11 geografia 11 -...
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geografia maia bliaZe, gia Wanturia, daviT kereseliZe
globaluri
11geografiis saxelmZRvanelo meTerTmeteklaselTaTvis
11geografia11
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Sinaarsi
globalizacia da globaluri problemebi
1. 8 2. 13 3. 17 4. 21 5. 24 6. 27
ITavi
ra aris globalizacia globalizaciis indeqsiantiglobalizmira aris globaluri problemebi?globalur problemaTa urTierTkavSiriglobaluri problemebi da saerTaSoriso organi-zaciebi
I ITavi
msoflios politikuri ruka da globaluri problemebi
7. 36 8. 40 9. 4810. 5211. 58 80
Tanamedrove msoflios politikuri rukamSvidoba da ganiaraRebakonfliqtebis geografiaterorizmis geografia msoflios lideri qveynebi da globaluri samyaroSemajamebeli samuSao I
IIITavi
msoflio mosaxleoba da globaluri socialuri problemebi
12. 8413. 8914. 9215. 10116. 10717. 11418. 120 126
msoflio mosaxleobis dinamika demografiuli optimumi da demografiuli politika urbanizacia – XX saukunis fenomeni eTnomozaika da globaluri eTnikuri krizisikulturis globalizaciajanmrTelobis problemaSromiTi migracia da fuladi gzavnilebiSemajamebeli samuSao II
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IVTavi
msoflio meurneoba da globaluri problemebi
19. 13020. 13921. 14522. 14923. 15524. 16325. 174 182
ekonomikuri globalizaciamsoflio finansuri nakadebi da centrebicxovrebis done da xarisximdidrebi da Raribebi da CamorCenilobis problemasasursaTo problemaenergetikuli problemaresursuli problemaSemajamebeli samuSao III
VTavi
globaluri ekologiuri problemebi
26. 18627. 19328. 19929. 20530. 21131. 21532. 22133. 23034. 23635. 24036. 24437. 24938. 25239. 255 259 261
ekologiuri problema – zogadi mimoxilva atmosferos ekologia msoflio okeanis problemebi sanapiro zolis aTvisebisa da dacvis problemebi mtknari wylis problema pedosferos ekologia stiqiuri katastrofebi teqnogenuri katastrofebi msoflios kritikuli ekoregionebi msoflios biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovneba msoflios daculi teritoriebimsoflios kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis geografia garemosdacviTi organizaciebi ekologiuri alternativa – mdgradi ganviTareba Semajamebeli samuSao IVdanarTebi
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I Tavi
globalizacia da globaluri problemebi
Seityob:
u ra aris globalizacia da glosalizacia;
u rogor dgindeba globalizaciis
indeqsi;
u ra urTierTkavSiria globalur
problemebs Soris;
u ra roli da mniSvneloba aqvs
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs globalur
samyaroSi.
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u imsjelo globalizaciis dadebiT da
uaryofiT mxareebze;
u gaaanalizo globalizaciis gazomvis
meTodebi da imsjelo maT
srulyofilebasa da praqtikuli
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebze;
u CamoTvalo globaluri problemebi da
imsjelo maT Soris arsebul
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirze;
u gaaanalizo saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mniSvneloba da roli
globalur problemebTan mimarTebaSi.
SeZleb:
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globalizaciis sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli ganmarteba ar arsebobs. am sakiTxis mimarT mecnierTa Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, sazoga-doebrivi mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi ganixilaven globalizaciis gavlenas politikur, socialur, garemosdacviT, istoriul, geografiul da kulturul sferoebze. ekonomistebi ki globalizaciaSi saqonlis, kapitalisa da Sromis bazrebis saerTaSoriso integracias gulisxmoben.
globalizacia msoflio ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialur-kulturuli integraciisa da unifikaciis procesia. zogadad ki, globalizacia aris procesi, romelic axdens msoflios `daviwroebas~, arRvevs erovnul sazRvrebs, aaxloebs sxvadasxva erovnul ekonomikas, kulturas, teqnologias, marTvas, warmoebas da zrdis maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis xarisxs. martivi ganmartebiT, globali-zacia niSnavs erT qveyanaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis asaxvas sxva qveynebze, rac maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis da urTierTgadaxlarTvis Sedegia.
globalizacia asaxavs cvlilebebs sazogadoebasa da msoflio ekonomika-Si, romlebic gamowveulia saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da kulturuli gacvlis zrdiT. is aseve asaxavs vaWrobisa da investiciebis barierTa rRvevs qveyanaTa urTierTdamokidebulebis ganviTarebis Sedegad.
globalizaciis Temis popularoba XX s-is 90-iani wlebidan momdinareobs. bevri mecnieri cdilobda, epova Tanamedrove globalizaciisa da misi isto-riuli analogebis saerTo niSnebi, amitom globalizaciis warmoSobis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi sxvadasxvagvaria: istorikosebi mas, rogorc kapitalizmis ganvi-Tarebis erT-erT etaps, ise ganixilaven; ekonomistebi aTvlas transerov nuli
1. ra aris globalizacia
Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba – calkeuli qveynebis specializacia gan-sazRvruli saxeobis produqciis warmoebasa da maT gacvlaSi
integracia – calkeuli elementebis gaerTianebisa da koordinirebis procesi.
unifikacia – risame gaerTianeba, erTiani normebis SemuSaveba da daqvemdebareba
standarti – uflebamosili organos mier damtkicebuli dokumenti, romelic sayovelTao da mravaljeradi gamoyenebisaTvis adgens wesebs, zogad principeb-sa da maxasiaTeblebs saqonlis, masTan dakavSirebuli procesebisa da warmoebis meTodebisaTvis.
eqspansia – [raimes] zomis, moculobis, raodenobis an zRvris gafarToebisken mimarTuli qmedeba.
proteqcionizmi – Sida bazris importisagan dacvis politika, romelic am miz-niT tarifebs, kvotebs, subsidiebsa da sxva saSualebebs iyenebs. misi mTavari amocana samamulo warmoebis ganviTarebaa.
vesternizacia – dasavluri (evropuli da amerikuli) faseulobebis, cxovrebis wesis gavrceleba ekonomikis, politikis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis sferoSi msoflios mraval qveyanaSi.
transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) kompania – didi saerTaSoriso kompania, romelsac sawarmoebi aqvs orze met qveyanaSi da romelic meurneobis erT an ram-denime dargs akontrolebs.
leqsikoni
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globalizaciis istoriul pre-cedentebs adgili hqonda me-19 saukunis meore naxevris imperiuli saxelmwifoebis dapirispirebis xa-naSi. Tumca globalizmis adreuli formebi Zvel msoflioSic arsebob-da. amis magaliTia romis imperia, parTia, xanis dinastia. am ukanaskne-lis mmarTvelobis periodSi daiwyes `abreSumis gzis~ mSenebloba. aseve aRsaniSnavia `islamis oqros xana~ – musulmanma vaWrebma moaxdines pro-duqciisa da codnis globalizeba. monRolTa imperiaSi ki abreSumis gzam udidesi mniSvneloba SeiZina.
magaliTi 1
1850 wlidan industriuli kapitalizmis mzardma aRmavlobam meti resursi da globaluri bazari moiTxova. aseT pirobebSi tradiciuli proteqcionizmi `gamousadegari~ gaxda. am yvelaferma xeli Seuwyo Tavisufali vaWrobis ganvi-Tarebas. ukve 1870 wlisaTvis germaniisa da aSS-is industrializaciis mzardi tempebis gamo britaneTis ekonomikuri upiratesoba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga. amerikeli mecnieri, harvardis universitetis profesori neil fergiusoni miiCnevs, rom 1870 wlidan pirvel msoflio omamde saqonlisa da kapitalis mimoqcevam manamde arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia, rac Semdgom, meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ganmeorda. ekonomikuri aspeqtebiT imdroindeli msoflio marT-lac Zalian hgavda Tanamedrove tendenciebiT gajerebul realobas, Tumca, SesaZloa, mxolod _ erTi SexedviT.
1. gaixsene istoriis kursidan, sad gadioda `abreSumis gza~ da ra roli Seasru-la man imdroindeli qveynebis ganviTarebis procesSi.
2. Seni azriT, romeli periodidan SeiZleba saubari globalizaciaze?
davaleba
globalizaciis umTavres Sedegs warmoadgens Sromis saerTaSoriso danawi-leba, kapitalis, SromiTi da sawarmoTa resursebis migracia mTeli planetis masStabiT, kanonmdeblobis, ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri procesebis stan-dartizacia, aseve sxvadasxva qveynebis kulturebis daaxloeba da Serwyma. globalizaciis Sedegad msoflios qveynebi sul ufro da ufro ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs da saerTo globalur suraTs qmnian.
tibeti
indoeTiarabeTi birma
CineTi
fergana
sogdiana
kavkasia
afrika
fazisi
trapizoni
antioqia
hamandi balxi
merevi samaryandikaSgari
dunxuani
kaspii
s zR
va
abreSumis gzis ZiriTadi marSruti
abreSumis gzis damxmare marSruti
abreSumis gzis sazRvao marSruti
abreSumis gzis gverdiTi marSrutiromlic kavkasiaze gadioda
finansuri bazrebis warmoSobis droidan iwyeben; politologebi mTavar mize-zad demokratiuli organizaciebis gavrcelebas miiCneven; kulturologebi ki globalizaciis gamovlenas kulturis vesternizacias, maT Soris, amerikul ekonomikur eqspansias ukavSireben.
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warmoebis sferoSi izrdeba `globaluri fabrikebi~, romlis saukeTeso magaliTia manqanaTmSeneblobis Tanamedrove dargebis warmoebis procesis globalizacia. am dros ramdenime qveyana erT sawarmoo xazad erTiandeba. gaCn -da safondo birJebi, romlebic mTeli msoflios masStabiT ocdaoTxi saaTi muSaoben. globalizacias ukavSirdeba dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi aRiarebuli sakredito baraTebis gavrceleba da zogierTi valutis mzardi gamoyeneba.
samxedro sferoSi TvalsaCino gaxda globaluri SeiaraRebis epoqis dadgo-ma. kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebis, sajaSuSo Tanamgzavrebisa da msgavsi teqnologiebis danergvis Sedegad mTeli msoflio erT strategiul arealad gadaiqca.
globalizacia ar gulisxmobs mxolod ekonomikur procesebs. igi aseve aR-niSnavs procesebs, romelTa saSualebiTac socialur urTierTobebs naklebad aferxebs manZili da sazRvrebi. magaliTad, komunikaciebis sferoSi globali-zacias cifrulma teqnologiebma, satelefono kavSirma, eleqtronulma masme-diam da sxva saSualebebma Seuwyo xeli. organizaciebis sferoSi globalizacia kompaniebis, asociaciebisa da maregulirebeli uwyebebis zrdiT gamoixata.
ekologiuri kuTxiT, globalizacia iseT sferoebSi gamovlinda, rogoricaa planetis havis cvla, stratosferoSi ozonis Semcireba, calkeuli bunebrivi resursis SesaZlo amowurva da dedamiwis bunebrivi mravalferovnebis Semci-reba, romelTa mogvareba saerTaSoriso ZalisxmeviTa da erTiani strategie-biT xorcieldeba. kulturuli mimarTulebiT Seicvala normebi (adamianis universaluri uflebebi) da yoveldRiuri azrovneba (adamianebi msoflios erT mTlianobad aRiqvamen).
globalizacias, zogadad, uzarmazari sargebeli moaqvs qveynebisa da mo-saxleobisTvis. igi amaRlebs mwarmoeblobas, exmareba codnisa da axali teq-nologiebis ganvrcobas, aumjobesebs momxmarebelTa arCevanis diapazons. globalizaciis Sedegad qveynebi, regionebi, kontinentebi ise mWidrod daukav-Sirdnen erTmaneTs, rom msofliom `patara soflis“ maxasiaTeblebi SeiZina. Tumca, msoflio ekonomikaSi Rrma integraciis da globalizaciis Tema yo-velTvis da yvelgan popularuli ar aris.
glosalizacia globalizaciis regionuli scenaria. glosalizacia globa-lizaciis sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli variantia da niSnavs globalizaciis gavrcelebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Tu erovnuli kulturebis gaTvaliswinebiT. termini Cveulebriv im produqtsa Tu momsaxurebasTan mimar-TebaSi gamoiyeneba, romlebic SemuSavebulia da gavrcelebulia globalurad, Tumca aseve gaTvaliswinebulia adgilobriv bazarze damkvidrebisa da momxma-reblis Taviseburebebi. es imas niSnavs, rom produqti da momsaxureba, Seqmnisas Tu SeTavazebisas, unda Seesabamebodes adgilobriv kanonebs, tradiciebs an momxmareblis moTxovnebs. produqti da momsaxureba, romlebic efeqtianad aris glosalizebuli, saboloo jamSi momxmareblisTvis did interess warmoadgens.
3. imsjele, romel sferoebs Seexo globalizaciis procesi da moiyvane misi gav lenis magaliTebi.
davaleba
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nax. 1.1. `makdonaldsi~ msoflioSi lideria swrafi kvebis
obieqtebs Soris. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi
produqti, romelic `makdonaldsis~ restornebSi iyideba,
adgilob riv bazarzea warmoebuli. `makdonaldss~ saqarT
veloSi qarTul meurneobebTan aqvs xelSekruleba gaforme
buli da naturaluri produqtiT umaspinZldeba mosaxleo
bas. adgilobrivi tradiciebidan gamomdinare, `makdonald
sis~ restoranma qarTvel momxmarebels axali produqti `mak
lavaSi~ SesTavaza.
glosalizaciis safuZvels decentralizebuli da „samarTliani“ msoflios idea warmoadgens. glosalizaciis modelebis SemuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebulia TviTorganizaciis da kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebis qseluri formebi.
globalizaciis uaryofiTi gavlenis SesustebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba ganaTlebas da, gansakuTrebiT, umaRles saswavleblebs. erTi mxriv, globalizacia xels uwyobs qveynebs, gadalaxon ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba da moaxdinon produqciis modernizacia (amis magaliTia hongkongi, taivani, singapuri, malaizia da samxreTi korea); meore mxriv ki, is ekonomikuri sis-temebi, romlebmac ver gaiares adaptacia, xdebian kidev ufro CamorCenilebi. sazogadoebis unari, gadavides `informaciul xanaSi~, damokidebulia misi wevrebis ganaTlebis doneze. es exeba saganmanaTleblo sistemas – dawyebiTi skolidan universitetis CaTvliT. yvelaze ufro Tanamedrove qveynebis ganaT-lebis sistemac ki srulad ar asaxavs sistemis dinamizms. aqedan gamomdinare, globalizaciis epoqaSi metad mniSvnelovani da saWiroa investiciebis Cadeba ganaTlebis sferoSi.
pirveli glosaluri organizacia `Glocal Forum~-i 2001 wels daarsda da misi mizania globalizaciis procesSi adgilob-rivobis ganviTareba da lokalur problemebze yuradRebis gamaxvile-ba. magaliTad, `Yahoo!~ – es aris kom-pania, romelic praqtikaSi atarebs glosalizacias. maTi internet-por-taliT mTeli msoflio sargeblobs, amitom momxmarebels kompania veb-gverdebis sxvadasxva versiebs sTavazobs. mas aqvs momsaxurebis servisi sxvadasxva enaze, saitis Sinaarsi Sedgenilia momxma-reblis geografiuli mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT. amJamad bevri saxelmwifo da kerZo kompania iyenebs glosalizacias, raTa Tavis klientebs Seuqmnas bazebi da gauzardos mogeba.
magaliTi 2
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axali eris gamowvevebTan dakavSirebulia korporatiuli universitetebis Camoyalibeba. eleqtronuli (distanciuri) swavlebis sistema, e.w. `e-learning~ dRiTi dRe ufro popularuli xdeba. umaRlesi ganaTlebis institutebis internacionalizacia aris ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari warmmarTveli faqtori. igi gansazRvravs, Tu vin iqneba mogebuli globalizaciis procesSi.
ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli da socialuri globalizacia auci-leblad unda aisaxebodes Tanamedrove universitetis modelze. ra Tqma unda, am yvelafers aqvs sxva aucilebeli ganzomilebebic, magram codnis menejmenti rCeba yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan aspeqtad.
4. axseni, ra gansxvavebaa globalizaciasa da glosalizacias Soris.
5. axseni, rogor gesmis ganmarteba: `globalizacia aris biznesis integracia geografiuli da organizaciuli sazRvrebis miRma~.
6. moiyvane magaliTebi, romlebic Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis process asaxavs. raSi da rogor grZnob globalizaciis gavlenas?
7. imsjele globalizaciis da glosalizaciis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze.
davaleba
u globalizacia inglisur sityva `globes~ ukavSirdeba, rac dedamiwas, glo-buss niSnavs, xolo global – msoflios. termin `globaliza ci is~ ekono-mikur konteqsSi xmareba dakavSirebulia amerikel ekonomist Teo dor le-vitTan, romelmac `harvard biznesreviuSi~ gamoqveynebul Tavis naSromSi globalizebuli bazrebis moqmedeba aRwera. Tumca SemdgomSi am termins xSirad xmarobdnen axali tipis multinacionaluri organizaciebis aRsawe-radac. 1999 wels davosSi (Sveicaria) msoflio ekonomikur forumze gaCnda axali sityva `globaluroba“, rac Sexvedris mTavari Tema gaxda.
u planetis mosaxleobis 20%, e.w. `oqros miliardi~, 82-jer met msoflio resur-sebs moixmars, vidre mosaxleobis danarCeni 80%. `oqros miliardSi~ Sedis aSS-is, kanadis, dasavleT evropis, avstraliisa da aRmosavleT evropis ramdenime qveynis mosaxleoba.
u 1960 wels stenfordis universitetis (aSS) fsiqo-logiis profesorebma patrik sapesma da riCard aTkinsonma dawyebiTi skolis moswavleTa swavlebis procesSi eqsperimentis saxiT pirvelad gamoiyenes kompiuteri. 2006 wels ki aSS-Si `onlain~ swavlebaSi umaRlesi saswavleblebis 3,5 mln studenti iyo Car-Tuli. eqspertTa gamoTvlebiT 2014 wels studentTa 84% gamoiyenebs `e-learning~-is momsaxurebas.
f
es sainteresoa
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globalizaciis procesSi qveynis integrirebis donis an xarisxis dadgeni-sas calkeul maCveneblebs iyeneben, romlebic calsaxad asaxaven konkretul sferoSi qveynis danarCen msofliosTan damokidebulebis xarisxs. Tanamedrove globalizaciis `gazomvis~ sxvadasxva saSualeba arsebobs. ukanasknel wlebSi SemuSavda globalizaciis kompleqsuri maCvenebeli, romelic moicavs ekono-mikur, socialur da politikur maCveneblebs. aRniSnul indeqsze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia qveynis globalizebis donis dadgena, potencialisa da globa-lizaciis procesisgan mosalodneli safrTxeebis Sefaseba.
globalizaciis erT-erTi maCvenebelia e. w. globalizaciis KOF indeqsi (KOF Index of Globalization), romelic 2002 wels SemuSavda. 2006 wels es indeqsi germaneli ekonomistis, aqsel dreheris, avstralieli ekonomistis noel gas-tonis da holandieli biologisa da ekologis pim martensis mier ganaxlda da detalurad gaiwera. es sayovelTao indeqsi ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri globalizaciis sidides zomavs.
globalizaciis KOF indeqsis mixedviT, ekonomikur globalizacias axasia-Tebs saqonlis, kapitalis, momsaxurebis, informaciis nakadebisa da cvlilebe-bis Sor manZilze gadatana; politikuri globalizacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc samTavrobo politikebis difuzia, xolo socialuri globalizacia – ideebis, informaciis, adamianuri urTierTobebis ganvrcoba-gafarToeba.
warmodgenili indeqsebi procentebSi gamoisaxeba da, Sesabamisad, maRa-li procenti globalizaciis maRal xarisxze miuTiTebs. maCveneblebi yove-lwliurad 158 qveynis mixedviT gamoiTvleba da monacemebi msoflio bankis, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis, gaeros konferenciis vaWrobisa da ganviTa-rebis Sesaxeb wliur angariSebs, saerTaSoriso safosto kavSiris da safosto statistikis, gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis organizaciis da sxva sainformacio wyaroebs efuZneba.
1. nax. 2.1-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi №1) mixedviT daajgufe msoflios qveynebi KOF indeqsis mixedviT. TiToeul jgufSi sul mcire sami qveyana gaaerTiane da monacemebi warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT.
davaleba
2. globalizaciis indeqsi
nax. 2.1. msoflios qveynebi KOF indeqsis mixedviT (%, 2009 w)
ar aris monacemebi
020
> 2040
> 4060
> 6080
> 80100
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nax 2.2. globalizaciis KOF indeqsis Semadgeneli qveindeqsebi da kriteriumebi
qveindeqsi kriteriumi ganmarteba
ekonomikuri
globaliza
cia
vaWroba produqciis eqsportisa da importis, aseve momsaxu
rebis %uli wili mSpis maCvenebelSi
ucxouri pirdapiri
investiciebi
ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebidan miRebuli Semo
savlebis %uli wili mSpis maCvenebelSi
ucxouri portfeluri
investiciebi
ucxouri portfeluri investiciebis Semodinebisa
da gadinebis %uli wili mSpis maCvenebelSi
SezRudvebi saimporto barierebi, satarifo ganakveTi, gada
saxadebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze (mimdinare Se
mosavlebis %uli nawili), kapitalis angariSebis
SezRudvebi
socialuri
globaliza
cia
pirovnuli kontaqtebis maCveneblebi
satelefono kavSirebi saerTaSoriso satelefono momsaxureba da tarifi
(wuTi) 1 sul mosaxleze
saerTaSoriso turizmi turistebis ricxvi (Camosulebi da wasulebi) mTel
mosaxleobaSi
saerTaSoriso
gzavnilebi
saerTaSoriso gzavnilebis raodenoba 1 sul mo
saxleze
ucxoeli mosaxleoba mTliani mosaxleobis %uli wili
sainformacio nakadebis maCveneblebi
interneti internetis momxmarebelTa raodenoba (1000 kacze)
televizorebi televizorebis raodenoba (1000 kacze)
filmebi filmebis ricxvi importsa da eqsportSi
wignebi da gazeTebi wignebiT da gazeTebiT vaWroba (mSpis % wili),
wignebisa da gazeTebis importi da eqsporti 1 sul
mosaxleze (aSS dolari)
saerTaSoriso
brendebi
saerTaSoriso brendebis warmomadgenlobebis rao
denoba (mag., makdonaldsis restornebis ricxvi erT
sul mosaxleze, ikeas filialebis raodenoba erT
sul mosaxleze da sxva)
politikuri
globaliza
cia
saelCoebi qveyanaSi saelCoebis raodenoba
gaeros misiebi gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWos misiis wevroba
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wevroba
saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebi
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis raodenoba
a. T. kerneis (A. T. Kearney) kompania globaluri menejmentis sakonsultacio jgufia, romlis ZiriTadi saqmianobaa menejmentis SemuSaveba, strategiebisa da investiciebis gansazRvra, mdgradi ganviTareba. a. T. kerneis mier SemuSave-bulia e. w. `globaluri ganviTarebis indeqsi~ (Global development index), rome-lic Semdeg indikatorebs iTvaliswinebs: ucxouri investiciebis moculoba, samTavrobo transferebis raodenoba, erovnuli Sida produqtis (eSp) zrdis
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maCvenebeli, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wevroba, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis moculoba, internetis provaiderebisa da momxmarebelTa raodenoba, samSvi-dobo misiebis ricxvi, mosaxleobis raodenoba, fuladi gzavnilebisa da indi-vidualuri transferebis raodenoba, usafrTxo internetservisi, satelefono tarifebi, dasaqmeba, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis raodenoba. kompaniis analitikosebi gaeros, erovnuli statistikuri saagentoebis, msoflio eko-nomikuri forumis, msoflio bankis da sxva mniSvnelovani organizaciebis mo-nacemebsa da moxsenebebs eyrdnobian. Sveicariuli ekonomikis institutis 2010 wlis monacemebiT globalizaciis KOF indeqsis mixedviT msoflios qveynebis pirvel aTeulSi Sedian: belgia – 92.9%, avstria – 92.5%, niderlandebi – 91.9%, Sveicaria – 90.5%, SvedeTi – 89.7%, dania – 89.6%, kanada – 88.2%, portugalia – 87.5%, fineTi – 87.3% da ungreTi – 87.0%. reitings saTaveSi evropuli qveynebi udganan, autsaiderebSi ki tradiciulad afrikuli da okeaneTis qveynebi imyofebian. aRniSnuli monacemebis mixedviT saqarTvelo 156 qveyanas Soris 74-e pozicias ikavebs. regionis qveynebidan saqarTveloze win moldova (63), TurqeTi (59), ukraina (53) da ruseTi (52) arian.
2. nax 2.3-is gamoyenebiT daadgine, rogor Seicvala 1970-2008 wlebSi ekonomikuri, politikuri da so-cialuri globalizacia.
davaleba
nax 2.3. KOFis globalizaciis indeqsis Semadgeneli ekonomikuri (a), politikuri (b) da
socialuri (g) globalizaciis maCveneblebis dinamika (%, 19702008 wlebSi).
www.globalization.kof.ethz.chwww.atkearney.com
internetsaitebi
ekonomikuri globalizaciis maCveneblebis mixedviT pirvel aTeulSi arian singapuri, luqsemburgi, irlandia, malta, belgia, niderlandebi, estone-Ti, ungreTi, bahreini, SvedeTi. am qveynebis indeqsis maCvenebeli 96,67%-sa da 88,11%-s Soris icvleba.
a70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
b
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
g
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
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3. gaaanalize nax. 2.2. rogor fiqrob, ramdenad srulyofilia globalizaciis indeqsis gamoTvlis meTodebi?
4. imsjele, ra praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs globalizaciis indeqss ama Tu im qvey nisTvis.
davaleba
u KOF indeqsi 2002 wels Seiqmna Sveicariis ekonomikis institutisa (Swiss Eco-nomic Institute) da Sveicariis federaluri teqnologiuri institutis (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) mier. proeqts germaneli profesori aqsel dreeri xelmZRvanelobda.
u a. T. kerneis (A. T. Kearney) kompania 1926 wels daarsda. am-Jamad kompanias msoflios 38 qveyanaSi aqvs 55 ofisi gaxs-nili. firmis saTao ofisi CikagoSi (aSS) mdebareobs.
u ikea (IKEA) Sveduri kompaniaa, romelic msoflioSi ave-jis savaWro qselebis mixedviT liderobs. igi awarmoebs da yidis SedarebiT iaf avejs, romelTa awyobac saxlSi damoukidebladaa SesaZlebeli.
socialuri globalizaciis maCveneblebis mixedviT luqsemburgi, Sveicaria, irlandia, antigua da barbuda, kviprosi, puerto-riko, singapuri, avstria, grenada da belgia lideroben. socialuri globalizaciis indeqsi wamyvani aTeuli qveynisTvis 93,87-88,12%-is farglebSi icvleba.
politikuri globalizaciis maCveneblebiT wamyvan aTeulSi arian safran-geTi, italia, belgia, avstria, SvedeTi, espaneTi, Sveicaria, kanada, aSS da po-loneTi. maTi politikuri globalizaciis indeqsi 93,88%-sa da 89,03%-s Soris meryeobs. indeqsis Semadgenel komponentebSi yvelaze kargi maCveneblebi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri globalizaciis komponentSi aqvs, sadac 33-e pozi-ciaze imyofeba da regionis qveynebSi pirvelia. yvelaze maRali maCveneblebi saqarTvelos saimporto barierebis simcireSi, gadasaxadebis mcire raode-nobasa da dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTebSi aqvs. socialuri globalizaciis mimarTulebiT saqarTvelo 98-e, politikuri globalizaciis mimarTulebiT ki 139-e adgilzea.
amrigad, globalizaciis KOF indeqsis mixedviT, wamyvan poziciebs Ziri-Tadad mcire, magram ganviTarebis maRali donis qveynebi ikaveben, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom globalizacia mimzidveli da momgebiania mcire qveynebisTvis, Tu isini mis dadebiT efeqtebs Tavis sasargeblod da gonivrulad gamoiyene-ben. maCveneblebidan Cans, rom msoflio sistemaSi saqarTvelos integrireba ekonomikur globalizaciaze gadis, rac zrdis qveynis ekonomikis msoflio ekonomikaSi integrirebis xarisxs da sagareo bazrebze damokidebulebas.
globalizaciis procesSi sxvadasxva qveynisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania saqmianobisa da ganviTarebis swori strategiebis SerCeva.
f
es sainteresoa
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1990-iani wlebis bolos antiglobalisturi ganwyoba Camoyalibda da masob-rivi gamosvlebi daiwyo. antiglobalistebi gaurkveveli momavlis winaSe SiSs gamoxatavdnen da kacobriobis Tavs datexili yvela ubedurebis gamo pasuxism-geblobas globalizacias akisrebdnen, amave dros, am ukanasknels vaSingtonis neoimperialisturi politikis produqtad moiazrebdnen.
1999 wlis dekemberSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobis liberalizaciis mowinaaRmde-geTa gamZvinvarebulma jgufebma q. sietlSi (aSS) mimdinare msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevr-saxelmwifoTa forumi kinaRam CaSales. politikosTa TiTq-mis yoveli saerTaSoriso Sexvedra, romelic ase Tu ise ukavSirdeba globa-lizacias, rogorc wesi, antiglobalistebis mravalaTasiani mitingebisa da darbevebis fonze mimdinareobs. 2000 wels es ganmeorda davosSi, praRaSi, mon-realSi, seulSi, kvlav sietlSi, londonsa da nicaSi; 2001 wels – gioteborgSi, davosSi, zalcburgSi, boloniaSi, genuaSi. 2002 wels antiglobalistTa yvelaze mZlavri gamosvla Sedga barselonaSi evrokavSiris liderTa Sexvedrisas da a. S.
nax. 3.1. antiglobalistTa saprotetso aqcia q. edinburgSi didi rvianis samitis win
3. antiglobalizmi
neoliberalizmi – politikur-ekonomikuri filosofia, romelic uaryofs sa xelmwifos Carevas (intervencias) adgilobriv ekonomikaSi. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tavisufal sabazro meTodebze, sawarmoTa funqcionirebaSi nakleb SezRud vebsa da sakuTrebis uflebebze. sagareo politikaSi neoliberalizmi upiratesobas aniWebs ucxoeTis bazrebis gaxsnas politikuri meTodebiT, eko-nomikuri zewolis, diplomatiuri da/an samxedro intervenciis gamoyenebiT. bazrebis gaxs naSi moiazreba Tavisufali vaWroba da muSaxelis saerTaSoriso specializaciis mixedviT dayofa.
nacionalizmi – ideologia, romlis mixedviTac eri anu `nacia~ sazogadoebis fun damenturi nawili da qvakuTxedia. amasTanave, eris interesi da erTguleba yve la jgufisa da individis interesze maRla unda idges.
leqsikoni
www.borumsocialmundial.org.brinternetsaiti
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yvelgan, sadac imarTeba „ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa“ Sexvedrebi globaluri prob lemebis gansaxilvelad, sxvadasxva qveynidan aTeul aTasobiT mowinaaRm-dege ikiribeba, romelic bankebisa da maRaziis vitrinebs arbevs, avtomobilebs azianebs da kanonis damcvelebs Seuracxyofas ayenebs. aseT dros im qveyanaSi, sadac dagegmilia politikosTa morigi samitis an saqmiani wreebis msoflio forumis Catareba, rogorc wesi, wesrigis dasacavad gansakuTrebul zomebs iReben, risTvisac mobilizebulia aTasobiT policieli da zogjer – samxedro qvedanayofebic.
antiglobalistTa moZraobis simbolod iqca frangi fermeri Joze bove, romelmac 1995 wels Tavisi traqtoriT parizis SemogarenSi „makdonaldsis“ dawesebuleba daangria. presam ki am gamosvlis reklamireba moaxdina. male bo-ves mxarSi amoudga mwerali siuzen JorJi, romelmac Tavis romanSi globalu-ri momavlis damTrgunveli suraTi aRwera: transnacionaluri korporaciebi kacobriobas „axali msoflio wesrigis“ marwuxebSi aqceven; mTel planetaze gabatonebulia „oqros miliardi“ – adamianebi msoflios maRalganviTarebuli qveynebidan, romlebic mosawyen kapitalistur samoTxeSi cxovroben, danarCeni „naxevradadamianebi“ ki mZime Sromas ewevian, raTa am rCeulTa ayvavebuli cxov-reba uzrunvelyon. es romani radikaluri antiglobalistebis samagido wignad iqca. J. bovem da s. JorJma memarcxene-radikaluri organizacia „ataki“daaarses, romelmac wamoayena kacobriobis mtris axali saxe – „eSmakis sameuli“: msoflio savaWro organizacia, msoflio banki da transnacionaluri korporaciebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeTa eqstremistuli nawilis xulignobaze yvelafris gadabraleba swori midgoma ar aris. sinamdvileSi es mxolod antiglobalisturi moZraobis `aisbergis~ wveria, romelSic Sedian sxvadasxva nacionalisturi organizaciebi („skinhedebis“, trockistebis, komu-nistebis, ultramemarjveneebis, anarqistebis da a.S.), romelTa wevrebic mzad arian daarbion yvelaferi, rac xelT moxvdebaT. aseve cdiloben, ziani miayenon globalizaciis erT-erT teqnikur safuZvels – biznesis kompiuterizacias. magaliTad, 1999 wlis ivlisSi, „didi rvianis“ samitze, germaniaSi organizacia J-18-is antiglobalistebma moawyves hakerebis Seteva daaxloebiT 20-mde kerZo kompaniis kompiuterul sistemebze.
nax. 3.2. lozanaSi (Sveicaria) gamarTuli
ekonomikuri forumis sawinaaRmdegod
gamoyenebuli antiglobalisturi warwera
1. Seni azriT, ramdenad misaRebia antigloba-listTa moqmedebis formebi?
davaleba
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mTlianobaSi, antiglobalistTa moZraoba Tavisi SemadgenlobiT sakmaod mravalsaxovania: primitiuli radikalebidan dawyebuli, „mwvaneebis“, „ufle-badamcvelebisa“ da inteleqtualebis CaTvliT. ukanasknel xanebSi daiwyo an-tiglobalizmis transformacia SedarebiT civilizebul formebSi. erT-erTi aseTia 2001 wlidan moyolebuli, yovelwliuri msoflio socialuri forumebi (msf), romlebic davosis msoflio ekonomikuri forumis winaaRmdeg aris mi-marTuli da ianvarsa da TebervalSi tardeba. am forumebis devizia: „sxva mso-flio SesaZlebelia!“, rac iseT msoflios gulisxmobs, romelic mimarTulia adamianisaken da ara kapitalisaken. msf da sxva analogiuri forumebi imuS-aveben Sesabamis deklaraciebs, romlebic zog SemTxvevaSi gonivrul ideebsac Seicaven. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvar ideebs garkveul SemTxvevavaSi gulisyuriT ekidebian mTavrobebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.
antiglobalizmi saerTaSoriso masStabiT sakmaod kargad aris organizebuli da finansuri uzrunvelyofac gaaCnia, rac saSualebas aZlevs aanaz Rauros xar-jebi aTasobiT adamianis saWiro dros saWiro adgilze gadasay vanad, miuxedavad manZilisa da savizo barierebisa. am dafinansebis wyaroebi arcTu ise gamWvirva-lea. protestis gamomxatveli aTasobiT adamiani saerTaSoriso forumis mimdina-reobisas sxvadasxva qalaqSi Cadis ara imisaTvis, rom qveyana moinaxulos, aramed im rwmeniT, rom keTil saqmes emsaxureba da kacobriobis gadasarCenad ibrZvis.
wamyvani antiglobalisturi organizaciebi: `globaluri moqmedeba~ (Global Movement) – evropis fermerTa, laTinuri amerikis da mcire aziis komunaluri sasoflo-kooperatiuli meurneobebis saprotesto moZraoba. `Savi SeTanxmeba~ (Black Bloc) – orientirebulia maRaziebis darbevasa da poli-ciasTan Setakebebze, iziarebs anarqistul ideologias da ewinaaRmdegeba kapi-talizms; `mesame pozicia~ (The Third Position) – Camoyalibda londonSi. sainteresoa, rom erTdroulad iziarebs ukidures memarcxene da ukidures memarjvene Sexedule-bebs, iyenebs protestis agresiul formebs. `kmara~ (Ya Basta) – Camoyalibda italiaSi, ewinaaRmdegeba neoliberalizms.`haktivisti~ (Hacktivist) – msoflio hakerebis gaerTianeba politikuri motiviT.
mniSvnelovani TariRebi: 1999 wlis ivnisi – kiolnSi (germania) Catarda antig-lobalistebis pirveli manifestacia. 2000 weli – Camoyalibda antiglobalistebis sainformacio qseli `IndyMedia~.2001 weli – genuaSi (italia) `didi rvianis~ liderebis Sexvedris CasaSlelad 200 aTasi antiglobalisti Seikriba. 2001 weli – portu-alegreSi (brazilia) msoflio socialur forumze 122 qveyni-dan 11 aTasi antiglobalisti Seikriba.
magaliTi 1
arsebobs globalizaciis miuReblobis sul mcire sami ZiriTadi midgoma/varianti. maT Soris yvelaze radikaluri gulisxmobs, rom es yvelaferi aSS-is mxridan imarTeba, romelic vaSingtonis mier kontrolirebadi organizaciebis meSveobiT (saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro organizacia da a.S.) msoflios ganviTarebad regionebSi Tavis neokolo nialur politikas atarebs. aqedan momdinareobs termini vesternizacia da globali-zaciis brmad miuRebloba, miuxedavad misi realuri formisa.
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2. rogor fiqrob, globalizaciis miuReblobis sami midgomidan, romelia yvela-ze obieqturi?
3. moiZie informacia antiglobalisturi moZraobebisa da saprotesto aqciebis Sesaxeb.
4. moawyveT klasSi diskusia Temaze: `globalizacia nacionalizmis winaaRmdeg~.
u 1999-2010 wlebSi antiglobalistebma 60-ze meti saprotesto aqcia gamarTes.
u msoflio socialuri forumi (msf) saerTaSoriso donis Sexvedraa, romelic davosSi, msoflio ekonomikuri forumis sawinaaRmdegod, yovelwliurad tardeba. forumi sxvadas x va socialuri moZraobis aqtivistebs aerTianebs da globalizaciis mier SemoTavazebuli modelis – neoliberalizmis alter nati-vas eZebs. pirveli msoflio socialuri forumi 2001 wlis 25-30 ianvars braziliis qalaq portu-alegroSi Catarda.
antiglobalizmis ideologiis meore saxesxvaoba gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom globalizacia Tavisi arsiT obieqturi procesia, romelic ganpirobebulia teqnikuri progresiT, sainformacio revoluciiT, saerTaSoriso sawarmoo, savaWro da finansuri kavSirebis ganviTarebiT, magram am procesis momgebiano-biT mxolod maRalganviTarebuli dasavluri qveynebi sargeblobs, danarCe ni msoflio ki ganwirulia da CamorCenilTa rigebSi moiazreba. Sesabamisad, an-tiglobalistebi miiCneven, rom es procesi mxolod „oqros miliardisaTvis“ aris momgebiani da isini valdebulni arian Seamciron TavianTi mogebis wili. an tiglobalistTa erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, globalizaciis procesi xels uSlis `oqros miliardis~ gareT ganviTarebas.
mesame midgomiT globalizacia Tavisi arsiT araTu obieqturi procesia, aramed sasargebloc ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes yvela qveynisaTvis, Tuki ganvi-Tarebuli dasavleTi Tavisi nebiT gauyofs mogebas ganviTarebad msoflios, mag ram radgan dasavleTi amas nebayoflobiT ar akeTebs, amitom saWiroa didi saxalxo protesti. es midgoma ar uaryofs arc kapitalizms, arc bazars da arc glo balizacias. maTi mizania, rom Seqmnan `kapitalizmi humanuri saxiT~, rac Tavisi arsiT SeuZlebelia, radgan kapitalizmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom emTxveva bunebrivi gadarCevis ideas; misTvis miuRebelia `gaCereba~, igi Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs mudmiv srulyofas, ganaxlebas, ganviTarebas.
f
es sainteresoa
davaleba
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4. ra aris globaluri problemebi
XX s-is bolos kacobrioba mkveTrad gansxvavebuli mravali problemis wi-naSe aRmoCnda. maT globalur problemebs uwodeben, radgan sakacobrio mniSv-neloba aqvT da udides gavlenas axdenen msoflios socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.
nax. 4.1. Tanamedroveobis umTavresi globaluri problemebi
globaluri problemebi – sayovelTao, sakacobrio problemebi
militarizacia – omisaTvis mzadebis reaqciuli politika
disbalansi – balansis darRveva
leqsikoni
1. rogor fiqrob, ra problemebi aRelvebs dRes kacobriobas?
davaleba
kacobriobis globaluri problemebi mecnierTa, politikur moRvaweTa da, zogadad, sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSia. maT mecnierebis mravali dargi Seiswavlis, romelTa Sorisaa geografiac. TiToeul problemas Tavisi geografiuli aspeqtebi gaaCnia da msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi sxvadasxva-nairad vlindeba.
globaluria problemebi, romlebic mTel kacobriobas exeba. maT iseTi prob lematuri sakiTxebi ganekuTvneba, rogorebicaa: msoflio Tanasazo-gadoeba da qveynebs Soris kavSirurTierTobebi, bunebasa da adamians Soris urTierTobebi, racionaluri bunebaTsargebloba da garemos dacva, resur-suzrunvelyofis erToblivi gadawyveta da sxva. globaluri problemebi oTx ZiriTad jgufad iyofa.
2. gaaanalize nax. 4.1 da imsjele, ras Seexeba TiToeuli problema, ratom war-moiqmna isini da ratom miiRes maT globaluri xasiaTi?
davaleba
politikuri ekonomikuri socialuri ekologiuri
omi da mSvi
doba;
ganiaraReba;
terorizmi;
konfliqtebi.
CamorCeniloba;
sasur saTo, cxov re bis
done da xarisxi;
re sursebis amowurva.
demografiuli;
jan mrTelobis dacva;
ganaTleba;
eTnikuri;
kulturuli.
garemos aTviseba;
atmos feros, hidrosfe
ros, pedosferos dacva;
msoflio okeanis, sana
piro zolisa da mTiani
teritoriebis aTviseba
da dacva;
stiqiuri da teqnogenuri
katastrofebi.
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3. Tanamedrove epoqas mravali epiTetiT moixsenieben: eleqtronuli, kosmosu-ri, birTvuli da sxva. dRes aseve aqtualuri gaxda da farTod gavrcelda ga-moTqma: `globaluri problemebis~ epoqa. rogor fiqrob, ratom uwodeben ase Cvens epoqas?
davaleba
globaluri problemebi sul ufro da ufro met gavlenas axdens msoflio meurneobaze; garemos mdgomareobis gauareseba ara mxolod sirTuleebs, aramed seriozul safrTxes uqmnis adamianis arsebobas; sasursaTo da mas-Tan dakavSirebuli problemebi sxvadasxvanairad vlindeba ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi. am ukanasknelSi esaa sursaTis ukmarisoba, SimSili, pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebis deficiti, momsaxurebis dabali done da sxva, ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki sasursaTo problema sxva saxiT gamoixateba da igi kvebis struqturisa da sursaTis moxmarebis xasiaTis mniSvnelovan cvlilebeb-Tanaa dakavSirebuli. am qveynebSi metad maRalia (zogjer ki, gadaWarbebulic) sasursaTo da momsaxurebis sferos uzrunvelyofis done.
globaluri problemebi xasiaTis mixedviT gansxvavebulia, magram yvela maTgani kacobriobis geografiuli erTianobisa da misi gadarCenis ideiTaa gamsWvaluli.
nax. 4.2. globaluri problemebis Taviseburebani
globaluri problemebis zogadsakacobrio
mniSvneloba: isini mTel kacobriobas da, amave
dros, TiToeul adamians exeba; maTi gadawyveta
kacobriobis saerTo ZalisxmeviTa da yvela
qveynis monawileobiTaa SesaZlebeli
globaluri
problemebi
ekologiuri problemis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
msoflioSi globaluri
problemebis mudmivad mzardi
mniSvneloba
globaluri problemebis
mWidro urTierTkavSiri da
urTierTganpirobebuloba
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4. ratom aris damokidebuli globaluri problemebis gadawyveta ara mxolod erT saxelmwifosa da mTavrobaze, aramed Cveni planetis mTel mosaxleobasa da TiToeul adamianze?
davaleba
metad aqtualuria ganiaraRebis (demilitarizaciis) problema. samxedro sfero uzarmazar Tanxebsa da danaxarjebs moiTxovs, maSin, roca am Tanxebis samoqalaqo saWiroebisaTvis gamoyenebas mravali sikeTis motana SeuZlia ka-cobriobisaTvis.
globaluri problema sakmaod bevria. maT, aseve, SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT sti-qiuri bunebrivi movlenebi, urbanizacia, kulturisa da sulier faseulobaTa krizisi, ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi zneobrivi Rirebulebebis dacva, saSiS da-avadebaTa gavrceleba, Tanamedrove msoflioSi demokratiisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis deficiti da sxva.
globaluri problemebi, Tavisi arsiT, globalur balanss warmoadgens. mxolod maTi Tanafardobisa da wonasworobis pirobebSi SeZlebs kacobrioba normalur da stabilur ganviTarebas, disbalanss ki uaryofiTi Sedegebi SeiZ-leba mohyves, maT Soris, TviT adamianis arsebobis Sewyvetac ki.
marTalia, TiToeuli CamoTvlili problemis safrTxisa da riskis xarisxi sxvadasxvaa, magram udavo da calsaxaa maTi mzardi xasiaTi Tanamedrove msof-lioSi. amasTan, msoflios arc erT qveyanas, rac unda Zlieri da ganviTarebu-li iyos igi, da saxelmwifoTa arc erT dajgufebasa Tu alianss ar SeuZlia am prob lemebis damoukideblad gadaWra. mxolod dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela qveynis SeTanxmebul moqmedebasa da urTierTkavSiris gacnobierebaSia msof-lios xsna.
amrigad, globaluri problemebia, Tu isini: exeba mTel kacobriobas, yvela qveynis xalxTa da socialuri fenis interesebs; iwvevs mniSvnelovan ekono-mikur da socialur danakargebs, xolo maTi gamwvaveba safrTxes uqmnis TviT kacobriobis arsebobas; gadasawyvetad moiTxoven yvela qveynisa da xalxis TanamSromlobasa da erTobliv moqmedebas planetaruli masStabiT.
5. raSi mdgomareobs globaluri problemebis arsi da riT aixsneba maTi mzardi aqtualoba?
6. CamoTvale kriteriumebi, romlis mixedviTac problemas `globaluris sta-tuss~ mianiWebdi.
7. CamoTvale is globaluri problemebi, romelTa mogvarebac, Seni azriT, ax lo momavalSia SesaZlebeli. pasuxi daasabuTe.
8.ganmarte, rogor gesmis gamoTqmebi: a) `Cven memkvidreobiT ki ar gvergo de-da miwa winaprebisgan, aramed `visesxeT~ igi STamomavlebisgan~. b) `vifiqroT globalurad, vimoqmedoT lokalurad~.
9. rogor fiqrob, globalur problemebs Soris romelia yvelaze aqtualuri saqarTvelosTvis da ratom?
davaleba
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urTierTkavSiri
globalur problemebs Soris mWidro urTierTkavSiri arsebobs da isini erT mTlian `jaWvs~ qmnian. SeuZlebelia romelime erTi problemis gadawyveta meoris gareSe da a. S.
nax. 5.1. kacobriobis globaluri problemebi
Tavisi urTierTzemoqmedebiTa da urTierT
damokidebulebiTY Tavisebur samkuTxeds qmnian
nax. 5.2. Tanamedrove msoflioSi
yovelwliurad milionobiT dolari
ixarjeba SeiaraRebaze.
problemebs Soris meore, `sapatio~ adgili ekologiur problemas ukavia. bunebisadmi aragonivrulma damokidebulebam SesaZloa, safrTxe Seuqmnas Cvens planetaze sicocxlis arsebobas. erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli demografiuli da sasursaTo problemebi pirdapir kavSirSia ekologiur prob-lemasTan: sursaTis warmoebisa da bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis zrdis masStabebi mniSvnelovan `dartymas~ ayenebs garemos; darRveuli da Secvlili garemo ki ukureaqciiT pasuxobs: izRudeba sursaTis warmoebis zrdis SesaZ-leb lo bebi da, rac mTavaria, safrTxe eqmneba adamianis janmrTelobas.
1. rogor fiqrob: a) rodis da ra Tan-mimdevrobiT gaCnda kacobriobis globaluri problemebi? b) rodis da ratom gamwvavda isini?
davaleba
Tumca, globalur problemebs Sorisac ki upirveles problemad mSvidobis SenarCuneba da ganiaraReba SeiZleba miviCnioT. igi uSualo kavSirSia yvela danarCenTan. maszea damokidebuli sicocxlis arseboba dedamiwaze. samxedro mrewveloba uzarmazar adamianur, energetikul, sanedleulo resursebs, ase-ve gigantur materialur saSualebebs moiTxovs, romlebic SeiZleboda iseTi dargebis ganviTarebas moxmareboda, rogoricaa ganaTleba, janmrTelobis dacva, garemos dacva da sxva. SeiaraRebis Semcirebis Sedegad gamoTavisufle-buli uzarmazari fuladi saxsrebi SesaZlebelia sxva danarCeni problemebis mosagvareblad da gadasawyvetad iyos gamoyenebuli.
mosaxleoba
garemo
socialur-
ekonomikuri
ganviTareba
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nax. 5.3 globaluri problemebis urTierTkavSiri
2. gaaanalize nax. 5.3 da axseni, ra mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebia globalur proble me bs Soris?
3. imsjele, ratom miiCneven globalur problemebs Soris umniSvnelovanesad: a) mSvidobis SenarCunebasa da ganiaraRebas; b) ekologiur problemas.
davaleba
mSvidoba da
ganiaraReba
ekologiuri CamorCeniloba
demografiuli janmrTelobis
dacva
resursuliurbanizacia
sasursaTo eTnikuri
energetikuli
terorizmimsoflio
okeanis
aTviseba
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4. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili `kacobriobis globaluri problemebi~.
5. amoirCie erTi romelime globaluri problema, axseni misi ganviTareba sivr-cesa da droSi da Seadgine problemis mimdinareobis amsaxveli sqema.
6. piradad xom ar Segxebia romelime globaluri problema? axseni, rogor?
7. moawyveT diskusia Temaze: `kacobriobis globaluri problemebi da maTi ga-dawyvetis gzebi~.
davaleba
TiToeul globalur problemas Tavisi konkretuli Sinaarsi gaaCnia, magram isini erTmaneTTan metad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, magaliTad: energetikuli da sanedleulo problema – ekologiurTan, ekologiuri – demografiulTan, demografiuli – sasursaTosTan da a.S. amasTan, TiToeuli problema, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva, SedarebiT `viwro~ problemas aerTianebs, magaliTad: eko-logiur problemebSi calke SeiZleba gamoiyos gaudabnoeba, tyeebis gaCexa, hidrosferosa da atmosferos daWuWyianeba da sxva. demografiuli proble-mis farglebSi gamoiyofa demografiuli afeTqeba da demografiuli krizisi, arakontrolirebadi urbanizacia, ltolvilTa da SromiTi migracia da sxva.
globalur problemebs, rogorc damoukidebeli problemebi, aseve SeiZleba daematos brZola narkomaniasa da narkobiznesTan, organizebul danaSaulsa da terorizmTan; wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis likvidacia; kulturisa da zneobis krizisi da mravali sxva. aqedan gamomdinare, globaluri problemebis ricxvi sinamdvileSi 3-jer ufro metia.
dResdReobiT jer kidev araa SemuSavebuli da `gamogonebuli~ aqtualuri globaluri problemebis gadawyvetis saSualebebi, Tumca kacobriobis norma-luri ganviTarebis gza ukve gansazRvrulia da am `magistralur~ gzas mdgradi ganviTareba hqvia. mdgradi ganviTareba socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis iseT models gulisxmobs, roca optimaluri ekonomikuri Sedegebi garemoze minimaluri zemoqmedebiT miiRweva, amasTan, prioritetad adamianTa interesebi da sazogadoebis ganviTareba rCeba.
problemis
daxasiaTebis gegma
problema
mSvido
bisa da
ganiara
Rebis
ekolo
giuri
demogra
fiuli
energetikuli
da resursuli
sasur
saTo
CamorCe
nilobis
msoflio
okeanis
aTvisebis
urbani
zaciis
1. problemis arsi
2. problemis
warmoqmnis
mizezebi
3. problemis ga
daW ris sava rau do
gzebi
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6. globaluri problemebi da
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
ukanasknel periodSi msoflios qveynebis saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi metad gaizarda saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da sxv. roli da mniSvneloba. gansakuTrebiT didi datvirTva maT XX-XXI saukunee-bis mijnaze mieniWaT, roca gamwvavda da kacobriobis winaSe mTeli aqtualo-biT dadga globaluri problemebi. dResdReobiT msoflios mravali qveyana aRmoCnda iseTi rTuli ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu socialuri xasiaTis amocanebis winaSe, romelTa gadawyvetac maT damoukideblad da Sidasaxelmwi-foebriv farglebSi ar SeuZliaT, amitom isini saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi wevriandebian da saerTo ZalisxmeviT cdiloben am problemebis gadawyvetas.
nax. 6.1. samTavrobo saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis dinamika
nax. 6.2. arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis dinamika
1. gaaanalize nax. 6.1 da 6.2 da daadgine, rodis aRiniSna saerTaSoriso sam Tavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis zrda da ratom?
davaleba
arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizacia – nebismieri saxis saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic araa dafuZnebuli mTavrobaTaSoris SeTanxmebaze.
leqsikoni
1.ra aris saerTaSoriso organizacia da ra rols asrulebs is?
2.romel saerTaSoriso organizaciebs icnob?
gaixsene
dResdReobiT msoflioSi 2500-ze meti saerTaSoriso organizaciaa, romel-Ta ricxvi mudmivad izrdeba. maTi saSualebiT xdeba saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebis regulireba. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, funqciebis mixedviT, arsebobs universaluri, ekonomikuri, samxedro-politikuri, kulturuli da sxv., xolo moqmedebis masStabebis mixedviT — globaluri da regionuli.
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 1900 1960 1970 1980 1990 2010 wlebi
raodenoba
400
300
200
100
0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2010 wlebi
raodenoba
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nax. 6.3. ZiriTadi mTavrobaTaSorisi saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
dasaxeleba gawevrianebuli
qveynebis ricxvi saqmianobis sfero Stab-bina
gaerTianebuli erebis
organizacia — gaero
www.un.org
193 mSvidobisa da saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebis dacva, daZabulo
bis Seneleba, davis mSvidobiani
gziT mogvareba, saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis ganxorcieleba
ekonomikur, socialur, kul
turul sferoebSi, adamianis
uflebaTa dacva
niuiorki
(aSS)
CrdiloeTatlan
tikuri xelSekrule
bis organizacia — nato
www.nato.int
28 msoflio usafrTxoebisa da
simSvidis dacva, organizaciaSi
gaerTianebuli wevri saxelmwi
foebisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva
briuseli
(belgia)
evrokavSiri
www.Europa.eu27 evropaSi mSvidobisa da sta
bilurobis dacva, ekonomikuri
integraciis saSualebiT wevri
qveynebis harmoniuli ganviTa
reba
briuseli
(belgia)
evrosabWo
www.consilium.europa.eu evropis TiTqmis
yvela qveyana
adamianis uflebebisa da Tavi
suflebis dacva, humanitarul,
kulturisa da ekologiis saki
TxebSi TanamSromloba
strasburgi
(safrangeTi)
damoukidebel
saxelmwofoTa Tana
megobroba — dsT
www.us.minsk.by
11 organizaciis wevr qveynebs
Soris ekonomikuri, politiku
ri, samxedro, kulturuli da
sxv. TanamSromloba da koordi
nacia
minski
(belorusi)
evropis uSiSroebisa
da TanamSrom lobis
organizacia — euTo
www.osce.org
56 urTierTTanamSromlobis
gaumjobeseba, mSvidobis dacva,
saerTaSoriso daZabulobis gan
muxtva
vena
(avstria)
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dasaxeleba gawevrianebuli
qveynebis ricxvi saqmianobis sfero Stab-bina
amerikis saxelmwifoTa
organizacia
www.oas.org
aSS da laTinuri
amerikis qveynebi
(kubis garda)
mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis
SenarCuneba dasavleT naxevars
feroSi da wevr qveynebs Soris
konfliqtebis mSvidobiani
mogvareba; ekonomikuri, poli
tikuri, iuridiuli probleme
bis koordinacia
vaSingtoni
(aSS)
afrikis erTiano bis
organizacia (afrikis
kavSiri)
www.africa-union.org
53 afrikul saxelmwifoTa er
Tianoba, solidaroba da ko
ordinacia; cxovrebis donis
asamaRleblad qveynebis suvere
nitetis, teritoriuli mTlia
nobisa da damoukideblobis
dacva; SeTanxmebuli TanamS
romloba politikis, Tavdacvi
sa da usafrTxoebis, ekonomiki
sa da kulturis sferoebSi
adisabeba
(eTiopia)
arabuli qveynebis liga
www.arableagueonline.org 22 arabuli saxelmwifoebis su
verenitetisa da ekonomikuri
siZlieris ganmtkiceba, maTi
integracia da saerTo strate
giis SemuSaveba
kairo
(egvipte)
samxreTaRmosavleT
aziis saxelmwifoTa
asociacia — aseani
www.aseans.org
10 wevri qveynebis politikuri,
ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli TanamSromloba
jakarta
(indonezia)
Savi zRvis qveynebis
ekonomikuri Tanamegob
roba — biseki
www.bsec-organisation.org
11 Savi zRvis auzis saxelmwifoTa
TanamSromloba ekonomikuri da
garemosdacviTi kuTxiT
stambuli
(TurqeTi)
navTobis eqsportiori
qveynebis organizacia —
opeki www.opec.org
13 navTobis mompovebeli da im
portiori qveynebis interese
bis dacva msoflio bazarze,
fasebis stabilizaciis uzrun
velyofa navTobis msoflio
bazarze, garemos dacva
vena
(avstria)
Tanamegobroba
www.Thecommon-wealth.org 53 wevr qveynebs Soris politiku
ri da ekonomikuri urTier
Tobebis ganviTareba
londoni
(gaerTiane
buli samefo)
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saerTaSoriso mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciebi udides rols asruleben Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. sxvadasxva xalxebsa da qveynebs Soris intensiurad mzardi urTierTobebi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis funq-ciebis, uflebamosilebisa da mniSvnelobis gafarToebas ganapirobebs.
regionuli organizaciebi, romlebic mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT iqmneba, gaeros wesdebis Sesabamisad moqmedeben. organizaciebi, romle-bic ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSrom-lobas emsaxurebian, gaeros specializebul organizaciebad iwodebian, mag., iu-nesko gaeros organizaciaa ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis sakiTxebSi.
2. rogor fiqrob, ratom wevriandebian qveynebi sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciebSi?
davaleba
msoflio bankis (World Bank) mTavari amocana ganviTarebad qveynebSi stabiluri ekonomikuri zrdisTvis xelSewyoba da siRaribis donis Semcirebaa. organizaciis prioritetebia struqturuli reformebi: vaWrobis liberalizacia, priva-tizacia, ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sistemebis re forma, in-vesticiebi infrastruqturaSi. msoflio bankTan TanamSrom-lobis mTavari upiratesoba daxmarebis mimRebi qveynisTvis mniSvnelovnad SeRavaTiani saprocento ganakveTebia sesxeb-ze sxva saerTaSoriso kreditorebTan SedarebiT. msoflio bankis kreditebs mTavrobaTaSorisi sesxebic mohyveba, rac mniSvnelovanwilad zrdis mimRebi qvey nis sakredito reitings kerZo investorebisTvis. saqarTvelo msoflio bankis jgufis wevri 1992 wels gaxda. saqarTveloSi msof-lio bankis misiis mizania, daexmaros qveyanas grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevaSi, samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi, socialuri momsaxurebis gaumjobesebaSi da garemos dacvaSi. am mizniT igi axorcielebs qveynis finansur daxmarebas da mis prioritetul sferoebs ganekuTvneba infrastruqtura, ganaTleba da ekono-mikuri reforma.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (International Monetary Fund) saerTaSoriso organizaciaa, romelsac gaerTianebuli ere-bis organizaciis specializebuli dawesebulebis statusi aqvs miniWebuli. ssf miznad isaxavs globaluri finansuri sistemis uzrunvelyofas ucxouri gadacvlis kursebis da sagadamxdelo balansis monitoringis meSveobiT. is aseve saWiroebisamebr sTavazobs teqnikur da finansur daxmare-bas ganviTarebad qveynebs.
magaliTi 1
magaliTi 2
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Tanamedrove msoflioSi aranakleb mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ara-samTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. maT miekuTvneba arapolitikuri da arakomerciuli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romelTa ZiriTadi mizania TavianTi saqmianobiT xeli Seuwyon sxvadasxva saxis problemebis mogvarebasa da daregulirebas.
arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri SeiZleba iyos rogorc erovnuli (nacionaluri) saerTaSoriso organizacia (mag., profkavSirebis msoflio federacia), aseve qalaqebi (mag., daZmobilebul qalaqTa msoflio organizacia), samecniero dawesebulebebi (mag., samecniero kavSirebis saer-TaSoriso sabWo) an calkeuli moqalaqeebi.
msoflios xalxTa nayofieri TanamSromlobis kuTxiT, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs iseTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, rogorebicaa: mSvidobis dac-vis msoflio sabWo, profkavSirTa msoflio federacia, qalTa saerTaSoriso demokratiuli federacia, JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso organizacia, demokra-tiuli axalgazrdobis msoflio federacia da sxva.
arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, saqmianobis sferos mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos humanitaruli (`wiTeli jvari~), religiuri (eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo), adamianis uflebaTa damcveli (adamianTa uflebebis saerTaSoriso fe-deracia), samarTlebrivi (saerTaSoriso amnistia), ekologiuri (`grinpisi~), sportuli (saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti) da sxva.
dReisaTvis arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ricxvi 6000-s aWarbebs. arasamTavrobo organizaciebi ZiriTadad apolitikuri warmonaqm-nebia, magram mainc did rols asruleben msoflio politikaSi, radgan xSirad swored isini ayalibeben sazogadoebriv azrs da politikuri zewolis mZlavr berketebs floben.
arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebis arseboba da swrafi zrda msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegia. bevri saerTaSoriso organizacia da kerZo piri xSirad saxelmwifos gverdis avliT amyarebs erT-maneTTan uSualo kontaqts da erToblivad moqmedebs msoflio masStabiT.
msoflio savaWro organizacia (World Trade Organization – WTO) saerTaSoriso organizaciaa, romelic globa-luri savaWro sistemis kanonebs awesebs da agvarebs uTanxmoebebs mis wevr qveynebs Soris, romelTa umravle-soba daaxloebiT 30 erTob livi SeTanxmebis xelmomweria. organizaciis Stab-bina JenevaSi (Sveicaria) mdebareobs. daarsebis Semdeg msoflio savaWro organizacia mraval qveyanaSi globalizaciis mowinaaRmdege sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaTa ZiriTad fokusSia.
magaliTi 3
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msoflioSi arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan da aseve misi ganviTarebis tendenciebidan gamomdinare, savaraudod, momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli da, Sesabamisad, maTi geografiac gafarTovdeba.
saqarTvelos mier xelmowerilia daaxloebiT 275-mde sxvadasxva konvencia da xelSekruleba, maT Soris, globalur problemebTan dakavSirebuli, maga-liTad, 1966 wlis 16 dekembris samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saer-TaSoriso paqti (saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ZalaSia 1994 wlis 3 agvistodan); 1968 wlis 1 ivlisis xelSekruleba birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb (saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ZalaSia 1994 wlis 7 martidan); gaeros konvencia teroristuli dabombvis winaaRmdeg (saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ZalaSia 2004 wlis 19 martidan); 1973 wlis 3 martis konvencia gadaSenebis piras myofi veluri florisa da faunis saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb (saqarTvelos-Tan mimarTebaSi ZalaSia 1996 wlis 12 dekembridan); 1992 wlis 5 ivnisis konvencia biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb, rio-de-Janeiro (saqarTvelosTan mi-marTebaSi ZalaSia 1994 wlis 31 agvistodan) da sxva.
magaliTi 5
paguoSis moZraoba mecnierTa saerTaSoriso moZraobaa mSvidobis, ganiaraRe-bis, saerTaSoriso uSiSroebisa da samecniero TanamSromlobisaTvis, msoflios TermobirTvuli omis Tavidan asacileblad. konferenciis mowvevis iniciativa msoflioSi sayovelTaod cnobil mecnierTa jgufs (a. ainStaini, f. Jolio-kiuri, b. raseli da sxvebi) ekuTvnis. 1955 wels maT mowodebiT mimarTes yvela qveynis mecnierebs, xma aemaRlebinaT atomuri energiis samxedro mizniT gamoye-nebis winaaRmdeg.
1957 wlis ivlisSi aSS-is sazogado moRvawisa da mrewvelis s. itonis aqtiuri mxar daWeriT mis samSobloSi paguoSSi (Pugwash, kanada; aqedanaa saxelwodebac) paguoSis pirveli konferencia Sedga da paguoSis mudmivi komiteti Seiqmna (q. lon doni).
u pirveli arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizacia 1823 wels daarsda. es iyo monobis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba.
u evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia msoflioSi yvelaze didi regionuli organizaciaa, romelic 56 saxelmwifos aerTianebs.
f
es sainteresoa
romis klubi saerTaSoriso arasamTav robo samecniero organizaciaa, romlis saqmianoba mimarTulia globaluri problemebis gadasaWreli taqtikisa da strategiebis Semu-Savebisken.
magaliTi 4
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3. daadgine msgavseba-gansxvaveba samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris.
4. moiZie informacia romelime saerTaSoriso organizaciis Sesaxeb da imsjele maT rolsa da mniSvnelobaze msoflio po litikur procesebsa da globa-luri problemebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi.
5. internetis saSualebiT moiZie informacia, globalur problemebTan dakav-Sirebul romel konvenciaze aqvs saqarTvelos xeli mowerili da rogor as-rulebs dakisrebul valdebulebebs. gamoiyene vebgverdi: WWW.mfa.gov.ge
6. megobrebTan erTad Seadgine kiTxvari da Caatare sociologiuri gamokiTx-va, rom daadgino, ramdenad aris sazogadoeba an calkeuli individi infor-mirebuli globaluri problemebisa da am problemebTan mimarTebaSi saqarT-velos CarTulobisa da monawileobis Sesaxeb.
davaleba
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romelTa wevricaa saqarTvelo:
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia;
evroparlamenti;
evrokomisia;
evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia;
gaerTianebuli erebis ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis organizacia;
msoflio banki;
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi;
evropis ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis banki;
evropis sainvesticio banki;
evropis centraluri banki;
inter-amerikuli ganviTarebis banki;
saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia;
aziis ganviTarebis banki;
saerTaSoriso saangariSsworebo banki;
msoflio savaWro organizacia;
evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia;
evropis statistikis samsaxuri;
evropis sabWo;
fondi – aTaswleulis gamowveva.
magaliTi 6