note that vandal-proo luminaires are not available: vandal-protected and vandal-resistant are the best achievable classi cations.Former national standards used a single numeral or a speci c impact energy. To avoid con usion, a characteristic group numeral otwo gures IKxx has been chosen.

Protection against Mechanical Shock


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Fundamental quality criteria

The unction o a road lighting installation is to provide the visualguidance needed or the sa e, quick and com ortable movemento road users.

The most important quality criteria in road lighting rom the pointo view o both visual per ormance and visual com ort are:

1. Luminance level2. Luminance uni ormity3. Degree o glare limitation4. Visual guidance

1. Luminance levelPer ormance

The luminance o a road sur ace infuences the contrast sensitivityo a drivers eye and the contrast o obstacles on the road relativeto their background; it there ore has a direct infuence on the

visual per ormance o drivers. This infuence is shown in gure,

where the increase in revealing power (de ned as the percentageo a de ned set o objects detectable at each point on the road)

with increase in average road sur ace luminance is given.

Revealing power RP or a de ned set o objects on the darkest part o the road, as a unction o

the average road sur ace luminance L av or a reasonable overall uni ormity (U 0 = 0.4) and glare

restriction T1=7%

An important criterion or the required luminance level is thebrightness o the surroundings. This is because the light romthe surroundings inter eres with the normal adaptation state othe eye; that is to say the adaptation state as determined by theaverage luminance o the road.

There ore, in the case o roads with dark surrounds, moreemphasis should be given to the lighting o these surrounds andto the control o glare.

Com ortIn a number o tests to evaluate the visual com ort aspect olighting installations, observes were asked to assess theadequacy o the luminance given by these along a route ollowedby a driver.

Assessment good is obtained or secondary roads at anaverage road-sur ace luminance o 1.2 cd/m 2, whereas or mainroads a luminance o rather more than twice this value is required

or the same assessment.

Scale used or Assessing Visual Com ortIndex Assessment1 Bad3 Inadequate5 Fair 7 Good9 Excellent

Roadway Lighting2. Luminance Uni ormity

Adequate uni ormity o the luminance pattern on the road sur aceis important or both the visual per ormance and the visual com orto a road user.

Per ormance The criterion o uni ormity rom the point o view o visualper ormance is the ratio L min /Lav, called the overall uni ormity ratioUo, which should nowhere be below 0.4. The e ect o a lower U o

value can be seen rom gure, where the decrease in revealingpower with decrease in U o rom 0.4 to 0.2 is given.

Revealing power RP at the darkest point on the road, as a unction o the average road-sur ace

luminance Lav or overall uni ormities U o 0.4 and 0.2.

Com ort Visual com ort is expressed by the ratio L min / Lmax as measuredalong the line passing through an observer positioned in themiddle o a tra c lane and acing the direction o tra c fow. Thisratio is re erred to as the longitudinal uni ormity U 1.

3. Glare limitation There are two criteria used in connection with glare. Physiologicalor disability glare is judged in terms o visual per ormance, whilephysiological or discom ort glare is judged in terms o visualcom ort.

I) Disability Glare

The mechanism by which loss o visual per ormance results romglare can be understood by considering the light scatter that takesplace within the eye. The light rom glare sources scattered in thedirection o the retina will cause a bright veil to be superimposedon the sharp image o the scene in ront o the observer. This veilcan be considered as having a certain luminance, the equivalent

veiling luminance Lv.

II) Discom ort GlareResearch has been carried out with the object o determininga glare mark or road lighting installations Scale models andactual street lighting installations were used. A large number o observers were asked to assess the degree o discom ortglare experienced or a number o installations using the 9 pointscale. The average value o the index or a given installation is a

measure o the discom ort glare given by that installation and istermed the glare mark, G.

The results o this research show that discom ort glare on anarti cially lighted road can be described by:

The luminous intensity at an angle of 80 to the vertical in theplane C = 0, I 80

The luminous intensity at an angle of 88 to the vertical in theplane C = 0, I 88

The light-emitting area of the luminaires, projected under 76,F

The average road-surface luminance, L av The height between eye level and the luminaires, h The number of luminaires per kilometre, p The colour correction factor, c.

c = 0.4 or low-pressure sodium lampsc = 0 or other lamps


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Scale used or Assessing Discom ort GlareIndex Glare Assessment

1 Unbearable Bad3 Disturbing Inadequate5 Just admissible Fair 7 Satis actory Good9 Unnoticeable Excellent

An analysis o these ndings makes it possible to state a ormulaor the calculation o the glare mark G o an installation. Theormula, which is given below, is valid or mounting heights o

between 6.5 and 20 metres:

G=13.84 - 3.31 logI 80 + 1.3(logI 80 /I88 )1/2 -0.08logI 80 / I88 + 1.29logF + 0.97log Lav +4.41logh - 1.46logp + c

4 Visual Guidance Visual guidance acilities cover the whole complex o measurestaken to give the road user an immediately recognizable pictureo the course o the road ahead, over a distance according to themaximum permitted speed or the stretch o road in question.

On an unlighted road at night, visual guidance is restricted tothe area within the range o a vehicles headlights. A lightingarrangement that closely ollows the run o the road improves

visual guidance and thus contributes to the sa ety andconvenience o road users. This is especially true or roads thathave many curves and intersections.

When planning a road lighting installation, there ore, attention hasto be given to the provision o adequate visual guidance and,even more so, to the prevention o misguidance. The ollowing

points are particularly important: On open motorways with separate traf c lanes and a

central reservation, good visual guidance apart rom other advantages is achieved by siting the lighting columns on thereservation.

A clear indication of the run of the road on a curve is achievedby aligning the lighting columns along the outside o thecurve

Visual guidance can also be used to pilot traf c along certainroutes, the colour appearance o the various di erent types olight source proving very e ective as a route indicator.

At night, very good visual guidance is obtained when, for instance, motorways and exit roads are illuminated by di erent

types o light source e.g. sodium lighting or main roads andmetal halide lighting or the exits.

Lighting Arrangements

Two-way Tra c Roads There are three basic types o lighting arrangements that arerecognized as being suitable or this type o road: single-sided,staggered, & opposite.

Single-Sided This type o arrangement, in which all the luminaires are locatedon one side o the road, is used only when the width o the roadis equal to, or less than, the mounting height o the luminaires.

The luminance o the road sur ace at the side remote rom theluminaires is inevitably lower than that on the same side as theluminaires.

Staggered This type o arrangement, in which the luminaires are located oneither side o the road in staggered, or zigzag, arrangement, isused mainly when the width o the road is between 1 and 1.5times the mounting height o the luminaires. Very care ul attention

should be paid to the uni ormity o the luminance on the roadsur ace alternate bright and dark patches can produce anunpleasant zigzag e ect.

Opposite This type o arrangement, with the luminaires located oppositeone another, is used mainly when the width o the road is greater than 1.5 times the mounting height o the luminaires.

Central, Twin-BracketHere the luminaires are located above the central reservationonly. This can be considered as a single-sided arrangement or each individual carriageway.

Combined Twin-Bracket and Opposite

Here, twin brackets, located on the central reservation, arecombined with the opposite arrangement. This can be consideredas a staggered arrangement or each individual carriageway.

Lignting arrangement for two-way traf c roadsa) Single-sideb) Staggeredc) Opposited) Central, twin-brackete) Combined twin-bracket and opposite

a b c e


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Road Junctions

Conventional Luminaires The arrangement o the luminaires at cross-roads, roundaboutsand slip-roads, should be such that the junction is clearly visible

rom a distance. The lighting should also help to prevent tra ccongestion by aiding a driver in the selection o the correct exitroad.

Assistance, especially at night, is provided by: Giving the road surface at the junction a higher luminance Using different colours of light for the junction lighting Using luminaires in different arrangements for the main andsecondary roads.

High-mast LightingHigh-mast lighting (columns 20m or higher) is o ten used inpre erence to conventional lighting or complex junctions on mainroads and or motorway interchanges. The rows o luminaires

used in the latter system could produce a very con using e ect,especially at a multi-level interchange.

The principle attraction o high-mast lighting is that by using onlya small number o power ul foodlights mounted at a high level,it leaves the junction almost ree o columns, and so gives theroad user an uncluttered view o what lies ahead. Glare is alsoo ten less o a problem, and it is possible to achieve a very highlighting uni ormity. The design o such an installation, however,calls or very care ul planning in the positioning o the masts andin the choice o foodlight used.

CurvesCurves o large radius (in the order 300m) can be treated asstraight roads and the luminaires can be sited in accordance withone o the schemes outlined above. The siting o the luminaireson curves o smaller radius, however, should be such as toensure both adequate road-sur ace luminance and e ective

visual guidance.

Where the width o the road is less than 1.5 times the mountingheight, the luminaires should be placed above the outside o thecurve in a single-sided arrangement. At the same time, however,care should be taken to avoid the con using situation depictedin gure.

For wider roads, an opposite arrangement should be used. Thestaggered arrangement gives poor visual guidance and should,there ore, be avoided.

On all curves, the spacing o the luminaires is a unction o theradius o the curve: the smaller the radius, the closer the spacing.

As a general rule, the space between the luminaires will be rom0.5 to 0.75 times that or a similar stretch o straight road.

Aids to Road lighting design

Light Distribution Diagrams

Light distribution diagrams in the various planes or selection othe type o luminaire are required or a particular road lightinginstallation. The polar intensity diagram provides a rough ideao the shape o the light distribution o a luminaire. In the polar intensity diagram the luminous intensity is given in candela per 1000 lumen (cd/1000lm) o the normal lamp fux o the lampsapplied.

Polar light distribution curve

Utilisation actor diagrams indicate the e ectiveness o theluminaire in distributing lamp fux into di erent longitudinal stripson or besides the roadways. The utilisation actor diagramevaluates the luminous fux rom a luminaire, expressed as a

raction o the lamp fux, emitted in the zone subtended at theluminaire by the C = 0 plane and the sloping plane, through alongitudinal roadway line. The longitudinal roadway line may bede ned by its lateral angle (angle in the C = 90 plane) or by itslateral distance rom the longitudinal roadway line beneath theluminaire as a unction o luminaire mounting height.

Utilisation actor diagrams

The avoidance of misguidance. A Potentially dangerous situation (left) is created by abadlysited luminaire,which may produced a misleading impression of the run of the road.The offending luminaire correctly placed (right) to avoid confusion.


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Thus, there are two possible orms o utilisation actor diagrams,as shown in Fig. The sum o asymptotic utilisation actors onthe kerbside and the road gives the downward light output ratioo the luminaire. This diagram may be used to determine theaverage illuminance in any longitudinal strip parallel to a long lineo luminaires.

Isolux diagrams

The value o the illuminance at point p on a load, consists othe sum o the partial illuminance produced by all the lanterns(neglecting illuminance contributions rom any other light sourcesthere may be) where IE, Ci is the luminous intensity o lantern i inthe direction o point p as indicated the angles and Ci (see g. 1- illuminance at point p by lantern i).

With this ormula, it is possible to calculate the value o illuminanceo various points on a road. When values obtained are plottedon a plane o the road and the values o equal illuminance areconnected together, the result orms what is known as an isoluxdiagram.

These isolux diagrams, or one luminaire, are given in photometricdata sheets or each type o luminaire, in terms o percentageso the maximum illuminance, or every mounting height, as therelative isolux diagram on plane to be illuminated E max= 100 %.

To obtain illuminance rom a lantern i at point p, all that isnecessary to do is to place the centre point o relative diagramon projected position o the luminaire Li on a scale plane o roaddrawn in same units o h as the relative diagram and read o the

value o relative diagram at point p. This read-o value should bemultiplied by E max= a x /h

2 to obtain the illuminance value in lux. The gure or the actor a is given under the relative diagram,(a=0.187, = luminous fux in lumen and h - mounting height inmetres).

Illuminance calculations

The average illuminance over a large pavement area in termso lux may be calculated by means o a utilisation curve or by,computing the illuminance at a large number o speci c pointsand averaging the values ound.

The easiest and quickest way o calculating the averageilluminance o a straight road o in nite length, is by using theutilisation actor curves given in the Photometric Data Sheets andthe ollowing ormula:

Eav = n L

W x S L = Luminous fux o the lamp

W = Width o the roadS = Spacing between the luminairesn = Utilisation actor

In outdoor lighting the utilisation actor is de ned as that ractiono the luminous fux coming rom a luminaire which actuallyreaches the road:

n = utilised / LFrom this de nition ormula may be derived as

Eav = (utilised o all luminaires)(area o the road)

= n x (utilised o one luminaire)(area o the road)

n = number o spacings

Computer-aided lighting designs

Computers are being extensively used in lighting designcalculations, to enable designers and users to adopt lightingsystems with a air degree o con dence and without resortingto experimentation. This has been done considering the practicalimpossibility o carrying out manual calculations or multi lampinstallations in large areas. Also, this has the added advantageo examining the achievable results with various lighting designs,prior to commencing the actual project work and selecting thatdesign which is appropriate. Prior to carrying out the computer calculations, thumb rule calculations (based upon the lumenmethod and the designers experience) are carried out. This

orms the basis o the computer aided design calculations.

However, or computer aided design exhaustive photometricdata o the luminaires are required and with the help o so twarethe results are obtained. Luminaires Division o Havells notonly provides the photometric data o all the luminaires but alsoprovides the most modern outdoor so tware or illuminationdesign to the Architects, Consultants, Project Authorities and theusers on request. State-o -the-art so tware enables to work outa number o alternate designs giving the horizontal illuminationlevels and uni ormity ratios in a shortest possible time.

Soon the so tware Havells LITEPACK can be downloadedrom our website www.havells.com or your indoor or out door

lighting calculations. You may ask or a CD or your own recordsby sending your request to near by Havells o ce or mail your request to us at [email protected]

Fig1


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T5 Luminaires overview

The introduction o T5 lamp technology o ers a number oadvantages which have resulted in the development o a newgeneration o luminaires with substantial bene ts or end users as

well as or speci ers, contractors and wholesalers. Trend or shallow luminairesIncreasingly speci ers are requesting the integration o morecompact luminaires in buildings to enhance the perception ospace. The volume o T5 luminaires has been reduced by up to40% o ering new design possibilities and signi cantly reducingthe space required or transport and storage.

Better per ormance The T5 lamp is more e cient and also brighter than the T8 lamp.New optics have been designed to take into account the reducedlamp size and also to achieve superior LOR per ormance (>75%)

with good glare control to comply with the existing regulationsCIBSE LG3 and DIN 5035, as well as with the orthcoming EN12464.

Less energy consumption T5 systems o er up to 30% less energy consumption thanconventional systems and are even 10% more e cient than high

requency systems with T8 lamps.

Maintenance The improved average li e o the T5 lamp (20,000 hours) hasled to replacement time being extended, whilst maintaining thequality o light throughout its li e.

Environmentally riendly The awareness o environmental issues has increased demand

or products which use smaller amounts o raw materials andpackaging, but make ull use o high quality and recyclablematerials.

Additionally low energy consumption and longer average li e areimportant energy saving actors.

Lighting management T5 lamps and luminaires are tuned to per orm together in avariety o indoor environments

As with T8, the total light output o T5 lamps is dependent onthe ambient temperature around the lamp. In most operatingconditions T5 lamps achieve their optimum per ormance at35 0C.

In a modular luminaire the temperature o the micro environmento the lamp is typically 10 0C above the ambient room temperatureand there ore close to the optimised temperature o 35 0C.

In ventilated or air handling luminaires the air draught mayovercool the lamp and cause the operating temperature to allbelow the optimum. However, good design copes with theseconficting requirements to ensure on optimum per ormance othe lighting installation.

T8/T5 Comparisons (lamp/ballast/optical system)By replacing a typical 4x18W T8 luminaire installation with a4x14W T5, the system e cacy is improved by 40%. Even i the4x18W T8 luminaire is equipped with high requency ballasts,the improvement is 17%.

In many cases the replacement o a 4 lamp T8 luminaire by a3 lamp T5 luminaire results in a similar illuminance level on the

working plane due to the e ciency o the T5 lamp.

An alternative is to maintain the 4 lamp luminaires but reduce thenumber used in a room.

Please contact your Havells lighting design centre or designschemes to meet your requirements.


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Tunnel lighting luminaire

The right light or every tunnel Tra c is increasingly being diverted underground, through tunnels and underpasses today.

This is the only way to accommodate todays high volume o tra c in view o the settlement density and growing demands to protectthe environment. Up to 100,000 vehicles per day on urban motorways are not uncommon today.

Exceedingly high standards are imposed on the tunnel lighting so that these vehicles can drive through sa ely, even in periods opeak tra c.

The tunnel lighting has a major e ect on tra c sa ety, the smooth fow o tra c and the e ciency o the energy input.

The high concentration o exhaust gases combined with gritting salt produces a highly corrosive atmosphere in the tunnel, yet thelighting must continue to operate reliably or many, many years.

Havells has developed outstanding solutions meeting all these requirements in terms o lighting technology and cost-e ciency.

More than just light at the end o the tunnelDrivers eyes have to per orm a complex task as their vehicles approach a tunnel, or suddenly they must be able to identi y anyobstacles inside the dark tunnel although they are ully attuned to bright daylight.

So that the fow o tra c is not impeded, it is there ore important to illuminate the interior o the tunnel in such a way that road userscan always see into the tunnel without reducing speed, even during the day.

The required tunnel lighting during the day depends on the luminance in the drivers eld o vision as they approach the tunnel andon the tra c conditions.

For the purpose o the lighting design, long tunnels are divided lengthwise into ve zones, each zone being characterised by aparticular type o vision problem.

A. Access zoneStretch o road immediately be ore entering the tunnel. Its length is equal to the stopping distance. It must be possible to see insidethe tunnel rom here in order to drive into the tunnel at the same speed.

B. EntranceDistance required or bringing the vehicle to halt rom the mouth o the tunnel. The level o luminance L th is determined by conditionsin the approach zone, as well as the tra c conditions and have to remain constant or hal o the stopping distance. It is then reduced

to 40% o the original value by the end o the entrance zone.


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C. Transition Zone

Distance over which the luminance is reduced rom the value at the end o the entrance zone to that inside the tunnel.

A ratio o 1:3 must not be exceeded i the luminance is reduced in stages.

D. InteriorIt is the distance between the transition zone and the exit zone. During the day, interior lighting is required rom the end o the transitionzone to the tunnel exit. At night, the requirements imposed on the level o illumination L in must be higher than or a comparable stretcho open road in order to take account o the changed physiological conditions. The tunnel must be illuminated over its ull length atnight.

E. ExitDistance over which the lighting conditions outside the tunnel have a signi cant e ect on the tunnel distance by day. Adaptive lightingmay be required here in some cases.

The necessary luminance L th [cd/m2] o the road sur ace in the threshold zone, immediately a ter entering the tunnel, is determinedby the condition:

(1) Lth > R.L20

The level o adaptation luminance L 20 [cd/m2] o a driver approaching the tunnel is determined or 20 degree zone o observationmeasured rom a distance equal to the breaking distance to the tunnel entrance. The parameter R [1,2] depends on the conditions omovement in the tunnel (one-way vs. two-way tra c), the kind o lighting installation, and the tra c intensity I CAR [car/h].

The annual maintenance costs or tunnels without ventilation (up to 800 m long) mostly depends on the annul expenses or arti ciallighting. Their extent depends on the annual hourly charts o the access zone luminance L20 and tra c intensity Icar. The necessary

working power o illuminating a unit area o the road is proportional to the luminance determined rom equation (1), and the parameter k:

(2) P(t)=k.Lth(t)=k.R(ICAR(t)).L20 (t),[W/m2]

The parameter k [(w/m2)/(cd/m2) is a basic quality actor o the lighting system speci c power or achieving a unit luminance onthe road. It depends on the type o the lamps used, on the luminous intensity distribution o the luminaires [14], on their placementin relation to the road (centrally or laterally), and on the indicatris o road pavement refection [25]. The calculated necessary speci c

power is provided by the simultaneous work o luminaires rom a number o circuits. The optimal number o circuits or day lighting isdeterminde by solving an optimization task with the objective o minimizing annual maintenance costs.


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Type o tra c One-way Two-waythrough the tunnel

tra c intensity >1500 >500100,


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Your Sa ety is Our Concern.

Our commitment to product excellence and providing world class quality products at a ordable price in building your modern work

spaces rom the wide spectrum o products we manu acture, we now o er one more dimension Designing At your End- A vital

in ormation package which shall aid you in providing lighting solutions or your existing or prospective projects to the clients on theeld itsel .

Below you shall nd Glossary o Technical Words and De nitions, the correct understanding o which will enable you to correlate the

ull importance o the various terms used.

Luminous Flux (Unit Lumen)It is the quantity o light per second emitted by the light source. The Luminous Flux is expressed in units called Lumen.

Uni ormity

The ratio o the minimum Illuminance, compared with the average Illuminance in the space is termed as Uni ormity (Emin/Eav). For all practical purposes, the Uni ormity ratio should not be less than 0.5. The Illuminance on areas adjacent to the task area should

not be less than one-third o the task Illuminance.

Maintainance Factor In calculating Illuminance levels allowance should be made or loss o light because o the accumulation o dirt, to ensure that

minimum levels are always met.

This is known as Maintainance Factor and values as thumb rule are given as ollows:

0.8 Very Clean Areas ex- O ces, con erence areas, meeting halls

0.7 Clean Areas ex- Sports elds, garage areas, parking lots

0.6 Dirty Areas ex- Coal & Cement Plants, Carpentry workshops

RefectanceThe Refectance o a sur ace is a measure o the amount o light which refects rom the sur ace. It is expressed as a % o the total

amount o light alling on the sur ace. In general light coloured sur aces will have higher refectance than those with dark nishes.


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Number o Luminaires per room

Luminaire : Mirror Optics - Ivy Series Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 4x14W T5 Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 1250 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2

40 60 80 100E = 500 LUXRoom Height : 3.5m 10 16 20 24

Room Height : 2.8m 10 14 18 20

E = 300 LUXRoom Height : 3.5m 6 10 12 16

Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 10 12



Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 12 18 24 28


Room Height : 2.8m 8 10 14 18



Floor Space m2

40 60 80 100


Room Height : 2.8m 18 24 32 40

E = 300 LUX

Room Height : 3.5m 12 18 24 28

Room Height : 2.8m 12 16 22 26



Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 8 12 14 18


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 10 12


Luminaire : Mirror Optics-T5 Modular Compact Optic Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 3x14W T5 Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 1250 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 12 16 22 28


Room Height : 2.8m 8 10 14 16 Z-26


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Luminaire : Mirror Optics-T5Modular Compact Optic Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 4x14W T5 Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 1250 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2

40 60 80 100


Room Height : 2.8m 8 12 16 20


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 10 12


Luminaire : Mirror Optics P5Paralite Louvre-LPF Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 1x36W FP-L Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2900 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 8 12 14 18


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 10 12


Luminaire : Mirror Optics P5Paralite Louvre (2x1) Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 2x36W FP-L Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2900 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 8 10 12 16


Room Height : 2.8m 4 6 8 10



Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 6 10 12 16





Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 12 16


Room Height : 2.8m 4 6 8 10Z-27


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Luminaire : So tline Direct AS Series-P5 Paralite Louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 2x36W FP-L Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2900 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2

40 60 80 100


Room Height : 2.8m 10 14 20 24


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 12 14


Luminaire : So tline AS Series - Per orated louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 2x36W FP-L Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2900 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 10 14 20 24


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 12 14


Luminaire : Casper Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 1x55W 2D CFL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 3650 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 24 32 42 50


Room Height : 2.8m 14 22 28 32

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Luminaire : Mirror Optics - AS Series - New Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 3x36W FP-L Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2900 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 10 12




Luminaire : Mirror Optic -GB/ POP Series-NC Louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 1x36/40W FTL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2450 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 12 16 22 26


Room Height : 2.8m 8 10 14 16


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Luminaire : Mirror Optic AS/GB/POP Series-L2 Louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 4x18/20W FTL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 1020 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 14 20 24 30


Room Height : 2.8m 8 12 16 20


Luminaire : Mirror Optic AS/GB/POP Series-NC Louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 4x18/20W FTL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 1020 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 12 18 24 28


Room Height : 2.8m 8 10 14 18


Luminaire : Mirror Optic SRSeries-NC Louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 2x36/40W FTL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2450 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2

40 60 80 100


Room Height : 2.8m 10 14 18 22


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 10 14


Luminaire : Mirror Optic AS/GB/POP Series-L2 Louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 2x36/40W FTL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2450 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 10 16 18 24


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 12 16


Luminaire : Mirror Optic AS/GB/POP Series-NC Louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 2x36/40W FTL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2450 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 10 14 18 24


Room Height : 2.8m 6 8 12 16

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Luminaire : New Mirror Optic AS/GB/POP Series Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 4x18/20W FTL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 1020 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2

40 60 80 100


Room Height : 2.8m 12 18 22 28


Room Height : 2.8m 8 10 14 18


Luminaire : Extruded AL. Compact Optic T5 Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 2x28W T5 Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2900 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 8 10 14 16



Z-30


Luminaire : Mirror OpticOS Series -L2 Louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 1x36W FTL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2450 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 12 16 22 26


Room Height : 2.8m 8 10 14 16


Luminaire : Mirror OpticOS Series Slim-NC Louvre Maintanance : 0.8Lamp Type : 1x36W FTL Refection c/w/ : 70/50/20Lumen/ lamp : 2450 lumens Uni ormity : 0.5

Floor Space m2


Room Height : 2.8m 12 16 22 26


Room Height : 2.8m 6 10 12 16


Luminaire : Mirror OpticOS Series -L2 Louvre Maintanan

11 basic lighting

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