1:1 Computing in Education Joshua J. Sherman 20 th -Century Learning 21 st -Century Learning Need for 1:1 Computing Success in the 21 st -century requires individuals who are creative thinkers, problem solvers, and collaborators. 1:1 Computing will foster an environment in which teachers and students can focus less on the acquisition of knowledge and more on the analysis, synthesis, and application of knowledge. Research 1:1 Computing Initiatives are taking place at the state level. Dr. Damien Bebell conducted a 1:1 computing study within New Hampshire Middle Schools in Scenario Analysis of the effects of 1:1 computing on six New Hampshire Middle Schools over nine months. Results Increased use of technology across the curriculum Increased student engagement and motivation Lead Thinkers Development Commercialization Innovation-Decision Process Knowledge Stage Challenges to teaching in the 21 st -Century Engaging technologically savvy students. Fostering real world experiences. Producing students who are able to compete in a Global economy. 1:1 Computing can help to create 21 st -Century environment. Persuasion Stage Todays teens are a wired generation. A 2005 Pew Research study found that 84% of American teens own a personal media device. Integration of laptops brings a relevant real world tool to the classroom. Decision Stage Successful integration of 1:1 Computing. 1:1 Computing examples within the Chambersburg Area Senior High School. Implementation Stage How should 1:1 computing be implemented in the Chambersburg Area Senior High School? Continue to grow with the resources on hand (laptop carts). Bring 12 courses online in the school year. Provide professional development on how to integrate laptop usage in existing curriculum. Confirmation Stage How will we measure success of 1:1 computing within the Chambersburg Senior High School? Pre-implementation surveys of teachers and students. Mid-year surveys of teachers and students. End-of-year surveys of teachers and students. 1:1 Computing S-Curve Brief History of the Laptop 1981 Osborne Gavilan Mobile Computer Radio Shack TRS 80 Model IBM 5155 Portable Personal Computer 1989 Mac 1995 Microsoft Windows 95 Reference: History of LaptopsLaptops&id= http://ezinearticles.com/?History-of- Laptops&id= Upward Trend Toward the Modern Laptop 1981 Osborne Gavilan Mobile Computer 1986 Radio Shack TRS 80 Model IBM 5155 Portable Personal Computer 1995 Windows 95 Operating System Laptops in Schools? As early as 1997 state school boards begin to consider laptop usage as a means of replacing text books in the classroom. The Texas State Board of Education led the way Maine launches an initiative to integrate laptops on a 1:1 basis. It is reported in 2005 that by the end of 2003 over 600 schools nationwide had launched a 1:1 laptop initiative. Reference:laptops/ _ htmlhttp://news.cnet.com/Texas-schools-may-go-to- laptops/ _ html usm.maine.edu/cepare/Reports/MLTI_Report5.pdhttp://www.dailytimes. com.pk/default.asp?page=story_ _pg6_3 S-Curve for 1:1 Computing 1981 Osborne Gavilan Mobile Computer 1987 IBM 5155 Portable Personal Computer 1995 Windows 95 OS 1997 Texas Board of Education considers laptop integration 2003 Maine Launches 1:1 Initiative Schools In the US have a 1:1 initiative Who are the innovators and early adopters of 1:1 Computing in K-12 education? Innovators and Early Adopters Innovators: Technology Directors Instructional technologists Early Adopters: Teachers who use technology within their curriculum on a regular basis. Reference: Rogers, E.M., Diffusion of innovations (5 th ed.) New York, NY: Free Press.. Who will be the laggards? By definition laggards are those who use the past as a point of reference for adopting new innovations. Laggards in the adoption of 1:1 computing will be those veteran teachers who have had negative experiences throughout their career with other innovations. These individuals will not see the relative advantage of integrating 1:1 computing in their classrooms. They will most likely also be skeptical of the staying power of the innovation. Therefore they will be inclined to watch the progression of adoption rather than get on board at the onset. What attributes will help achieve critical mass? Relative Advantage Adopters at all levels will want to know how 1:1 computing will be better than teaching and learning strategies all ready in place. Compatibility It will be important to show that 1:1 computing fits the needs of all potential adopters. Trialability To ease fears of late majority and laggards this innovation should be implemented in stages allowing for non-technology savvy individuals to build comfort levels with the innovation. Relative Advantage Reference:s_of_1_1.php Change Agents and Critical Mass Centralized vs. Decentralized Diffusion Centralized Diffusion decisions about which innovations to diffuse, how to diffuse them, and to whom, are made by technically-expert officials near the top of the diffusion system. Decentralized Diffusion innovations originate from numerous local sources and then evolve as they diffuse via horizontal networks. Reference: Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York, NY: Free Press. Centralized vs. Decentralized Diffusion The diffusion of 1:1 computing within the Chambersburg Area School district would be best served to utilize a decentralized approach. The decentralized approach offers: Flexibility throughout the adoption of 1:1 computing Localized control A problem-centered approach Collaboration amongst the members of the diffusion system Reference: Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York, NY: Free Press. Change Agents A change agent is an individual who influences clients innovation-decisions in a direction deemed desirable by a change-agency (Rogers, p. 366, 2003). Seven Roles of a Change Agent Develop a need for change Establish an information exchange relationship Diagnose problems Create an intent into action Translate an intent into action Stabilize adoption and prevent discontinuance Achieve a terminal relationship Reference: Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York, NY: Free Press. Who will be the Change Agents within CASD? Director of Technology Instruction Technology Specialists Teachers currently implementing laptop technology within their classrooms Critical Mass Rogers defines critical mass as the percentage of users whom have adopted an innovation that will allow for a self-sustaining diffusion (p. 343, 2003) 1:1 Laptop use has reached critical mass in society. 1:1 Laptop use is on the way toward achieving critical mass within the CASD it simply needs direction. Reference: Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York, NY: Free Press. Why 1:1 Computing in the CASD? The Need for 1:1 Computing The Districts Mission Statement The Chambersburg Area School District will partner with families and the community to prepare all students for success as responsible citizens and lifelong learners. In the 21 st -century responsible citizenship and lifelong learning is being defined digitally. The Chambersburg Area School District needs to provide and environment conducive to preparing students for life outside of school in the 21 st -century. The Need for 1:1 Computing 1:1 computing provides a platform for collaborative higher order learning in the classroom. What type of school do we want to be?